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AGMA ISO 10064- 1

(ISO/TR 10064--1:1992 IDT)

AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION

Cylindrical Gears - Code of Inspection

Practice - Part 1: Inspection of
Corresponding Flanks of Gear Teeth
AGMA ISO 10064- 1

AGMA INFORMATION SHEET

(This Information Sheet is NOT an AGMA Standard)
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American Cylindrical Gears - Code of Inspection Practice - Part 1: Inspection of

Gear Corresponding Flanks of Gear Teeth
Manufacturers AGMA ISO 10064--1
Association CAUTION NOTICE: AGMA technical publications are subject to constant improvement,
revision, or withdrawal as dictated by experience. Any person who refers to any AGMA
technical publication should be sure that the publication is the latest available from the As-
sociation on the subject matter.
[Tables or other self--supporting sections may be quoted or extracted. Credit lines should
read: Extracted from AGMA ISO 10064--1, Cylindrical Gears -- Code of Inspection Prac-
tice -- Part 1: Inspection of Corresponding Flanks of Gear Teeth, with the permission of the
publisher, the American Gear Manufacturers Association, 1500 King Street, Suite 201,
Alexandria, Virginia 22314.]
Approved May 20, 1999.
ABSTRACT
This information sheet provides a code of practice dealing with the tangential measurements of cylindrical invo-
lute gear tooth flanks (pitch deviations, profile deviations, helix deviations and tangential composite deviations),
and serves as a supplement to ANSI/AGMA ISO 1328--1, Cylindrical gears -- ISO system of accuracy -- Part 1:
Definitions and allowable values of deviations relevant to corresponding flanks of gear teeth.
Published by
American Gear Manufacturers Association
1500 King Street, Suite 201, Alexandria, Virginia 22314
Copyright  1999 by American Gear Manufacturers Association
All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic
retrieval system or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher.
Printed in the United States of America
ISBN: 1--55589--735--5

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AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AGMA ISO 10064--1

Contents
Page
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
3 Symbols and corresponding terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
4 Extent of gear inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
5 Identification of deviation positions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
6 The checking of single and cumulative pitch deviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
7 The checking of profile deviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
8 The checking of helix deviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
9 Checking of tangential composite deviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Figures
1 Notation and numbering for external gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2 Notation and numbering for internal gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3 Pitch (pt), pitch deviation (fpt), transverse base pitch (pbt), transverse base
pitch deviation (fpbt), cumulative pitch (k¢pt, in the figure k=3), cumulative
pitch deviation (Fpk, in the figure k=3) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4 Sample table with hypothetical deviation values obtained by single pitch
checking with a comparator. In practice, integer values are seldom
encountered . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
5 A diagrammatic representation of pitch deviations on the sample gear of
figure 4 (z = 18) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
6 Transverse pitch, pt and single pitch deviation, fpt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
7 Pitch checking with a pitch comparator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
8 Pitch checking applying the angular indexing method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
9 Normal pitch pn and normal pitch deviation fpn (normal section) . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
10 Portable pitch comparator for checking normal pitch deviation, presented
on a spur gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
11 Transverse base pitch, pbt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
12 Portable instrument for measuring base pitch, presented on a spur gear . . . . 8
13 Principle of pitch measurement by sectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
14 Guide for choosing the number (S) of pitches per sector for pitch measurement
by sectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
15 Cumulative pitch deviation diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
16 Tooth profile and profile diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
17 Mean profile slope deviation, fHαm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
18 Inspection of profile accuracy by the tolerance field method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
19 Different tolerance systems for different profile zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
20 Profile barrelling, Cα . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
21 Determination of profile barrelling, Cα . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
22 Helix diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
23 Traces generated from four tooth flanks spaced equally around gear,
illustrating helix slope deviations associated with eccentricity or wobble . . . . 17
24 Tooth (helix) crowning, Cβ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
25 Principle of undulation inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
26 Tangential composite deviation diagram of a spur gear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
27 Influence of profile deviations of spur gears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
28 Influence of single pitch deviation of spur gears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
29 Components of a tangential composite deviation diagram of a spur gear . . . 21
30 Effect of contact transfer on the profile component in a tangential
composite deviation diagram (spur gears) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

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AGMA ISO 10064--1 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION

31 Influence of overlap ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

32 Part of tangential composite deviation diagram -- Interpretation example . . . 23
33 Tangential composite deviation diagrams showing influence of mesh
relocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
34 Analysis of a tangential composite deviation diagram on long period and short
period deviation components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
35 Analysis of tangential composite deviation diagram -- Result of signal
filtration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
36 Result of a Fourier analysis of a tangential composite deviation check
performed on a pair of product gears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

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AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AGMA ISO 10064--1

Foreword
[The foreword, footnotes and annexes, if any, in this document are provided for
informational purposes only and are not to be construed as a part of AGMA ISO 10064--1,
Cylindrical Gears -- Code of Inspection Practice -- Part 1: Inspection of Corresponding
Flanks of Gear Teeth.]
This document was developed by ISO Technical Committee 60 as a Technical Report with
ANSI/AGMA participation. It was first published on 1992--02--01. In general, the
information in this Information Sheet covers similar subjects as covered in ANSI/AGMA
2000--A88, Gear Classification and Inspection Handbook -- Tolerances and Measuring
Methods for Unassembled Spur and Helical Gears, that currently exists.
The user of this ISO Information Sheet is alerted that differences exist between it and
ANSI/AGMA 2000--A88. Differences include, but are not limited to:
-- Measuring methods refer to an accuracy grade numbering system that is reversed,
such that the smallest number represents the smallest tolerance;
-- Measuring methods refer to tolerances that are established by geometric mean
values of relevant ranges of parameters in tables, not by formulas;
-- Probe direction for measurements of elemental tolerances may differ from
ANSI/AGMA 2000--A88;
-- The measurement “profile evaluation range” and “helix evaluation range”, where
the tolerances are applied, are defined for less flank area than in ANSI/AGMA
2000--A88;
-- The measurement of undulations is included;
-- Concepts of “mean measurement trace”, “design trace”, “slope deviation” and
“form deviation” are defined.
Therefore, the user of AGMA ISO 10064--1 must be very careful when comparing
measurement methods formerly specified using ANSI/AGMA 2000--A88.
This version was approved by the Inspection Handbook Committee on April 16, 1999. It
was approved by the Technical Division Executive Committee as an AGMA Information
Sheet on May 20, 1999.
Suggestions for improvement of this Information Sheet will be welcome. They should be
sent to the American Gear Manufacturers Association, 1500 King Street, Suite 201,
Alexandria, Virginia 22314.

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AGMA ISO 10064--1 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION

PERSONNEL of the AGMA Inspection and Handbook Committee

Chairman Classification Section: E. Lawson . . . . . . . . . . . . M&M Precision Systems Corporation

Chairman Measuring Methods Section: R.E. Smith . . . . . . R. E. Smith & Company, Inc.

ACTIVE MEMBERS

D.R. Choiniere . . Profile Engineering, Inc. B. Hofrichter . . . . Arrow Gear Company

J. Clatworthy . . . . Gear Metrology, Inc. I. Laskin . . . . . . . . Consultant
B.L. Cox . . . . . . . Lockheed Martin Energy Sys. S. Lindley . . . . . . The Falk Corporation
T.C. Glasener . . . Xtek, Incorporated D.A. McCarroll . . ZF Industries
G.G. Grana . . . . . The Gleason Works D.R. McVittie . . . . Gear Engineers, Inc.
D. Heinrich . . . . . Xtek, Incorporated L.J. Smith . . . . . . Invincible Gear Company

