Other Important Instructions

• ADC <reg>: Add register to accumulator with carry

• CMC: Complement carry
• DAA: Decimal adjust accumulator. Acc. content changed from 8-bit binary to two 4-
bit BCD digits. If (D3-D0) > 9, add 6.
• DAD <reg_pair>: Add register pair to HL
• IN <port>: Get data from port
• LHLD <addr> : L  Mem[addr], H  Mem[addr + 1]
• SHLD <addr>
• PCHL : PC  HL
• SPHL : SP  HL
• XCHG : Exchange HL with DE
• XTHL: Exchange HL with top of stack

1
The 8051 Microcontroller

Santanu Chattopadhyay
Electronics and Electrical Communication Engineering

2
 8051 Basic Component
• 4K bytes internal ROM
• 128 bytes internal RAM
• Four 8-bit I/O ports (P0 - P3).
• Two 16-bit timers/counters
• One serial interface
CPU RAM ROM

I/O Serial A single chip

Timer COM
Port Port Microcontroller
External Interrupts Block Diagram
Interrupt 4k 128 bytes Timer 1
Control ROM RAM Timer 2

CPU

OSC Bus
4 I/O Ports Serial
Control

P0 P2 P1 P3 TXD RXD
Addr/Data
 Other 8051 featurs
• Only 1 On chip oscillator (external crystal)
• 6 interrupt sources (2 external , 3 internal, Reset)
• 64K external code (program) memory(only read)PSEN
• 64K external data memory(can be read and write) by RD,WR
• Code memory is selectable by EA (internal or external)
• We may have External memory as data and code
 Embedded System
(8051 Application)
• What is Embedded System?
– An embedded system is closely
integrated with the main system
– It may not interact directly with the
environment
– For example – A microcomputer in a car
ignition control
 An embedded product uses a microprocessor or microcontroller to do one task
only
 There is only one application software that is typically burnt into ROM
 Examples of Embedded Systems
• Keyboard
• Printer
• video game player
• MP3 music players
• Embedded memories to keep configuration information
• Mobile phone units
• Domestic (home) appliances
• Data switches
• Automotive controls
Three criteria in Choosing a Microcontroller
• meeting the computing needs of the task efficiently and cost
effectively
– speed, the amount of ROM and RAM, the number of I/O ports and
timers, size, packaging, power consumption
– easy to upgrade
– cost per unit
• availability of software development tools
– assemblers, debuggers, C compilers, emulator, simulator, technical
support
• wide availability and reliable sources of the microcontrollers
 Comparison of the 8051 Family Members
• ROM type
– 8031 no ROM
– 80xx mask ROM
– 87xx EPROM
– 89xx Flash EEPROM
• 89xx
– 8951
– 8952
– 8953
– 8955
– 898252
– 891051
– 892051
• Example (AT89C51,AT89LV51,AT89S51)
– AT= ATMEL(Manufacture)
– C = CMOS technology
– LV= Low Power(3.0v)
 Comparison of the 8051 Family Members
89XX ROM RAM Timer Int Source IO pin Other

8951 4k 128 2 6 32 -

8952 8k 256 3 8 32 -

8953 12k 256 3 9 32 WD

8955 20k 256 3 8 32 WD

898252 8k 256 3 9 32 ISP

891051 1k 64 1 3 16 AC

892051 2k 128 2 6 16 AC

WD: Watch Dog Timer

AC: Analog Comparator
ISP: In System Programable
8051 Internal Block Diagram
 8051
Schematic
Pin out
 8051 P1.0
P1.1
1
2
40
39
Vcc
P0.0(AD0)

