CIVL 5995 Project I

Design of Sanitary Sewer System

Key components

Service connections, Manholes and pump stations

Design Flows

1. Infiltration and interflow (71 to 140 m3/d/km)

2. Flow from the service connections

Type of Area Density (persons/ha)

Large lots 5-7
Small lots, single family 75
Small lots, two family 125
Multistory apartments 2500

Design period: usually of the order of 50 years

Variation in flow

Q peak 5.5 Qmin

  0.2( P / 1000)0.16
Qave ( P / 1000)0.18 , Qave

P= population of the service area

Example: You are required to estimate the peak and minimum sewage flows for a town
having an area of 2500 ha. The residential area is 60% of the total area, whereas
commercial and industrial areas are 30% and 10% of the total area, respectively. Of the
residential area, 40% are large lots, 55% small single-family lots and 5% multistory
apartments. The wastewater from the residential area is estimated to be 800 Lpcd. The
sewage from commercial and industrial areas is estimated to be 25000 L/ha/d and 40000
L/ha/d, respectively.

Type Area(ha) Density Population Flow

(persons/ha) (m3/s)
Large lots 0.4(1500)= 600 6 3,600 0.03
Small single family 0.55(1500) = 825 75 61,875 0.57
lots
Multistory 0.05(1500) = 75 2500 187,500 1.74
apartments
Total 252,975 2.34

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CIVL 5995 Project I

Commercial sector = 30% of 2500 ha = 750 ha

Average flow from commercial sector = 750x25,000 L/d= 0.22 m3/s

Industrial sector = 10 % of 2500 ha = 250 ha

Average flow from industrial sector = 250x40,000 L/d = 0.12 m3/s
Thus,
Average wastewater flow (excluding I/I) = 2.34+0.22+0.12 = 2.68 m3/s
Assuming total population is equal to residential population, i.e.

P= 252,975

Then,

Qpeak 5.5 5.5

 0.18
 0.18
 2.0
Qave ( P / 1000) (252.975)

Qmin
 0.2( P / 1000)0.16  0.2(252.975)0.16  0.48
Qave
Hence,

Peak flow = Peak factor x wastewater + I/I = 2.0(2.68)+0.03= 5.39 m3/s

Minimum flow = 0.48(2.68) + 0.03 = 1.32 m3/s

Hydraulics of Sewers

Minimum velocity (self-cleansing velocity) = 0.6 m/s

Maximum velocity = 3.5 m/s

Minimum pipe diameter = 150 mm.

Sanitary sewers up to 375 mm diameter should be designed to run half full.

Larger pipes may run three-fourths full.

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CIVL 5995 Project I

The design problem

Given:
1. Discharge, Q
2. Pipe Diameter, D
3. Pipe slope, S0

Determine:
1. Depth of flow, h D
2. Minimum velocity, Vmin
3. Maximum velocity, Vmax

h

D      sin   D
h    A  D2  P
2 
1 cos 
 2   8 2
2/3
A  A
Q   S 01/ 2
n P
Combining these equations we get

  sin  5 / 3  20.16nQ  0
 2/3 D8 / 3 S01/ 2

Q
After solving it by trials we can compute A and then, V 
A

If V  Vmin , reduce the diameter to achieve V  Vmin

If diameter is the minimum (150 mm), put V  Vmin and find the slope of the pipe
from the Manning’s equation.

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CIVL 5995 Project I

Example: Determine the average velocity in a trunk sewer made of concrete (n=0.015)
having 1500 mm diameter laid on a slope of 1%. The peak discharge through the pipe is
estimated to be 4000L/s.

Given:

n  0.015 , Q  4m / s , S0  0.01, D  1.5m

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  sin  5 / 3  20.16(0.015)(4)  0
 2/3 (1.5)8 / 3 (0.01)1/ 2
By trials,

  3.5radian
Therefore,

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CIVL 5995 Project I

D    1.5   3.5 
h 1  cos    1  cos    0.88m
2  2  2   2 

  sin   2  3.5  sin 3.5 

A  D2    1.5    1.08m 2

 8 8
The average flow velocity in the sewer is given by

Q 4
V   3.7m / s
A 1.08

Sewer Pipe Material

Rigid Pipes: Concrete, Cast iron, Vitrified clay

Flexible pipes: Ductile iron, Steel, PVC

Advantages and disadvantages of each category

Typical Manholes

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CIVL 5995 Project I

Sulfide Generation

EBOD P
Z  0.308 
S 00.5 Q 0.33 B
EBOD  BOD 1.07T 20
BOD  5-day biochemical oxygen demand
S0  Slope of the pipe
Q  Discharge through the pipe
P, B  Wetted perimeter and top width of the flow, respectively.
Z values Sulfide Condition
Z < 5,000 Sulfide rarely generated
5,000< Z < 10,000 Marginal condition for sulfide generation
Z > 10,000 Sulfide generation common

Example: Check the potential for sulfide generation in the trunk sewer of the previous
example, if 5-day BOD of the sewage is measured as 1600 mg/L and the ambient
temperature in the sewer is 30oC.

Solution:

EBOD  BOD 1.07T 20  1600 1.0710  3147.44

D 1.5  3.5
P   2.625m
2 2
D    1.5  3.5 
B  sin    sin   0.738m
2 2 2  2 
EBOD P 3147.44 2.625
Z  0.308 0.5 0.33
  0.308 0.5 0.33

S0 Q B 0.01 4 0.738
 21822  10000
So, sulfide generation will be common in the sewer.

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CIVL 5995 Project I

Design Computations

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CIVL 5995 Project I

Example A sewer system is to be designed to service the area shown in the following
Figure. The average per capita wastewater flow-rate is estimated to be 800 L/d/person,
and the infiltration and inflow (I/I) is estimated to be 70 m3/d/km. The sewer system is to
join an existing main sewer at manhole MH 5, where the average wastewater flow is 0.37
m3 /s, representing the contribution of approximately 100,000 people.
The I/I contribution to the flow in the main sewer at MH 5 is negligible, and the main
sewer at MH 5 is 1,065 mm in diameter, has an invert elevation of 55.35 m, and is laid on
a slope of 0.9%. The layout of the sewer system shown in the figure is based on the
topography of the area, and the pipe lengths, contributing areas, and ground-surface
elevations are shown in the table.
Design the sewer system between A Street and C Street for a saturation density of 130
persons/ha. Municipal guidelines require that the sewer pipes have a minimum cover of 2
m, a minimum slope of 0.08%, a peak flow factor of 3.0, a minimum flow factor of 0.5,
and a minimum allowable pipe diameter of 150 mm.

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CIVL 5995 Project I

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CIVL 5995 Project I

Tutorial Problem

(a) Use MS-Excel to design the sewerage system for Streets A and B shown
in the previous example.
(b) Use SewerCAD to design the sewerage system for Streets A and B shown
in the previous example.

Reference: Water Resources Engineering by Chin, 2000.

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