ASSOCIATE MEMBERS

M. Antosiewicz . . The Falk Corporation G.A. Luetkemeier Rockwell Automation/Dodge

M.J. Barron . . . . . Oliver Gear, Inc. J. Marfice . . . . . . Caterpillar, Inc.
R.E. Brown . . . . . Caterpillar, Inc. D. Matzo . . . . . . . Northwest Gears, Inc.
M.K. Considine . . Considine Associates M. May . . . . . . . . . The Gleason Works
R. Considine . . . . Considine Associates P.A. McNamara . Caterpillar, Inc.
J.S. Cowan . . . . . Eaton Corporation W.J. Michaels . . . Sundstrand Corporation
M.E. Cowan . . . . M&M Precision Systems Corp. M. Milam . . . . . . . Amarillo Gear Company
B. Cowley . . . . . . Mahr Corporation T. Miller . . . . . . . . The Cincinnati Gear Co.
C. Dick . . . . . . . . . The Horsburgh & Scott Co.
M. Nanlawala . . . IIT Research Institute
H.D. Dodd . . . . . . Caterpillar, Inc.
M. Octrue . . . . . . CETIM
R. Green . . . . . . . Eaton Corporation
T. Okamoto . . . . . Nippon Gear Company, Ltd.
D. Gregory . . . . . Gear Products, Inc.
J.A. Pennell . . . . . Univ. of Newcastle--Upon--Tyne
B. Gudates . . . . . Fairfield Manufacturing Co., Inc.
K.R. Price . . . . . . Eastman Kodak Company
J.S. Hamilton . . . Regal--Beloit Corporation
R.S. Ramberg . . . The Gear Works -- Seattle, Inc.
H. Harary . . . . . . . NIST
G. Henriot . . . . . . Consultant V.Z. Rychlinski . . Brad Foote Gear Works, Inc.
J. Horwell . . . . . . Brown & Sharpe Mfg. Corp. D.H. Senkfor . . . . Precision Gear Company
S. Johnson . . . . . The Gear Works -- Seattle, Inc. S. Shariff . . . . . . . PMI Food Equipment Group
T. Klemm . . . . . . . Liebherr Gear Technology Co. E.L. Storm . . . . . . Consultant
D.E. Kosal . . . . . . National Broach & Machine Co. T. Waldie . . . . . . . Philadelphia Gear Corporation
J. Koshiol . . . . . . Columbia Gear Corp. R.F. Wasilewski . Arrow Gear Company
W.E. Lake . . . . . . Focus Tech. -- Gear Mfg & Met. F.M. Young . . . . . Forest City Gear Company
A.J. Lemanski . . . Penn State University P. Zwart . . . . . . . Caterpillar, Inc.

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AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AGMA ISO 10064--1

American Gear Manufacturers ISO 54:1977, Cylindrical gears for general engi-
neering and heavy engineering -- Modules and
Association -- diametral pitches.
ISO 701:1976, International gear notation -- Sym-
Cylindrical Gears -- Code bols for geometrical data.
ISO 1122--1:1983, Glossary of gear terms -- Part 1:
of Inspection Practice -- Geometrical definitions.
ANSI/AGMA ISO 1328--1, Cylindrical gears -- ISO
Part 1: Inspection of system of accuracy -- Part 1: Definitions and

Corresponding Flanks of allowable values of deviations relevant to corre-

sponding flanks of gear teeth.

Gear Teeth ANSI/AGMA ISO 1328--2, Cylindrical gears -- ISO

system of accuracy -- Part 2: Definitions and
allowable values of deviations relevant to radial
composite deviations and runout.
ISO/TR 10064--2, Cylindrical gears -- Code of
1 Scope inspection practice -- Part 2: Inspection of radial
composite deviations, runout, and tooth thickness
This part of the ISO Technical Report constitutes a allowance.
code of practice dealing with the tangential measure- AGMA 915--3--A99, Inspection Practices -- Gear
ments of cylindrical involute gear tooth flanks, i.e.
Blanks, Shaft Center Distance and Parallelism.
with the measurement of pitch deviations, profile
deviations, helix deviations and tangential compos-
ite deviations. 3 Symbols and corresponding terms
In providing advice on gear checking methods and
3.1 Gear data
the analysis of measurement results, it supplements
the standard ANSI/AGMA ISO 1328--1. Symbol Term
Most of the terms used are defined in ANSI/AGMA b Facewidth
ISO 1328--1, others are defined as they appear in the d Reference diameter
text and in clause 3. db Base diameter
m, mn Normal module
mt Transverse module
2 References pn Normal pitch
pt Transverse pitch
The following standards contain provisions which, pb, pbn Normal base pitch
through reference in this text, constitute provisions of pbt Transverse base pitch
AGMA ISO 10064--1. At the time of publication, the S Number of pitches per sector
editions indicated were valid. All standards are
z Number of teeth
subject to revision, and parties to agreements based
α, αn Normal pressure angle
on AGMA ISO 10064--1 are encouraged to investi-
gate the possibility of applying the most recent αt Transverse pressure angle
edition of the standards indicated below. Members β Helix angle
of IEC and ISO maintain registers of currently valid βb Base helix angle
International Standards. εα Transverse contact ratio
ISO 53:1954, Cylindrical gears for general and εβ Overlap ratio
heavy engineering -- Basic rack. εγ Total contact ratio

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AGMA ISO 10064--1 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION

3.2 Gear deviations F i′ Total tangential composite deviation

(with master gear)
Symbols used for deviations of individual element F′ Total transmission deviation (product
measurements from specified values are composed gear pair)
of lower case letters “f” with subscripts, whereas Fα Total profile deviation
symbols used for “cumulative” or “total” deviations, Fβ Total helix deviation
which represent combinations of several individual NOTE:
1) These deviations can be + (plus) or -- (minus)
element deviations,are composed of capital letters
“F” also with subscripts. It is necessary to qualify 3.3 Gear inspection terms
some deviations with an algebraic sign. A deviation
is positive when e.g., a dimension is larger than Symbol Term
optimum and negative when smaller than optimum. db eff Effective base diameter
k Number of successive pitches
Symbol Term l Left hand helix
fdb1) Base diameter difference r Right hand helix
fdbm1) Mean base diameter difference Ca Tip relief
fe (feL, Eccentricity between gear axis and Cf Root relief
feR) axis of gear teeth (or of correspond- Cα Profile barrelling
ing flanks, respectively)
Cβ Tooth crowning
ffα Profile form deviation
CI (CII) End relief at reference (non--
ffβ Helix form deviation reference) face
fHα1) Profile slope deviation L Left flank
fHαm 1) Mean profile slope deviation LAE Active length
fHβ1) Helix slope deviation LAF Usable length
fHβm1) Mean helix slope deviation LE Base tangent length to start of active
fi′ Tooth--to--tooth tangential composite profile
deviation (with master gear) Lα Profile evaluation range
fl′ Long period component of tangential Lβ Helix evaluation range
composite deviation N... Number of a tooth, number of a pitch
fs′ Short period component of tangential R Right flank
composite deviation
λβ Wavelength of undulation (in
f′ Tooth--to--tooth transmission devi-
direction of helix)
ation (product gear pair)
λβx Axial wavelength of undulation
fpb1) Base pitch deviation
ξ Involute roll angle
fpbm1) Mean base pitch deviation
I Reference face
fpbt Transverse base pitch deviation
II Non--reference face
fpS Pitch sector deviation
fpt 1) Single pitch deviation
fwβ Undulation height (along helix)
fα1) Pressure angle deviation (normal) 4 Extent of gear inspection
fαm1) Mean pressure angle deviation
Inspection of the various gear tooth elements
fβ1) Helix angle deviation
requires several measuring operations. It is neces-
fβm1) Mean helix angle deviation sary to ensure that for all measurements involving
Fp Total cumulative pitch deviation rotation of the gear, the in--service axis of the gear
Fpk1) Cumulative pitch deviation coincides with the axis of rotation during the
FpkS1) Cumulative pitch sector deviation measuring process.
FpS Total cumulative pitch sector It may not be economical or necessary to measure
deviation all gear tooth element deviations such as those of

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AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AGMA ISO 10064--1

single pitch, cumulative pitch, profile, helix, tangen- individual right flanks, left flanks, pitches or the
tial and radial composite deviation, runout, surface groups of these.
roughness, etc., for some of the elements concerned
In the following, conventions are described which
may not significantly influence the function of the
enable positive determination of the location of
gear under consideration. Furthermore, some
deviations.
measurements can often be substituted for others,
for example the tangential composite check might 5.1 Right or left flank
replace pitch checking or the radial composite check
It is convenient to choose one face of the gear as
might replace runout inspection. In order to take
reference face and to mark it with the letter “I”. The
account of these aspects, recommended test groups
other non--reference face might be termed face “II”.
and tolerance families relative to the function of
gears are included in AGMA 915--3--A99. However, For an observer looking at the reference face, so that
it is emphasized that curtailment of quality control the tooth is seen with its crest uppermost, the right
measures is subject to agreement between purchas- flank is on the right and the left flank is on the left.
er and supplier. Right and left flanks are denoted by the letters “R”
and “L” respectively (see figures 1 and 2).
5.2 Right hand or left hand helical gears
5 Identification of deviation positions
The helix of an external or internal helical gear is
referred to as being right hand or left hand. The hand
It is convenient to identify deviations associated with of helix is denoted by the letters “r” and “l”
measurements of gear teeth by specific reference to respectively.
30R 2L

crest

left
right
flank
flank
30 1
29 2

Figure 1 -- Notation and numbering for external gear

30 R = pitch Nr. 30, right flank
2 L = pitch Nr. 2, left flank
30R
1L
crest

left flank right

flank

2
29
1 30

Figure 2 -- Notation and numbering for internal gear

1 L = pitch Nr. 1, left flank
30 R = pitch Nr. 30, right flank

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AGMA ISO 10064--1 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION

