Math

Notes
3rd grading

Submitted by:
Krizia mae balagtas

Submitted to:
Sir Alvin valle

8 perseverance

“System of linear equations”

Linear equation
 Is a set of two or more equations of the same
variables in each equation.
 It is a first degree equation
 The graph is a line.
 It can have one solution, no solution, or infinite
solution.
Ex.
x+y=2
2x + 3y = 6
One solution
 Has only one point of intersection.
The graph is intersecting.
No solution
 no intersection
The graph is parallel.
Infinite solution Ex.
 Many solution x+y=2
The graph/lines are coinciding x+y=2
Equal

LINEAR SYSTEMS
1. Independent/consistent system
 one solution
 one point intersection
 The graph/lines are intersecting.
Ex.
Eq.1: x + y = 2
Eq 2: x + y = 4
Find the x and y intercepts.
X intercept: let y be 0 ( y = 0 )
Y intercept: let x be 0 ( x = 0 )
Eq.1
x intercept y intercept
y= 0 x= 0
x+y=2 x+y=2
x+0=2 0+y=2
x=2 y=2
coordinate: coordinate:
( 2, 0 ) ( 0, 2 )

Eq. 2
x intercept y intercept
y= 0 x= 0
x–y=4 x–y=4
x–0=4 0–y=4 (-y = 4)
x=4 y =-4
coordinate: coordinate:
( 4, 0 ) ( 0, -4 )
 GRAPH:

2. Inconsistent system
 No solution
 The graph/lines are parallel
The graph has the same slope.
Ex.
Eq 1: 2x + y = 4
Eq 2: 6x + 3y = 6
Eq 1:
x intercept y intercept
y= 0 x= 0
2x + y = 4 2x + y = 4
2x + 0 = 4 0+y=4
 2x = 4 ¿ 2
1
2 2
x=2 y =4
coordinate: coordinate:
( 4, 0 ) ( 0, 4 )

Eq 2:
x intercept y intercept
y= 0 x= 0
6x + 3y = 6 6x + 3y = 6
6x + 0 = 6 0 + 3y = 6
6x = 6 3y = ¿
2
1
6
6 6 3 3
x=1 y =2
coordinate: coordinate:
( 1, 0 ) ( 0, 2 )

GRAPH:
 rise 2
Slope (m) = run
Eq2:
1
=−2

Upper left = negative

Upper right = positive

Other solution:
Eq 1:
y 2− y 1 4−0 4
Slope = x 2−x 1
=
0−2 −2
=−2

Eq 2:
y 2− y 1 2−0 2
Slope= x 2−x 1
=
0−1 −1
=−2

3. Dependent system
 Many or infinite solution
 The graph/lines are coinciding.
Coinciding – if the two equations are equal.
Ex.
Eq 1: x – 2y = 4
Eq 2: 2x – 4y = 8
Eq 1:
x intercept y intercept
y= 0 x= 0
x - 2y = 4 x - 2y = 4
x-0=4 0 - 2y = 4 (-2y = 4)

2y = ¿
−2
1
-4
 2 2
x=4 y =-2
coordinate: coordinate:
( 4, 0 ) ( 0, -2 )

Eq 2:
x intercept y intercept
y= 0 x= 0
2x - 4y = 8 2x - 4y = 8
2x - 0 = 8 0 - 4y = 8 ( -4y = 8 )
2x = 8 4y = 8
2 2 4 4
x=4 y =-2
coordinate: coordinate:
( 4, 0 ) ( 0, -2 )
GRAPH:
 HOW TO DETERMINE IF IT’S A CONSISTENT,
INCONCISTENT, AND DEPENDENT SYSYTEM
STANDARD FORM: Ax + By = C
A 1 B1 C 1
A 2 B2 C 2

A 1 B1 C 1
≠ ≠
A 2 B2 C 2
INDEPENDENT SYSTEM

A 1 B1 C 1
= ≠
A 2 B2 C 2
INCONSISTENT SYSTEM

A 1 B1 C1
= =
A 2 B2 C2
DEPENDENT SYSTEM

“SOLVING SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATION BY

SUBSTITUTION”
SUBSTITUTION:
 One of the methods of solving systems of equation.