Foot Print
P1.2 3 38 P0.1(AD1)
P1.3 4 37 P0.2(AD2)
P1.4 5 36 P0.3(AD3)
P1.5 6 35 P0.4(AD4)
P1.6 7 34 P0.5(AD5)
P1.7 8 33 P0.6(AD6)
RST
(RXD)P3.0
9 8051 32 P0.7(AD7)
10 31 EA/VPP
(TXD)P3.1 11 (8031) 30 ALE/PROG
(INT0)P3.2 12 (8751) 29 PSEN
(INT1)P3.3 13 28 P2.7(A15)
(T0)P3.4 14 (8951) 27 P2.6(A14)
(T1)P3.5 15 26 P2.5(A13)
(WR)P3.6 16 25 P2.4(A12)
(RD)P3.7 17 24 P2.3(A11)
XTAL2 18 23 P2.2(A10)
XTAL1 19 22 P2.1(A9)
GND 20 21 P2.0(A8)
 IMPORTANT PINS (IO Ports)
• One of the most useful features of the 8051 is that it contains
four I/O ports (P0 - P3)
• Port 0 （pins 32-39）：P0（P0.0～P0.7）
– 8-bit R/W - General Purpose I/O
– Or acts as a multiplexed low byte address and data bus for external memory design
• Port 1 （pins 1-8） ：P1（P1.0～P1.7）
– Only 8-bit R/W - General Purpose I/O
• Port 2 （pins 21-28）：P2（P2.0～P2.7）
– 8-bit R/W - General Purpose I/O
– Or high byte of the address bus for external memory design
• Port 3 （pins 10-17）：P3（P3.0～P3.7）
– General Purpose I/O
– if not using any of the internal peripherals (timers) or external interrupts.
• Each port can be used as input or output (bi-direction)
Port 3 Alternate Functions
8051 Port 3 Bit Latches and I/O Buffers
Hardware Structure of I/O Pin
Read latch Vcc
TB2
Load(L1)

Internal CPU D Q P1.X

bus P1.X pin
CLK Q
Write to latch M1

TB1
Read pin
 Hardware Structure of I/O Pin
• Each pin of I/O ports
– Internally connected to CPU bus
– A D latch store the value of this pin
• Write to latch＝1：write data into the D latch
– 2 Tri-state buffer：
• TB1: controlled by “Read pin”
– Read pin＝1：really read the data present at the pin
• TB2: controlled by “Read latch”
– Read latch＝1：read value from internal latch
– A transistor M1 gate
• Gate=0: open
• Gate=1: close
 Writing “1” to Output Pin P1.X
Read latch Vcc

Load(L1)

Internal CPU D Q P1.X

bus P1.X pin

Write to latch Clk Q M1

Read pin
 Writing “0” to Output Pin P1.X
Read latch Vcc

Load(L1) 2. output pin is

ground
1. write a 0 to the pin
Internal CPU D Q P1.X
bus pin
P1.X 0
Write to latch Clk Q M1
1

Read pin
Reading “High” at Input Pin
Reading “Low” at Input Pin
Port 0 with Pull-Up Resistors
Vcc
10 K

P0.0

Port
DS5000 P0.1
8751 P0.2
P0.3
8951 P0.4 0
P0.5
P0.6
P0.7
 IMPORTANT PINS
• PSEN (out): Program Store Enable, the read signal for external
program memory (active low).
• ALE (out): Address Latch Enable, to latch address outputs at Port0
and Port2
• EA (in): External Access Enable, active low to access external
program memory locations 0 to 4K
• RXD,TXD: UART pins for serial I/O on Port 3
• XTAL1 & XTAL2: Crystal inputs for internal oscillator.
 Pins of 8051
• Vcc（pin 40）：
– Vcc provides supply voltage to the chip.
– The voltage source is +5V.
• GND（pin 20）：ground
• XTAL1 and XTAL2（pins 19,18）：
– These 2 pins provide external clock.
– Way 1：using a quartz crystal oscillator
– Way 2：using a TTL oscillator
– Example 4-1 shows the relationship between XTAL and
the machine cycle.
 XTAL Connection to 8051
• Using a quartz crystal oscillator
• We can observe the frequency on the XTAL2
pin. C2
XTAL2
30pF
C1
XTAL1
30pF
GND
 XTAL Connection to an External Clock Source

• Using a TTL oscillator

• XTAL2 is unconnected.
NC XTAL2
EXTERNAL
OSCILLATOR XTAL1
SIGNAL
GND
 Machine cycle
• Find the machine cycle for
• (a) XTAL = 11.0592 MHz
• (b) XTAL = 16 MHz.