The helix is right hand (left hand) as, when looking 5.6 Checking recommendations
from one face, the transverse profiles show succes-
Measurements are normally carried out at approxi-
sive clockwise (counter--clockwise) displacement
mately mid tooth depth and/or mid facewidth, as
with increasing distance from an observer.
appropriate. If the facewidth is larger than 250 mm,
5.3 Numbering of teeth and flanks two additional profile measurements, each approxi-
mately 15% of the facewidth distant from either end
Looking at the reference face of a gear, the teeth are of the facewidth, is advisable. Profile and helix
numbered sequentially in the clockwise direction. deviations should be measured over three or more
The tooth number is followed by the letter R or L, equally spaced, corresponding flanks.
indicating whether it is a right or a left flank. Example: In order to ensure accuracy of measurements,
“Flank 29 L”. inspection apparatus should be calibrated periodi-
cally against approved standards.
5.4 Numbering of pitches

The numbering of individual pitches is related to

tooth numbering as follows: pitch number “N” lies 6 The checking of single and cumulative
between the corresponding flanks of teeth numbers pitch deviations
“N--1” and “N”; with a letter R or L it is indicated
whether the pitch lies between right or left flanks. For
6.1 General
example “Pitch 2 L”, (see figures 1 and 2).
Checking of pitch deviations implies measurement
5.5 Number of pitches “k” of the actual (angular) values or comparator checks
between corresponding flanks of teeth around the
The subscript “k” of a deviation symbol denotes the circumference of a gear.
number of consecutive pitches to which the deviation
applies. In contrast to the checking of normal, transverse and
cumulative pitch deviations, base pitch deviations
In practice, a number is substituted for “k”, for are checked in base tangent planes and are
example Fp3 indicates that a given cumulative pitch therefore independent of the gear axis. See figures
deviation refers to three pitches. 3, 4 and 5.

fpbt

pbt k ¢ pt

fpt
Fpk
pt

Figure 3 -- Pitch (pt), pitch deviation (fpt), transverse base pitch (pbt), transverse base pitch deviation
(fpbt), cumulative pitch (k¢ ¢pt, in the figure k=3), cumulative pitch deviation (Fpk, in the figure k=3)

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AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AGMA ISO 10064--1

N 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
A 25 23 26 24 19 19 22 19 20 18 23 21 19 21 24 25 27 21
B 22.00
C +3 +1 +4 +2 --3 --3 0 --3 --2 --4 +1 --1 --3 --1 +2 +3 +5 --1
D +3 +4 +8 +10 +7 +4 +4 +1 --1 --5 --4 --5 --8 --9 --7 --4 +1 0
NOTES:
N is the pitch number.
A are the values obtained with a pitch comparator (two probes), without reference to a defined absolute value.
B is the arithmetic mean of all values A.
C is the pitch deviations fpt, expressed as the difference between individual values and mean value B.
D is the cumulative pitch deviations, acquired by consecutive addition of fpt (C) values, in the figure referred to the flank
between the pitches 18 and 1, corresponding to the descriptions in figure 4 and figure 5.

Figure 4 -- Sample table with hypothetical deviation values obtained by single pitch checking with a
comparator. In practice, integer values are seldom encountered.
Flank No.
18 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Pitch No.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

fpt max
a fpt (of pitch N)

mm +3 +1 +4 +2 0 +1 +2 +3 +5
--2 --1 --1 --1
--3 --3 --3 --3
--4

Fp3 max
Fp

Fpk diagram

c fpS (fpS3) diagram

fpS3 max

(FpS3)
FpS

FpkS (FpkS3) diagram

Figure 5 -- A diagrammatic representation of pitch deviations on the sample gear of figure 4 (z = 18)

When angular pitch measurement (one probe) is by the radial distance to points of probe/flank
applied, values D are ascertained by subtracting the contact. Values C are then obtained by subtracting
theoretical angle from the measured angle at each value D of flank number N--1 from value D of flank
position, then multiplying the differences (in radians) number N.

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AGMA ISO 10064--1 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION

a is the single pitch deviation fpt; fpt max. = +5 mm, at 6.2.1 Single pitch checking with a pitch
pitch 17; comparator (two probes)
The two probes are to be positioned at the same
b is the cumulative pitch deviation Fpk, in the figure
radial distance from the gear axis and in the same
referred to flank 18, Fpk max. = total cumulative pitch
transverse plane. The direction of the probe dis-
deviation Fp = 19 mm, between flank 4 and flank 14.
placement should be tangential to the measuring
Fp3 max. = 10 mm, between flanks 14 and 17;
circle.
c is the pitch sector deviation fpS, measured over Since the exact value of the radial distance is difficult
sectors of S = 3 pitches each. fpS3 max. = 8 mm, to ascertain, such comparators are seldom used to
between flanks 18 and 3; verify true values of transverse pitches. Thus the
most suitable use of such instruments is for the
d is the cumulative pitch sector deviation FpkS, in determination of pitch deviation.
the figure referred to flank 18, derived from pitch
measurement by sectors (c). Total cumulative pitch Some pitch comparators are equipped with slides
sector deviation FpS = FpS3 = 15 mm, between flanks which advance the probes to a constant radial depth,
3 and 15. normally to approximately mid tooth depth (see
figure 7). The gear under inspection turns slowly,
In general, for large number of teeth, the difference either continuously or intermittently around its axis,
between Fp and FpS becomes negligible. and the probes on the slide are moved to and from
the gauging position.
6.2 The checking of single pitch accuracy

For checking pitch accuracy, commonly used de-

vices are either a comparator, provided with two
probes, or an angular dividing apparatus having a
single measuring probe.

Inspection practices relevant to these processes are

described in 6.2.1 and 6.2.2 respectively.

Coordinate measuring machines without a rotating

table can also be used for measurements of pitch
and pitch deviations by applying appropriate relative
motions which generally correspond to the principle
described in clause 6.2.2

Figure 7 -- Pitch checking with a pitch

comparator

6.2.2 Pitch checking applying the angular

indexing method (one probe)
This process involves the use of an angular indexing
apparatus. The degree of its precision must be
consistent with the gear diameter.
fpt The measuring head is moved radially to and from a
pt
predetermined gauging position at which for each
flank, the positional deviation from the theoretical
Figure 6 -- Transverse pitch, pt and single pitch position is measured. Every value recorded repre-
deviation, fpt sents the positional deviation of the relevant flank

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AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AGMA ISO 10064--1

with respect to the selected reference or zero flank.

A chart of recorded values thus shows cumulative
pitch deviations (Fpk) around the gear circumfer-
ence.

Each single pitch deviation is determined by means

of subtracting the positional deviation of flank
number N--1 from that of flank number N. Minus
values are to be indicated as appropriate. fpn

pn

Figure 9 -- Normal pitch, pn and normal pitch

deviation, fpn (normal section)

spring
loaded

pn

Figure 8 -- Pitch checking applying the angular Figure 10 -- Portable pitch comparator for
indexing method checking normal pitch deviation, presented on
a spur gear

6.3 The checking of normal pitch accuracy with a

The relationship is as follows:
pitch comparator
f pn
Normal pitch deviation measurements should only f pt = (1)
cos β
be substituted for transverse pitch deviation mea-
Alternatively, tolerance values can be multiplied by
surement, when no suitable instrument other than a
cos β in which case fewer calculations are likely to be
portable comparator, suitable only for checking
necessary.
“normal” pitch deviations, is available. With an
instrument such as that illustrated in figure 10, the tip Normal pitch deviation measurements should not be
cylinder of the gear is used for positioning and it must summed to determine cumulative pitch deviation.
be adequately concentric with the gear axis. Other
6.4 The measurement of base pitch, pb and of
comparators which can be used for the same
base pitch deviations, fpb
purpose have different means for positioning and do
not use the tip surface as a location surface. The transverse base pitch of a gear is equal to the
length of the common normal to the transverse
Because the limits of tolerances set out in the profiles of two consecutive corresponding tooth
standard ANSI/AGMA ISO 1328--1 refer to trans- flanks. It is also the length of arc of the base circle
verse pitch, the results of normal pitch deviation between the origins of the involute profiles of
measurements are to be converted to transverse consecutive corresponding flanks (figure 11).
values before comparison with tolerance values is
made. p bt = d b πz (2)

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AGMA ISO 10064--1 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION

pbt When measuring base pitch, it must be ensured that

the points of contact with the comparator probes do
not lie in zones with profile or helix modifications.