STEP 1: Solve one of the equation for one of its variables.

x + y = 10 y= x + 5
x = 10 – y
y = 10 – x

Step 2: Substitute the expression from step 1 into the other

equation forming an now an equation in one variable. Then
solve for the value of the variable.
Eq .1 : x + y = 10 Eq. 2: 2x + y = 12
x= 10 – y 2(10-y) + y = 12
y = 10 – x 20- 2y +y = 12
(-y = 12 – 20)
-2y + y = 12 –
20 y= -12 + 20

y= 8
Step 3: Substitute the value from step 2 into the revised
equation from step 1 and solve.
x = 10 – y SOLUTION:
x = 10 – 8 x = 2 ( 2, 8 )
CHEKING 1: CHECKING 2:
x + y =10 2x + y = 12
2 + 8 = 10 2(2) + 8 = 12
10 = 10 ✔ 4 + 8 = 12 12 = 12 ✔

Other Ex .
Eq 1 : 2x + 4y = 8 Eq 2 : x = y + 8

2( y + 8 ) + 4y = 8 2y + 16 + 4y = 8 6y + 16 = 8
6y = 8 – 16
6y = -8
−4
6 6 y= 3

−4 −4 8 −4 24 20
x = 3 +8 = 3 1 3
+
3 x= 3
SOLUTION:
20 −4
(3, 3 ¿

Checking #2: 20 −4 24 20
= + =
3 3 3 3
x=y+8
20 −4 20 20
= +8 =
3 3 3 3
 Solving systems of linear equation by comparison
Example:
2 x 8−4 y
Eq 1: 2x+4y=8 2
=
2 x= 4- 2y
Eq 2: x = y + 8

By transitive property:

y + 8 = 4- 2y
−4
y + 2y = 4- 8 y= 3
3y = -4
3 3
Using E solve for x:
2

x=y+8
−4 20
x= 3
+8 x= 3
−4 24
+
3 3
 Solving systems of linear equation by elimination
Example :
Eq 1: 2x + 4y = 8 (2x + 4y = 8) ÷2
Eq 2: x = y + 8 x =y+8

Eq 1: x + 2y = 4
Eq 2: x – y = 8 -1( x – y = 8)

Eq 1 = x + 2y = 4
Eq 2 = -x + y = -8
3 y −4 −4
3
=
3 y= 3

Find x:
Eq 1: x + 2y = 4
Eq 2: x – y = 8 2( x – y = 8)

Eq 1 = x + 2y = 4
Eq 2 = 2x – 2y = 16
3 x 20 20
3
=
3 x= 3
 ALL METHODS
EQ 1: x + 2y = 4 x= 4 – 2y
Eq 2: 2x - 3y = -6
By substitution:
2( 4 – 2y) – 3y = -6
8 – 4y – 3y = -6
-7y = -6 – 8 -1( -7y = -6 – 8 )
7y = 6 + 8
7 y 14 2
7
= =
7 1 y=2 Solution:
Solve for x: (0,2)
x = 4 – 2y
x = 4 – 2( 2)
x=4–4 x=0
By comparison:
2 y 4−x 4−x
Eq 1: x + 2y = 4 2
=
2 y= 2
−3 y −2 x−6 2 x +6
Eq 2: 2x – 3y = -6 −3
=
−3 y= 3

Solve for x:
4−x 2 x +6
=
2 3

3( 4 – x) = 2( 2x + 6 )
−7 X 0
12 – 3x = 4x + 12 =
−7 −7 x=0
-3x -4x = 12 – 12

Solve for y:
 4−x
y= 2
4−0
= 2
4
y =2 y=2

SOLUTION:
(0,2)
By elimination:
Eq 1: x + 2y = 4 -2( x + 2y = 4 )
Eq 2: 2x – 3y = -6

Eq 1: -2x - 4y = -8 SOLUTION:
Eq 2: 2x – 3y = -6 (0,2)
−7 y −14 2
−7
= =
−7 1 y=2