• Solution:

• (a) 11.0592 MHz / 12 = 921.6 kHz;

• machine cycle = 1 / 921.6 kHz = 1.085 µs
• (b) 16 MHz / 12 = 1.333 MHz;
• machine cycle = 1 / 1.333 MHz = 0.75 µs
 Pins of 8051
• RST（pin 9）：reset
– input pin and active high（normally low）.
• The high pulse must be high at least 2 machine cycles.
– power-on reset.
• Upon applying a high pulse to RST, the microcontroller
will reset and all values in registers will be lost.
• Reset values of some 8051 registers
– power-on reset circuit
Vcc Power-On RESET

31
EA/VPP
X1
10 uF 30 pF

X2
RST
9
8.2 K
RESET Value of Some 8051 Registers:


 Pins of 8051

• /EA（pin 31）：external access

– There is no on-chip ROM in 8031 and 8032 .
– The /EA pin is connected to GND to indicate the code is stored
externally.
– /PSEN ＆ ALE are used for external ROM.
– For 8051, /EA pin is connected to Vcc.
– “/” means active low.
• /PSEN（pin 29）：program store enable
– This is an output pin and is connected to the OE pin of the ROM.
 Pins of 8051

• ALE（pin 30）：address latch enable

– It is an output pin and is active high.
– 8051 port 0 provides both address and data.
– The ALE pin is used for de-multiplexing the address
and data by connecting to the G pin of the 74LS373
latch.
 Address Multiplexing for External Memory

Multiplexing
the address
(low-byte)
and data
bus
 Address Multiplexing for External Memory

Accessing
external
code
memory
Read Timing for External Code Memory
 Accessing 1K External Data Memory

Interface
to 1K
RAM
Timing for MOVX instruction
 External code memory
WR
RD
PSEN OE
ALE G 74LS373 CS
P0.0 D A0
P0.7 A7

D0

EA D7
P2.0 A8
P2.7 A15
8051
ROM
 External data memory
WR WR
RD RD
PSEN
ALE G 74LS373 CS
P0.0 D A0
P0.7 A7

D0
EA D7
P2.0 A8
P2.7 A15
RAM
8051
Overlapping External Code and Data Spaces
Overlapping External Code and Data Spaces
 Overlapping External Code and Data Spaces
Allows the RAM to be
 written as data memory, and
 read as data memory as well as code memory.

This allows a program to be

downloaded from outside into the RAM as data, and

 executed from RAM as code.

Memory Structure
On-Chip Memory
Internal RAM
Registers
Bit Addressable Memory
 Special Function Registers

DATA registers

CONTROL registers
Timers
Serial ports
Interrupt system Addresses 80h – FFh
Analog to Digital converter
Digital to Analog converter Direct Addressing used to
Etc. access SPRs
 Bit Addressable RAM

Summary
of the 8051
on-chip
data
memory
(RAM)
 Bit Addressable RAM

Summary
of the 8051
on-chip
data
memory
(Special
Function
Registers)
SFR Memory Map
 Register Banks

 Active bank selected by PSW [RS1,RS0] bit

 Permits fast “context switching” in interrupt
service routines (ISR).
8051 CPU Registers
A (Accumulator)
B
PSW (Program Status Word)
SP (Stack Pointer)
PC (Program Counter)
DPTR (Data Pointer)
Used in assembler
instructions
 Registers
A
B
R0
DPTR DPH DPL
R1
R2 PC PC
R3
R4 Some 8051 16-bit Register
R5
R6
R7
Some 8-bit Registers of the 8051
 The 8051
Assembly Language
 Overview
• Data transfer instructions
• Addressing modes
• Data processing (arithmetic and logic)
• Program flow instructions
 Data Transfer Instructions
• MOV dest, source dest  source
• Stack instructions
PUSH byte ;increment stack pointer,
;move byte on stack
POP byte ;move from stack to byte,
;decrement stack pointer
• Exchange instructions
XCH a, byte ;exchange accumulator and byte
XCHD a, byte ;exchange low nibbles of
;accumulator and byte
 Addressing Modes
Immediate Mode – specify data by its value

mov A, #0 ;put 0 in the accumulator

;A = 00000000
mov R4, #11h ;put 11hex in the R4 register
;R4 = 00010001
mov B, #11 ;put 11 decimal in b register
;B = 00001011
mov DPTR,#7521h ;put 7521 hex in DPTR
;DPTR = 0111010100100001
 Addressing Modes
Immediate Mode – continue
MOV DPTR,#7521h
MOV DPL,#21H
MOV DPH, #75

COUNT EQU 30
~
~
mov R4, #COUNT

MOV DPTR,#MYDATA
~
~
0RG 200H
MYDATA:DB “INDIA”