When suitable profile checking equipment is not

pbt available, measured values of base pitch deviation
can serve as a base from which the value of the

db

d
pressure angle deviation, fα, can be derived.
Because measured values of base pitch deviation
are influenced by pitch deviations and profile form
Figure 11 -- Transverse base pitch, pbt deviations, this procedure will only serve a useful
purpose when the two latter deviations are quite
The normal and the transverse base pitches are small.
related in accordance with the following equation:
In any calculations for the derivation of approximate
p bn = p bt cos β b (3) mean values of pressure angle or other deviations, a
mean value of base pitch is used.
Effective load sharing between the teeth of mating
gears requires adequate control of base pitch The mean normal base pitch deviation, fpbm, the
accuracy of both elements. This is particularly mean base diameter difference, fdbm, the mean
important when gears of both elements are required pressure angle deviation, fαm, and the effective base
to be interchangeable. In such cases an important diameter, db eff, are related as follows:
measurement objective is determination of the value
of the mean base pitch for comparison with the mean f pbm × z
f dbm = (5)
base pitches of other gears in the range. π × cos β b

The theoretical value normal base pitch is a function f pbm

f αm ≈ − (6)
of normal module and normal pressure angle, thus: m × sin α × π
p bn = m π cos α n (4) f pbm × z
d b eff = d b + (7)
Usually a portable comparator is used for the π × cos β b
measurement of normal base pitch deviations. The 6.5 Determination of cumulative pitch
principle of such an instrument is illustrated in figure deviations, Fpk and Fp
12. With the aid of a suitable gauge, the base pitch
comparator can be calibrated to measure directly the Cumulative pitch deviations can be determined by
deviations from a theoretical base pitch. means of the algebraic summation of any specified
number of individual measured values of single
transverse--pitch deviations (see figure 5(b)). The
individual values of single pitch deviation are
determined in accordance with 6.2.1.

The angular indexing method, described in 6.2.2,

provides directly the values of cumulative pitch
deviation.

6.5.1 Determination of the total cumulative pitch

deviation, Fp

By definition, the “total cumulative pitch deviation” is

the maximum cumulative pitch deviation of any
pbn sector of the corresponding flanks of a gear. Its value
is equal to the distance measured at the
appropriated scale between the highest and lowest
Figure 12 -- Portable instrument for measuring points of the curve of cumulative pitch deviation. See
base pitch, presented on a spur gear figure 5(b).

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AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AGMA ISO 10064--1

6.5.2 Cumulative pitch checking over sectors b) The number of values obtained will suffice for
the plotting of an acceptable cumulative deviation
When the comparator single pitch checking method curve.
is applied to gears with large number of teeth,
Aids to the choice of suitable numbers of pitches, by
accumulation of large numbers of measurement
formula and curves, are provided in figure 14.
inaccuracies can result in substantial inaccuracies of
values obtained by the summation process. One If possible, z/S should be in integer.
source of inaccuracy is failure to ensure that the When, however, the quotient z/S is not an integer, the
trailing probe always contacts the point occupied by number of sector deviation measurements should
the leading probe during the preceding measure- be equal to the next whole number larger than z/S, in
ment. which case the last sector will include some of those
pitches already included in the first sector of pitches.
By checking sectors of pitches, the possible
frequency of the last mentioned inaccuracies will be Example:
reduced and it is recommended that measurement z = 239, m = 8, chosen S = 5
of sector deviations is adopted for gears having more Hence, the number of sectors (of readings) must be
than 60 teeth. Figure 13 illustrates the principle of at least equal to 239/5 = 47.8. With 48 sectors
measuring the deviation of a sector of 4 pitches, (readings) there is an overlap of (5 ¢ 48) -- 239 = 1
including e.g., pitches numbers 1 to 4. The next pitch.
sector to be measured would include pitches num-
bers 5 to 8, when the trailing probe which is seen on m
S=2 3
the right comes into contact with that point on the 50
flank of tooth number 4 which was previously 40
4 2 z
occupied by the leading probe, as seen on the left of S≈
30
5 3 3m
the figure. The precautions described in 6.2.1 are
6
equally necessary to measurements of pitch sector 20
7
deviations. 15 8
9
12
10 10
8
11
6
12
5
5 13
4
14
4 3 15
z
3 1 16
2 2 17
18

z
1
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

Figure 14 -- Guide for choosing the number (S)

of pitches per sector for pitch measurement by
sectors

6.5.3 Evaluation of pitch sector checking results

Figure 13 -- Principle of pitch measurement by It is important to recognize, that the total cumulative
sectors pitch deviation is not always revealed in a curve
based on algebraic summation of pitch sector
deviations. This is because the effect of any extreme
It is necessary to choose the number (S) of pitches
single pitch deviations lying within sectors, which
per sector such that:
would otherwise influence the value of the total
a) The length of the sector chord is suited to the cumulative pitch deviation, can be compensated
capacity of the comparator to be used; within the sector.

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AGMA ISO 10064--1 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION

Thus if any values come close to exceeding the limits The maximum cumulative pitch deviation Fpk over a
of specified tolerances, single pitch deviations in specified number of k pitches can be derived from
minimum, maximum and overlap zones should be the Fpk diagram, by setting off from each flank of the
blended into the cumulative pitch sector deviation gear in turn, the arc length (k ¢ pt). In practice, the
curve in order to determine the total cumulative pitch maximum value can be found by observation of a
deviation more accurately. small number of sectors.

Considering the values provided as examples in

It will be found convenient, to substitute numerical
figure 5 with k = 3, the maximum cumulative pitch
values in the subscripts of the symbols FpS and FpkS
deviation over three pitches equal to 10 mm is
representing cumulative pitch sector deviation. By
represented by the sum of the single pitch deviations
this means, the relevant arc length and/or the
of pitches number 15, 16 and 17.
number of pitches per sector can be indicated. For
example, Fp24S4 indicates the cumulative pitch A convenient way of identifying the position of any
sector deviation over an arc of k = 24 pitches, based value of Fpk is to list the relevant pitch numbers in
on measurements over sectors of 4 pitches. parentheses; for instance, the above example would
be indicated as follows:
6.5.4 Significance of cumulative pitch deviation,
Fp3 (15 ... 17) = 10 mm
Fpk
6.6 Notes on pitch deviation measurement and
If cumulative pitch deviations over relatively small evaluation of results
numbers of pitches are too large, in service condi-
Single probes and comparator probes usually have
tions substantial acceleration forces will be gener-
spherical ends. Each probe axis should be aligned
ated. This holds especially true for high--speed
parallel to the radial line from the gear axis through
gears, where these dynamic loads can be consider-
the point of probe/flank contact (figures 7, 8 and 13).
able. Hence the need for cumulative pitch toler-
ances over small numbers of pitches. For all measurements of pitch deviations other than
base pitch deviations measured with a base pitch
Figure 15 shows cumulative pitch deviation dia- comparator, radial and axial values of runout should
grams for two gears. The total cumulative pitch be so small that they can be neglected. If however,
deviations shown by each curve are similar, but the axis of the gear to be inspected is offset from the
maximum cumulative pitch deviations over small axis of rotation of the inspection apparatus and the
numbers of pitches are markedly different, as seen in position of the gauging device is fixed relative to the
the sectors “k” in curves “a” and “b”. Depending on latter axis, a sinusoidal component having double
specified tolerances, the deviation Fp4 in curve “a” of amplitude equal to twice the eccentricity will be
Fpk could be tolerable, whereas that in curve “b” may added to the true curve of cumulative pitch deviation
be unacceptable. of the gear.

k=4 k=4
Fp4

Fp4
Fp

Fp

a b

0° 360° 0° 360°

Figure 15 -- Cumulative pitch deviation diagrams

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AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AGMA ISO 10064--1

The sinusoidal curve due to the above mentioned by 8%, in order to exclude from the evaluation
offset (eccentricity, fe), which forms part of the unintentionally undersized tip zones which may
cumulative pitch deviation diagram figure 15(a), is result from the machining process and which do not
derived from only one set of corresponding flanks. impair gear performance. However, for assessment
Its amplitude may be, and its phase will be, different of total profile deviation (Fα) and profile form
from that of the curve of radial runout derived from deviation (ffα), excess of material within the remain-
both left and right flanks in combination, which will ing zone of 8% which increases the amount of
have double amplitude equal to 2fe. deviation must be taken into account. For deviations
due to minus metal within that zone, tolerances are
An amount of eccentricity derived from measure- increased.
ments of cumulative deviation or tangential
composite deviation, referred to right flanks or left
7.2 Evaluation of profile diagrams
flanks, is preferably denoted by the symbol feR,
respectively feL.
For purposes of gear quality classification, it is
necessary to check only “Total profile deviation, Fα”.
See ANSI/AGMA ISO 1328--1.