CHECKING #1 CHECKING #2
x + 2y = 4 2x – 3y = -6
0 + 2(2) = 4 2(0) – 3(2) = -6
4=4  -6 = -6 


Linear function
 Is a set of ordered pairs ( x , y ) that is the solution of the first
degree polynomial of the form Ax + By + C = 0 , where A, B
and C are real numbers.
Definition of solution of equation:
 If a true statement results when an ordered pair is substituted to
an equation in two variables, then an ordered pair is a solution
of the equation.
EXAMPLES:
Is ( 2 , -3 ) a solution to the equation 2x + 3y = -5
2(2) + 3(-3) = -5 ANSWER:
4 + -9 = -5 YES!
-5 = -5  true

Is ( 2 , 1 ) a solution to the equation 3x – y = 10 ?

3(2) – (1) =10 ANSWER:
6 – 1 = 10 NOT
5 ≠ 10 × false

If ( 2 , y ) is a solution to 0 the equation 3x + 4y = 10

Find the value of y.
3x + 4y = 10
4y = 10 – 3x
4y = 10 – 3(2)
4y = 10 – 6
4y 4
= =1
4 4 y=1
CHECKING :
3x + 4y = 10
3(2) + 4(1) = 10
6 + 4 = 10
10 = 10 

If ( x , -3 ) is a solution to the equation 4x – 2y = 10

Find the value of x.
4x – 2y = -10
4x – 2(-3) = -10
4x + 6 = 10
4x = -10 – 6
4 x −16
4
=
4 x = -4
CHECKING:
4x – 2y = -10
4(-4) – 2(-3) = -10
-16 + 10 = -10
-10 = -10 

SLOPE OF A LINE
 Steepness of a line.
 vertical change
GRADE = horizontal change
6m
Grade = 100 m
=0.66 0 r 6 % grade

6%
6m
3 km

100m

Grade
vertical change
6% = 3 km

3km( 0.06) = vertical change

3,000m ( 0.06 ) = VC
180m = VC

vertical change rise

Slope (m) = horizontal change = run
 RISE

= 2 units

RUN

= 3 UNITS

2
Slope (m) = 3
=0.666

= 0.67 or 67%

RISE

= 6 UNITS

RUN

= 3 units

rise
Slope (m) = run NOTE: The sign of the answer is based on
the line’s direction. Upper left = negative,
rise
m= run
upper right = positive
 6
m= 3 m = -2

“ Distance in a vertical line “

Absolute value
d = |y − y |
2 1

= |−3−3|
= |−6|
d=6
“ Distance in a horizontal line “
Absolute value
d = |x −x |
2 1

= |0−3|
= |−3|
d=3

SLOPE OF A LINE WITH COORDINATES

Coordinates (points)
y 2− y 1
m= x 2−x1

Find the m if the line passes through the ( 0 , 3 ) and ( 3 , -3 ).

y 2− y 1
m= x 2−x1

−3−3 −6
m= 3−0
=
3 m = -2
Find the slope (m) if the graph passes through the points
( - 5 , - 2 ) and ( 1 , -4 ).
 y 2− y 1
m= x 2−x1

−4−−2 −4+2
m= 1−−5
=
1+5
−2 −1
= 6 m= 3

rise 3 −3
m= =
run 4 upper left = negative m= 4 
coordinates:
y 2− y 1 0−3 3
A–(0,3) m= = =
x 2−x 1 4−0 4

−3
B–(4,0) m= 4 

GRAPHING LINEAR FUNCTION

 “Two points already determine a line “
x -2 -1
 10 8
y 3 3

2x + 3y = 6
If x = -2
2(-2) + 3y = 6
-4 + 3y = 6
3 y 10 10
3
=
3 y = 3
∨3.33

If x = -1
2(-1) + 3y = 6
-2 + 3y = 6
3y 8 8
=
3 3 y= 3
∨2.67

Coordinates:
10
A – ( -2 , 3 )
8
B – ( -1 , 3 )
INTERCEPTS:
y intercept ( let x = 0) x intercept ( let y = 0)
2(0) + 3y = 6 2x + 3(0) = 6
3y 6 2x 6
=
3 3 y=2 =
2 2 x=3

