DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

second orders
of .

We focus only on
equations of the form :

" '
t t fad where and constants
y p y g y p are
=

q
.

Getting the idea Consider the

following equations :

" '
Ext : 5 = 0
y y

Lex
-

" '
Ex 2 :
y
-

5g t
by = 0 .

'
'
'
s
, : +
by a. + e
-

y
=
y
.

' ' "

>
Ans Ext is quite simple . Let u =
y
u =

y
.

'
So we have ; w
-
5 u = O
( a first -
order equation ,

so we knew how to solve

it
) .

Ces Ces
" ' "
> u = -7 =
1
y I

' "
→
y
=

gaze da

IK
= Ce e t
Cz ,

where C and Cz are constants .

Done !

> Ans To solve this

equation we convert it into the form
,

as in Ex 1 .

-
27C 22C

Let u e e re
y
= =

y
 e' (
"
' '
→
y
= o -12 re
)
'"

)
"
(
" '
→ e re t Zo +2 ( v 't zu )
y
=

'"

( )
" '
= e o t Liu t ko

Therefore " '

y 5g +
by = O
-

(
'"

)
" '
e re +4 u + ko - 5 ( v
't 2e ) -160 = O
- u
v
" '
u -
re = O

÷÷÷÷:÷÷÷÷÷÷÷
✓
"

Ucsc) =
Cz e t Cz

v
3k 2K
22C
GD = e v
Cz e t
Cz e
y
=

where Cz and Cz are constants .

" '
Solving y
t
p y
t
g y
= 0 in
general

Remember the
following formula :
HOMOGENEOUS EQUATIONS y” + py 0 + qy = 0.

Consider the equation

t2 + pt + q = 0. (?)

• If (?) has two distinct real roots: t = a and t = b then

y (x) = C1 eax + C2 ebx ,

where C1 and C2 are arbitrary constants.

• If (?) has only one (repeated) real root: t = a then

y (x) = C1 eax + C2 xeax ,

where C1 and C2 are arbitrary constants.

• If (?) has two distinct complex roots: t = a + bi and t = a bi, here a and
b are real numbers and b 6= 0, then

y (x) = eax (C1 cos (bx) + C2 sin (bx)) ,

where C1 and C2 are arbitrary constants.

 "
'
Solve equation
Example the
y
-

by t 13
y
=
0 .

Solution Consider the characteristic

equation
'
t -
Gt +13 = 0

t =3 -12 i

t =3 - Zi

37C
Conclusion : Crc) e
C± cos ( 2K) t
Cz sin (2x )
y
=

where C and Cz constants

any
are
, .

" '

Example solve the equation y

-

by +9g = 0 .

Solution Consider the characteristic equation

+2 -
lot +9 = 0

( real
I t =3 one
repeated
root )

? " '"
Conclusion ) C Cz
yea
: = e t ace
, ,

where C and Cz constants

any
are
, .
 '
'
'
Ex 3 5 ( t)
: +
by 6×+1
-

y
=
y .

Ahs idea If we can

guess
a particular solution of CA )

solve CA ) ! ?
then we can
completely Why

function satisfies (A)

}
we that the att
ypcx)
see =

Guess
'
a since
"p
y
= O
j y 'p = I y' p - 5
y' p +
Gyp
= bae -11 .

Particular
solution thus
yp
ca , = at 1 is a particular solution
of CA ) .

How to
get all solutions
of CA ) !

" " " ' ' '

Let
y yp ;
u

yp
u
y y
u
y
= -
-
= -
= .

( by ) ( ! Typ tbyp )
" ' ' ' ' '
So 5
u u +6 u
y 5g +
y
- - -
=
-

=
(6×+1) -

(6×+1)

= 0 .

?"
e3
"
" '
Therefore u
-
tu +6 u = O u = C
,
+ cze ,

( by Ex 2) s where C
,
and Cz are constants .

'" '"

Conclusion : + u x -11 t C e t Cz e
y
=

yp
=
,

where C and Cz are constants

, .

" '
Solving y
t
p y
t
g y
=
fc , in
general
 NON-HOMOGENEOUS EQUATIONS y” + py 0 + qy = f (x) .

If we know a particular solution yp (x) of the equation then all solutions of

the equation are
y (x) = yp (x) + u (x) ,
where u (x) is a solution of the homogeneous equation

u” + pu0 + qu = 0.

Therefore, in practice, to solve a non-homogeneous equation, the first step is to

find a particular solution.
 "
How to
particular solution '
guess a
of y
t p y
+
g y =fGc3

A- us
If the
function fcx ) is too complicated then there is no

to a
particular solution
way guess .

special is
Fortunately ,
we
only consider a
form of fuel ,
where it

simple enough to
guess
a
particular solution .

jcsc)
~
- n

""

[ puck )
" '
sin Cbe)
y
t
p y
+
g y
= e ) cos Cbse) t
Qmcx) ,

where Pm ,
Qur are
polynomials .
 ' "
"
'
solve 5
Example the
equation y
-

y
t
by = ( 2x -
1) e .

Solution
Step 1 Find a
particular solution
yp
Ge) -

( m = o )

Qolx) s

a
polynomial
order O
of

22C

jus = e
[ Cue -
1) cos CO -
x ) to sin ( O -
se )
)
-
b = O

a = 2

( =L )
pack) n

a
polynomial
order
of 1

2- =
2
'
Characteristic equation : t
-

5T -16=0
+ =3

Since b = 0 and a = 2

solution
> a
single of the

characteristic equation

solution in
we
find a
particular yp
GO the form
""

ypcx ) = x e
[ ax tb ] .
Following the

-
formula
Relic)

( Note that a
general polynomial of
order 1 is

an tb for some constants a and b . )

,
 "
So
yp
Go = e
( and t bae )

)
""

> y'p Cx ) = e

'"
( 2 are t b t 2 Case't bx )

= e
( Zari t (za t 2b ) x t b ) .

(
"

)
''

GD Kase t Za t 2b t 4 asf t Caa tab ) t 2b

y p
= e x

If yp
be) is a
particular solution then

'd"
'' '
5 ( 2x t)
y yp
+
Gyp = e
- -

Therefore we need that

(
"" '
e 4 are + Za + 2b + Lease t cleat 4 b) a + 2b

-
5 ( 2am
'
t ( Lat 2b ) x t b ) t 6 ( axl thx )
)
=
( 2x -
1) elk

⇐ -

2am + 2. a -

b = 2K -
I

a I '"

{
⇐ =
-

, C al x )
ypcx e
-
=
-

b =
-
I

Conclusion
Step 2
y
Crc) =
yp
Cx) t ucsc)

'" '" ?"

= e C al - -
x ) + c
,
e t Cz e