7 The checking of profile deviations

However, for some purposes it can be useful to
determine the “profile slope deviation” fHα and the
“profile form deviation” ffα. For this it is necessary to
By definition (see ANSI/AGMA ISO 1328--1, clause
superpose the “mean profile trace” onto the diagram
3.2), profile deviations are normal to tooth profiles in
as shown in figure 16, also in ANSI/AGMA ISO
transverse planes. Nevertheless, deviation may be
1328--1, figure 2. Guidance for allowable values of
measured normal to tooth flank surfaces and such
ffα and fHα is given in annex B of ANSI/AGMA ISO
measured values are to be converted before
1328--1.
comparing them with limits of tolerances, by dividing
the values by cos βb.
When profile deviations are measured normal to
7.1 The profile diagram tooth flanks and have not been converted by the
inspection apparatus to transverse values, the
The profile diagram includes the profile trace, a results are to be divided by cos βb to convert them to
curve traced on paper or other suitable medium, by the corresponding values normal to transverse
gear tooth profile inspection equipment. Deviations profiles. The values so obtained can then be
of the curve from a straight line represent deviations compared with specified limits of tolerances which
of the profile from an involute curve generated from refer to deviations measured normal to transverse
the base circle of the gear under inspection. profiles.
Profile modifications also appear as departures from
the involute curve, but these are not considered to be α and fα
7.3 Algebraic signs of fHα
deviations from the “design profile”.
The profile slope deviation is termed positive and the
Any arbitrary point along the profile diagram can be corresponding pressure angle deviation is termed
related to a radius, a base tangent length and an negative when the mean profile trace rises toward
involute roll angle. the tooth--tip end A of the diagram, as shown in figure
16. In figure 17, both positive and negative slopes,
Figure 16 shows a sample tooth profile and the
caused by eccentricity of mounting on the gear
relation to the corresponding profile trace, together
generating machine, are shown.
with the appropriate terms. Details of terms,
definitions and concepts concerning the profile
trace, are provided in ANSI/AGMA ISO 1328--1. If the slopes seen in the profile diagrams of mating
gears are equal and have the same sign, the
The profile evaluation range Lα is equal to the active deviations are mutually compensating. This applies
length LAE, but shortened at the tip or chamfer point to both external and internal gears.

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AGMA ISO 10064--1 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION

A C E F

ffα
2a

Fα
fHα
3a
1a

Lα

LAE LE

LAF
tip circle of mating gear
5
5

1
2
tip circle Q
C
6

reference 7 4
circle 6
4 ξc
root circle
base circle

1 Design profile A Tooth tip or start of chamfer

2 Actual profile C Reference point
3 Mean profile E Start of active profile
1a Design profile trace F Start of usable profile
2a Actual profile trace LAF Usable length
3a Mean profile trace LAE Active length
4 Origin of involute Lα Evaluation range
5 Tip point LE Base tangent length to start of active profile
5--6 Usable profile Fα Total profile deviation
5--7 Active profile ffα Profile form deviation
C--Q Base tangent length to point C fHα Profile slope deviation
Q Start of roll (point of tangency of ξc Involute roll angle to point C
transverse base tangent)
Figure 16 -- Tooth profile and profile diagram

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AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AGMA ISO 10064--1

7.4 Pressure angle deviation, fα will vary around the gear. In the mean value of profile
slope deviations related to corresponding flanks,
A profile rising toward its tooth tip end implies that the
such variations are canceled out.
pressure angle is too small.
The effect of eccentricity on profile slope, and the
The pressure angle deviation fα can be derived from
determination of mean profile deviation, are illus-
the profile slope deviation using the following
trated in figure 17.
equations.
It is necessary to calculate the average value of the
in radians: slope deviations of the profiles of corresponding
f Hα flanks of gear teeth as a step toward an eventual
fα = − (8) decision on what steps are to be taken by way of
L α × tan α t × 10 3
correction of machine tool settings or other suitable
in arc seconds: action.
206.26 × f Hα For all practical purposes, it is usually sufficient to
fα = − (9)
L α × tan α t calculate the arithmetic mean of the profile slope
fHα in mm, Lα in mm deviation of a limited number of equispaced corre-
sponding flanks around the gear circumference. A
For both external and internal gears:
suitable mean value can be obtained from the profile
when fHα > 0, then fdb > 0 and fα < 0. traces of corresponding flanks of two diametrically
7.5 Mean profile slope deviation, fHα opposite teeth. However, if profile slope deviations
αm
vary around the gear, this will not always be
Slope deviations of individual profiles can be caused disclosed unless traces of the profiles of at least
by eccentricities due to inaccuracies of manufactur- three equispaced corresponding flanks are ob-
ing or inspection set--up, however, such deviations tained.
A E
+
3
--11.1

1
--

A
+
fe

2 C
--6.6

B
-- 2 φ

+ 1
5.7

3
--
fHα

Lα
LAE

f Hαm = 1 (− 11.1 − 6.6 + 5.7) = − 4mm

3
A = The axis of rotation of the machine tool relative to that of the gear.
B = The axis of rotation of the inspection apparatus and that of the gear.
C = The position of tool or profile measuring probe
1, 2, 3 = Positions of the profiles from which the traces were obtained (at 45°, 165°, 285°) and
relevant profile traces
Figure 17 -- Mean profile slope deviation, fHα αm

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AGMA ISO 10064--1 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION

7.6 Base diameter difference, fdb, mean base If need be, a combination of the two types of
diameter difference, fdbm, and effective base evaluating the profile accuracy (with standard toler-
diameter, db eff ances referred to a quality grade and with the
tolerance field method) can be applied, as shown in
The base diameter difference fdb = db eff -- db is the example in figure 19.
directly related to the profile slope deviation fHα. The
relationship is as follows:

12 mm
10 10 mm
d A B D E
f db = f Hα × b (9)
Lα
ISO Q3
Thus, when the “mean profile slope deviation” fHαm

18
is determined (see 7.5), the mean base diameter
difference and the effective base diameter can be LBD LDE LE
derived from the following equations: LAE
d Figure 19 -- Different tolerance systems for
f dbm = f Hαm × b (10)
Lα different profile zones

 f
d b eff = d b 1 + Hαm
Lα
 (11)
7.8 Profile barrelling, Cα
7.7 Profile tolerance field For some fields of application, suitable profile
modification involves tip and root relief of accurate
A convenient inspection procedure is to check
form which normally extends from about the middle
whether or not the profile trace can be enclosed in
of the evaluation range toward tips and roots of the
the specified tolerance field.
gear teeth. See figure 20.
Many of the tolerance fields specified have forms
The amount by which the height of the curvature of
roughly resembling the letter “K” (figure 18), hence
the involute is increased can be determined as
the well known term “K--chart”.
described in the following.

In the diagram, a straight line is drawn through the

a) points of intersection of the profile trace or its mean
A E
trace with the ends of the evaluation range, as shown
in figure 21. The distance between this line and a
parallel to it which is tangent to the mean curve,
measured in direction of recorded deviations, is
equal to the amount of profile barrelling (Cα).

In profile diagrams generated from intentionally

b) barrelled teeth, design and mean profile traces are
A E usually parabolic curves.