Coordinates :
(0,2),(3,0)
GRAPH:
 rise
m= run
2 −2
m= 3 upper left = negative m = 3

coordinates:
y 2− y 1 0−2 2 −2
A- ( 0 , 2 ) m= = =
x 2−x 1 3−0 3 m= 3

B- ( 3 , 0 )

Ax + By = C STANDARD FORM
Ax + By + C = 0 GENERAL FORM
y = mx + C SLOPE – INTERCEPT FORM
y = mx + C

slope y intercept
Ex:
2x + y = 3
2x + y = 3
y = -2x + 3
 m = -2 b=3
2x +y =3
x=0
2(0) + y = 3 y=3

SLOPE – INTERCEPT FORM

y = mx + b
1) Find the equation in standard form if the graph has a slope pf
-3 and its y intercepts is 4.
GIVEN: slope intercept: standard form:
m = -3 y = mx + b Ax + By = C
CHANGE IT TO
b=4 STANDARD FORM

y = -3x + 4
3x + y = 4
2) Find the equation of a line in standard form, If the graph
passes through one point ( 0 , -3 ) with a slope of -2.
CHANGE IT TO
GIVEN: STANDARD FORM GENERAL FORM:
m = -2 y = -2x + -3 2x + y + 3 = 0
b = -3 2x + y = -3

POINT – SLOPE FORM

1point: 2points:
y− y 1 y 2− y 1
m= x−x 1 m= x 2−x 1
FORMULA:
y- y=m(x-x¿
1 1

Ex:
Find the equation in standard form if the graph passes through
the point ( 2 , -1 ) with a slope of -2.
GIVEN: formula: standard form:
=2
x1 y- y 1=m( x−x 1 ) Ax + By = C
y1 =2
m = -2
y – (-1) = -2 ( x – 2 ) STANDARD FORM

y + 1 = -2x + 4
2x + y = 4 – 1 2x + y = 3

TWO – POINT FORM

y− y 1 y 2− y 1
=
x−x 1 x 2−x1

FORMULA:
y 2− y 1
y- y 1=
x 2−x 1
(x−x 1)

Ex:
Find the equation in standard form if the graph passes through
the points ( 2 , -3 ) and ( 4 , 5 ).
Formula: GIVEN: standard
form:
y 2− y 1
y- y 1=
x 2−x 1
( x−x 1) x 1=2 Ax + By = C
 x 2=4

y 1=−3

y 2=5

5−−3
y - -3 = 4−2
(x−2)

5+3
y+3= 4−2
(x−2)

8
y + 3¿ 2 (x−2)
y + 3 = 4 ( x -2)
y + 3 = 4x – 8
-4x + y = -8 -3
-1(-4x + y = -11)
4x + y = 11

Another ex :
The graph passes through the points ( 1 , 2 ) and ( -3 , -4 ).
y 2− y 1
y- y 1=
x 2−x 1
( x−x 1)

−4−2
y – 2 = −3−1 ( x−1 )
−6
y – 2 = −4 ( x −1)
 3
y–2= 2
( x−1) distributive property
3 x −3
y–2= 2
y−2 3 x −3
=
1 2

1 ( 3x – 3 ) = 2 ( y – 2 )
3x – 3 = 2y – 4

3x – 2y = -4 + 3
3x – 2y = -1

THE INTERCEPT FORM

FORMULA:
x y
+ =1
a b

Ex :
The graph passes through the points ( 0 , 3 ) and ( 2 , 0 ).
x y
6( 2 + 3 =1¿ find the LCM
6x 6 y
+ =6
2 3

3x + 2y = 6

In two-point form:
y 2− y 1
y– y 1=
x 2−x 1
( x−x 1 )

0−3
y–3= 2−0
( x−0 )
 −3
y–3= 2
( x−0 )

−3
y–3= 2
( x−0 )

−3 x
y–3= 2
y−3 −3 x
=
1 2

-1 ( 3x ) = 2( y – 3)
-3x = 2y – 6
-1( -3x – 2y = -6 )
3x + 2y = 6