8 The checking of helix deviations

By definition, helix deviations are the amounts

Figure 18 -- Inspection of profile accuracy by
measured in the direction of transverse base tan-
the tolerance field method
gents, by which actual helices deviate from design
helices. If deviations are measured normal to tooth
The use of such a chart is illustrated in figure 18(a) in flanks, they are to be divided by cos βb to convert the
which the profile trace lies within the tolerance field, values to transverse quantities before comparisons
whereas in figure 18(b) the profile trace does not. with limits of tolerances are made.

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AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AGMA ISO 10064--1

A E F

Cα

Lα

Cα

Figure 20 -- Profile barrelling, Cα

A E F Helix modifications introduced by the designer also

appear as departures from the straight line, but they
are not considered to be deviations from the “design
Cα

helix”. See ANSI/AGMA ISO 1328--1, 3.3.1.3.

Sometimes trace lengths are magnified representa-

tions of small facewidths, or reduced representation
of large facewidths. See also “length of trace” in
Lα ANSI/AGMA ISO 1328--1, clause 3.3.1.1.

Relevance to right hand and left hand helices can be

indicated by means of the letters “r” respectively “l”
Figure 21 -- Determination of profile barrelling,
used either as symbols or as subscripts.
Cα
In figure 22, a typical example of a helix diagram
shows the helix deviations of a tooth flank of which
8.1 The helix diagram the design helix is an unmodified helix. Had the
“design helix” been crowned, end relieved or other-
The helix diagram includes the helix trace, a curve
wise modified, traces representing it would be
generated on paper or other suitable medium by
appropriately formed curves.
helix checking equipment. Deviations of the curve
from a straight line represent, in magnified form, Details of terms, definitions and concepts
deviations of the actual helix from an unmodified concerning the helix trace are provided in ANSI/
helix. AGMA ISO 1328--1.

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AGMA ISO 10064--1 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION

λβx λβx When helix deviations are measured normal to tooth

flanks and have not been converted by the inspec-
tion apparatus to transverse values, the results are

fwβ
2 3 to be divided by cos βb to convert them to the
corresponding values normal to transverse profiles.
The values so obtained can then be compared with

fHβ
specified limits of tolerances which refer to
Fβ

ffβ

deviations measured normal to transverse profiles.

8.3 Determination of the helix slope deviation by
1 axial pitch checking
Where helix diagrams cannot be obtained, for
I Lβ II
example on very large gears which cannot be
b checked on measuring machines, the “helix slope
deviation” fHβ can be determined from measure-
1 Design helix trace Fβ Total helix deviation ments taken with an axial pitch instrument.
2 Actual helix trace ffβ Helix form deviation
Instruments of this type essentially comprise a
3 Mean helix trace fHβ Helix slope deviation
precision level and two ball styli. The styli are
b Facewidth or dis- λβx Axial wavelength of
tance between undulation
adjusted so that the spacing of the balls is approxi-
chamfers mately equal to an integer number of axial pitches.
Lβ Helix evaluation fwβ Undulation height The balls are placed in gear tooth spaces with the
range line of their centres roughly parallel to the gear axis.
I Reference face II Non--reference face The level is then adjusted to zero and any relative tilt
Figure 22 -- Helix diagram at other positions around the gear is determined.
The tilt determinations, together with the distance
between the styli can be related mathematically to
The helix evaluation range Lβ is equal to the length of
the mean helix slope deviation of the flanks. The
trace, reduced at each end by 5% of length of trace,
method is not of high precision.
but not by more than one module (1 ¢ m). This
reduction is made in order to ensure that unintention- If the measurements are taken at three or more
al, slight end reliefs caused by some machining equally spaced positions around the gear, the effect
conditions, are not normally included in the assess- of transverse pitch deviations on the result tend to
ment of the deviation magnitudes intended for cancel, and an approximate mean “helix slope
comparison with stringent tolerances. For assess- deviation” that is independent of the gear axis can be
ment of the total helix deviation (Fβ) and the helix calculated.
form deviation (ffβ), excess of material within the end Furthermore, provided neither gear flank has severe
zones of 5% which increases the amount of devi- profile deviations and the gear flanks are not
ation must be taken into account. For deviations due crowned, the mean “helix slope deviation” for the left
to minus metal within these end zones, tolerances and right flanks can be determined.
are increased. Measurements can be taken with the gear in any
8.2 Evaluation of helix diagrams attitude without affecting their validity.

For purpose of gear quality classification, it is For this method to be used requires that the gears
necessary to check only “Total helix deviation” Fβ. have a facewidth greater than one axial pitch.
See ANSI/AGMA ISO 1328--1. 8.4 Algebraic signs of fHβ and fβ

However, for some purposes it can be useful to The helix slope deviation fHβ and the helix angle
determined the “helix slope deviation” fHβ and the deviation fβ are to be completed with an algebraic
“helix form deviation” ffβ. For this it is necessary to sign.
superpose the representative “mean helix trace” Deviations are deemed to be positive (fHβ > 0 and
onto the diagram as shown in figure 22. Recommen- fβ > 0) when helix angles are larger, and negative
dations for tolerable values of ffβ and fHβ are given in when helix angles are smaller, than the design helix
annex B of ANSI/AGMA ISO 1328--1. angle.

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AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AGMA ISO 10064--1

The helix deviations of spur gears if other than zero 8.6 Helix tolerance field
are indicated by the subscripts “r” and “l”, instead of A convenient way of checking helix accuracy, is to
an algebraic sign, implying deviations in the sense of verify whether or not the trace can be enclosed in the
right or left hand helices respectively. specified tolerance field. Details of this method are to
If the helix deviations fHβ and fβ of a gear and its all intents and purposes the same as those de-
mating gear flanks are equal in magnitude and scribed for the “profile tolerance field”, see 7.7.
algebraic sign, the deviations are mutually 8.7 Tooth (helix) crowning, Cβ
compensating. In a diagram the helix trace of an unmodified tooth
8.5 Mean helix slope deviation, fHβm and mean flank would be represented by a more or less straight
line, whilst the corresponding trace of a crowned
helix angle deviation, fβm
tooth flank would be an accurate curve. In helix
If during manufacture, a gear was mounted with its diagrams generated from intentionally crowned
axis offset from the axis of rotation of the gear tooth flanks, design and mean helix traces are
generating machine, or if these two axes were usually parabolic curves, see figure 24.
crossed, slope deviations of the gear tooth helices
would vary around the gear. See figure 23. +

fHβ1 fHβ2 fHβ3 fHβ4 Cβ

--
Lβ

-- + -- + -- + -- +
b

Lβ
0° (360°) 90° 180° 270°
b
Figure 23 -- Traces generated from four tooth
flanks spaced equally around gear, illustrating Figure 24 -- Tooth (helix) crowning, Cβ
helix slope deviations associated with
eccentricity or wobble The procedure for evaluation of profile barrelling Cα,
which is similar in form and which is described in 7.8,
Even when the deviations are within specified limits is equally applicable to evaluation of gear tooth
of tolerance, attention should always be drawn to this crowning, Cβ.
fault because of its possible contribution to gear 8.8 Undulations
vibrations in service and in order that steps might be Undulations are helix form deviations having
taken to avoid future occurrence of the same. constant wavelength and almost constant height.
For some purposes, e.g., for correction of machine Perturbations of gear production machine transmis-
tool setting or adaptation to mating gear, it is sion elements are their most common cause,
necessary to determine the mean helix deviation by especially those of:
calculating as follows the average of several devi- a) the cutter saddle feed--screw drive, and
ations measured on three or more flanks of teeth
b) the worm of the indexing wormgear drive.
spaced equally around the gear.
The wavelength of undulations caused by a),
f Hβm = 1  
n f Hβ1 + f Hβ2 + + f Hβn (12) measured in direction of helix, is equal to the pitch of
the feed--screw divided by cos β.
A suitable mean value can be obtained from the helix
Of undulations due to cause b) the wavelength is:
diagrams of corresponding flanks of two diametrical-
ly opposite teeth. However, if the helix slope λβ = d×π (13)
deviations vary around the gear, this will not always z M × sin β
be disclosed unless traces of at least three equis- The number of undulations generated as a result of
paced flanks are obtained. b), projected into a transverse plane, are equal to the

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AGMA ISO 10064--1 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION

number of teeth zM of the master indexing worm enhances the sensitivity of the apparatus which also
wheel. These can be sources of objectionable plots the results in the form of a diagram.
pure--tone components of noise spectra, at
frequencies corresponding to the rotational speed
(revolutions) of the affected gear, multiplied by zM.
9 Checking of tangential composite
The method of application of the undulation measur- deviations
ing attachment of a helix checking apparatus is
shown in the diagram in figure 25. This is discussed 9.1 General
in the following.
For purposes of verifying tangential composite
It should be noted that the undulations would not be deviations, two gears one of which may be a master,
indicated if the feet were spaced at a distance equal are rotatably mounted in mesh at an appropriate
to an even number of wavelengths as shown in figure center distance. The gears are then rotated whilst
25 with s = 4λβ. contact occurs on only one set of corresponding
flanks until a complete diagram is generated.
When undulations due to the cause a) or b)
mentioned above are to be measured, the appropri- During the tangential composite deviation check,
ate wavelength is calculated and the spherical gear tooth flank contact is maintained under very
location feet of the attachment are set at an odd light load and low angular velocities. Thus the
number of wavelengths distant from each other. generated records reflect the combined influence of
the deviations of tooth elements of both gears of the
The amount of the undulations are indicated by a pair (i.e., profile, helix and pitch).
probe situated midway between the feet as the latter
are slid along the helix. The following combinations can be checked:
a) A product gear meshed with a master gear;
It can be seen in the figure that the displacement of
the probe when a peak and next a trough are sensed b) A pair of mating product gears;
by the probe, is equal to twice the height of the c) A train of gears with more than two gears in
undulation as shown in figure 25. This feature mesh.

+fwβ --fwβ

fwβ fwβ

s s
s = λβ

s = 4 λβ

Figure 25 -- Principle of undulation inspection

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AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AGMA ISO 10064--1

Concerning case a), a suitable record is generated individual gears are to be identified, the data must be
during one turn of the product gear. Attention must suitably processed, see 9.3.3.2.
be paid to the fact that the accuracy of the master Tangential composite deviations of heavily loaded
gear influences the checking results. Inaccuracies gears can also be similarly checked when a suitable
of the master gear are usually neglected, if its rig is available. Under such circumstances, recorded
accuracy is by at least 4 quality grades higher than deviations are influenced by load induced tooth
that of the product gear. If the quality of the master deformations, by mesh stiffness variations and,
gear is less than four grades better than that of the depending on the speed of rotation, by impact effects
gear to be inspected, inaccuracies of the master as well as by imperfections of tooth geometry.
gear are to be taken into account. ANSI/AGMA ISO 1328--1 does not apply to this kind
of inspection.
The total tangential composite deviation (Fi′) is the
maximum difference between the effective and the The third case c) is the assessment of the kinematics
theoretical circumferential displacement (at the of a gear transmission. Such inspection is not
reference circle) of the gear under inspection which considered to be within the field of application of
is turned through one complete revolution. ANSI/AGMA ISO 1328--1.
9.2 Checking product--gear / master pairs
The tooth--to--tooth tangential composite deviation
(fi′) is the value of the tangential composite deviation 9.2.1 Spur gears
over a displacement of one pitch. Recorded diagrams of tangential composite devi-
ations generally include short period components
Concerning case b), the generated deviations (F′ corresponding to successive cycles of tooth engage-
and f ′ ) involving two product gears are termed ment, superposed on long period components
“transmission deviations of a gear pair”. In order to associated with complete revolutions of each of the
fully explore the complete spectrum of the devi- meshing gears.
ations, it is necessary to continue rotation until both
product gears have made the number of turns equal The diagram in figure 26 represents the record of
to the number of teeth of its mating gear divided by tangential composite deviations generated during
the highest common factor of the respective num- one revolution of a pinion having sixteen teeth when
bers of teeth of the two meshing gears (z1 and z2). meshed with a master gear.
The number of revolutions determined in this way In the figure the “total tangential composite devi-
correspond to the complete meshing period of the ation” Fi′, the maximum “tooth--to--tooth tangential
gear pair. The diagram generated reflects the composite deviation” fi′, as well as the profile
components of element deviations of the teeth of component “a” and the single pitch component “b”
both gears of the pair. If deviations of the teeth of the are indicated.

b
fi′ F i′

fi′ = tooth--to--tooth tangential composite deviation (maximum value);

F i′ = total tangential composite deviation;
a = deviation largely influenced by the profile deviation;
b = single pitch component.
Figure 26 -- Tangential composite deviation diagram of a spur gear

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9.2.1.1 Influence of profile deviations of spur

gears A
tip
master
perfect conjugate
test
When using a master gear in the checking of gear tooth shape
tangential composite deviations, the assumption
root
that the master gear is perfectly accurate implies that
the generated tangential composite deviation dia- +

displacement
1 pitch 1 pitch 1 pitch
gram represents only the combined deviations of the
tooth elements of the product gear.

angular
0

Figure 27 shows schematically, tangential compos- angular motion curve

--
ite deviation recordings of three consecutive cycles
of tooth engagement of a master gear and product
gear, corresponding to each of three different tooth B
tip
profiles, the first of which is unmodified and faultless, master
modified tooth
the second being progressively modified from mid-- test shape [profile
gear
depth towards each limit of the active profile and the barrelling Cα]
third with “slope deviation”. root
+

displacement
1 pitch 1 pitch 1 pitch
Figure 27(a) shows the straight line diagram which
would be generated by a test gear and master gear angular 0
both of which have fault--free unmodified teeth.

--
In figure 27(b), the record indicates the influence of angular motion curve
tip and root relief in the form of a profile barrelling
over the whole profile (Cα). From the start of the
tip C
tooth engagement cycle with first contact at the tooth master
tip of the driven product gear, the deviation value test modified tooth
gear shape [modified
increases progressively to zero as contact nears
root
pressure angle]
mid--tooth depth, then changes to a progressively
decreasing trend as contact approaches the end of
+ 1 pitch 1 pitch 1 pitch
the tooth engagement cycle.
displacement

0
angular

In figure 27(c), the triangular components of the

diagram show progressive tangential composite
--
deviation from zero to a negative value as contact angular motion curve
moves from the product gear tooth tip towards the
start of active tooth profile. At this point, contact
Figure 27 -- Influence of profile deviations of
abruptly transfers to the following tooth with the
spur gears
introduction of an equally abrupt positive tangential
composite deviation.
9.2.1.2 Influences of pitch deviations of spur
gears
It must be borne in mind that generated diagrams of
tangential composite deviations do not merely In the event of a pitch deviation at pitch N: When
reflect influences of profile deviations revealed by during the course of rotation contact is transferred
checks on a few teeth,but may be influenced by from tooth number N--1 to tooth number N, a local
contact involved in any prominences on the working tangential component will be introduced which will
surfaces of the teeth of the product gear. show on the tangential composite deviation diagram

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AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AGMA ISO 10064--1

as a displacement of one of the profile generated If under these latter circumstances profile deviations
components of the diagram. are different at opposite ends of the mesh, then the
profile (tooth--to--tooth) components of the tangen-
The schematic diagram in figure 28 illustrates the
tial composite deviation diagram will also be
influence of single pitch deviations on the tangential
affected.
composite deviation diagram.
9.2.1.4 Influence of contact ratio of spur gears
Single pitch deviations have cumulative effect on the
tangential composite displacement arc as they pass A tangential composite deviation diagram generated
through the mesh. Their influence is clearly visible from a “master--gear”/“product--gear” combination is
on the tangential composite deviation diagram, thus composed of successive curves representing for the
enabling values of cumulative pitch deviations, (e.g., most part the profile deviations, as shown in figure
when k = 2, k = 3 and etc.) to be determined as the 30. The relationship between the phases of
ordinates of tangents to the apices at appropriate “two--pair”/“single--pair”/“two--pair” tooth engage-
numbers of pitches apart. The principle is illustrated ment and the tangential composite deviation dia-
in figure 29, in which influences of single pitch gram during a complete cycle of tooth engagement is
deviation, combined single pitch and profile devi- clearly illustrated. It can easily be recognized that
ation, and also approximate total cumulative pitch the maximum length of the single--pair tooth contact
deviation are indicated. path is realized when the contact ratio εα is equal to
one. As the contact ratio increases, this length
9.2.1.3 Influence of helix deviations of spur gears
reduces, and when the contact ratio is equal to or
A helix deviation which is constant in magnitude and greater than two, there is no single--pair tooth
sign, i.e., is common to every tooth of a gear, results contact at all.
in consistent localized bearing in the mesh. The
In order to derive the maximum amount of useful
tangential composite deviations are not thereby
data, the teeth of the master gear should be made as
influenced substantially.
deep as is consistent with adequate tooth tip width.
When helix deviations vary in magnitude and sign This enables checks to be made at extended center
(i.e., direction) around a product gear, the tangential distance such that the contact ratio is unity, and other
composite deviations may be affected. A change of checks to be made with the center distance so
magnitude of helix deviation may influence the adjusted that the “in--service” working flanks are fully
tangential composite deviation. explored.

single pitch
component N

N--1

Figure 28 -- Influence of single pitch deviation of spur gears

influence of influence of single

profile deviation pitch deviation

approximate total
cumulative pitch deviation

Figure 29 -- Components of a tangential composite deviation diagram of a spur gear

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AGMA ISO 10064--1 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION

root tip
master gear

profile deviation diagrams

product gear
tip root
direction of paper feed

tangential composite 1 2 3
deviation
stylus

profile
component

3
product gear
2
1

master gear

pb
pb = base pitch pb
gα = length of path of contact gα

Figure 30 -- Effect of contact transfer on the profile component in a tangential composite deviation
diagram (spur gears)

9.2.2 Helical gears It is important that caution is exercised when

assessing the results of tangential composite devi-
When the total contact ratio εγ is less than 2.0, the ation checks, because these can be very different
meshing conditions for helical gears are similar to from expected results such as those derived from
those of spur gears of which the contact ratio εα is consideration of theoretical contact ratio and an
less than 2.0, in which case, all of the above assumption that contact is perfect over the tooth
comments concerning spur gears apply equally to profiles and facewidth of helical gears.
such helical gears. Tangential composite deviation can be influenced by
modification of tooth profile and of helix (tip relief,
When the total contact ratio εγ of helical gears
crowning, etc.) introduced to accommodate possible
exceeds 2.0, which is normally the case, the short
deformations of shafts, housings and teeth under
period components which represent profile irregula-
load.
rities are smoothed to some extent because, in
general, simultaneous contact takes place on two or If under full load the tooth bearing is uniformly
more tooth pairs. distributed over the working surfaces of the teeth,
such is not likely to be the case under the light load
Diagrams in figure 31 with the two cases “A” conditions of tangential composite deviation checks,
(generated from helical gears) and “B” (from spur when the tooth bearing may be localized. Given
gears) illustrate the difference between the ways in such circumstances, the contact ratio during the
which the influence of the overlapping teeth of the checking operation is much less than elementary
two types combine. theory would suggest.

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AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AGMA ISO 10064--1

number of tooth pairs in mesh

3 2 3 2 3 A

number of tooth pairs in mesh

B
2 1 2

Figure 31 -- Influence of overlap ratio

9.3 Examples of application equal numbers of teeth or other integer ratios, and
which also are not required to be interchangeable,
9.3.1 Identification and location of defects
special steps can be taken to ensure that optimum
The checking of tangential composite deviations performance is realized. Such gears can be meshed
facilitates the identification and location of inaccura- to best advantage by remeshing the gears with a
cies which may degrade the quality of a transmis- phase shift of ninety degrees in order first of all to find
sion. For example, as indicated in the diagram in the quadrant in which tangential composite devi-
figure 32, the presence of a defective tooth can ations are smallest. Following this the process is
readily be seen. Furthermore, it is sometimes repeated by remeshing the gears with phase shifts
possible to carry out corrective measures in situ, in less than ninety degrees in order to find the optimum
which case the effectiveness of the adjustments can meshing phase.
be verified without delay.
In figure 33 diagrams are shown which were
9.3.2 Selective meshing of gears
generated from a pair of gears at the different phases
In some exceptional cases, involving gears with of mesh position indicated.

representing one pitch

damaged tooth

Figure 32 -- Part of tangential composite deviation diagram -- Interpretation example

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AGMA ISO 10064--1 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION

representing one gear revolution

0°L 0°R

90°L 90°R

180°L 180°R

270°L 270°R

90° + 1 tooth (L) 90° + 1 tooth (R)

Figure 33 -- Tangential composite deviation diagrams showing influence of mesh relocation

It is quite evident that the tangential composite ponent is filtered out. Thus, the true maximum
deviation diagrams for the left flanks and right flanks deviation fi′ is not necessarily represented in the
are not the same; it may be necessary to choose an filtered, short period component curve (figure 34(c)).
intermediate meshing position which provides the
9.3.3.1 Analysis of product gear/master gear test
best compromise solution when a high degree of
data
transmission accuracy is needed for both directions
of rotation. The total tangential composite deviation Fi′ and the
9.3.3 Interpretation of tangential composite maximum tooth--to--tooth deviation fi′ can readily be
identified from the full tangential composite deviation
deviation data
diagram. However, for identification of the maximum
Information about interpretation of data presented in value of the long period component fl′ and the
tangential composite deviation diagrams is provided significant short period component fs′, it is conve-
in 9.2. When a tangential composite deviation nient to process data signals through a filter system,
diagram is generated using a master gear, only one using low pass filters to extract the former and high
revolution of the product gear is needed. If on the pass filters to extract the latter of those components.
contrary two product gears are meshed, several Figure 34(a) shows the diagram of an unfiltered
revolutions of both may be needed to generate an tangential composite deviation signal, figure 34(b)
adequate tangential composite deviation diagram. and figure 34(c) show diagrams of the long period
Instrumentation which processes the data so as to and the short period components of that signal when
processed as described above.
separate and record the long and short period
components of tangential composite deviation 9.3.3.2 Analysis of product gear pairs test data
makes the identification and location of significant
values relatively easy. Tangential composite deviation diagrams generated
by meshing product gear pairs usually show a
It is important to note that the tooth--to--tooth succession of periodic deviations corresponding to
tangential composite deviation fi′ (figure 34(a)) is the cycles of tooth engagement, as well as to the
substantially attenuated when the long period com- periods of rotation of the pinion and of the wheel.

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AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION AGMA ISO 10064--1

1 wheel revolution

single pitch of
tooth meshing

fl′ A
fi′ F i′
Total signal of tangential
composite deviation

fl′ Long period component

obtained by using a low
pass filter

single pitch of tooth meshing C

fs′
Short period component
obtained by using a high
pass filter

Figure 34 -- Analysis of a tangential composite deviation diagram on long period and short period
deviation components

By processing the full generated output signal of and wheel is thereby provided, including long period
tangential composite deviations such as that repre- and short period components of tangential compos-
sented in the diagram figure 35(c), using very ite deviation.
carefully chosen high pass, low pass and band pass
filters, the components of the signal are separated. In order to execute a Fourier analysis under condi-
The long period component generated by the pinion tions which are likely to provide adequate and
is represented in figure 35(b). The short period accurate results, it is necessary to provide a signal
component of tangential composite deviation is covering an integer number of revolutions of both
represented in figure 35(a). gears.

9.3.3.3 Data analysis by the Fast Fourier The significant components of the FFT analysis
Transform (FFT) method shown in figure 36 are indicated against their
harmonic numbers “n”, relative to the rotational
Signals can be processed by connecting the output
frequency of the larger gear. It must be borne in mind
from the measuring equipment directly to a suitable
that gear noise and vibration spectra may include
frequency analyzer for FFT analysis. significant components at one or more of the sub--
Diagrams in figure 36 represent a full tangential and higher harmonics of the tooth meshing
composite deviation diagram together with the frequency.
results of a FFT analysis.
In this example, the signal is covering 8 revolutions
This form of analysis is very effective in that a great of the wheel which has 35 teeth, thus the total
deal of information on the various defects of pinion number of tooth engagement cycles is equal to 280.

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AGMA ISO 10064--1 AMERICAN GEAR MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION

single pitch of tooth meshing individual meshing deviation

A

pinion
revolution
cumulative tangential
deviation for pinion

wheel revolution

general curve
of transmission
deviation

Figure 35 -- Analysis of tangential composite deviation diagram -- Result of signal filtration

Tangential composite deviation signal

z1 = 8
z2 = 35
40 1
mm wheel rotation

4.375 pinion rotation

25

tooth mesh
10
8.75
n = harmonic number
n
1 23 4 5 6 35
Amplitude of tangential individual meshing deviation
Figure 36 -- Result of a Fourier analysis of a tangential composite deviation check performed on a
pair of product gears

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