International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (IJTSRD)

Volume 5 Issue 6, September-October 2021 Available Online: www.ijtsrd.com e-ISSN: 2456 – 6470

Evolution Properties of Paver Blocks

Using Waste Foundry Sand in Concrete
Rajat Singh Rajput1, Prabhat Kumar Tiwari2, Abhay Kumar Jha3
1
Research Scholar, 2Assistant Professor, 3Associate Professor,
1,2,3
Lakshmi Narain College of Technology, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India

ABSTRACT How to cite this paper: Rajat Singh

Solid unreinforced pre-cast cement concrete paver blocks is a Rajput | Prabhat Kumar Tiwari | Abhay
versatile, aesthetically attractive, functional, cost effective and Kumar Jha "Evolution Properties of
requires little or no maintenance if correctly manufactured and laid. Paver Blocks Using Waste Foundry
Paver blocks can be used for different traffic categories i.e. Non- Sand in Concrete" Published in
International
traffic, Light-traffic, Medium-traffic, Heavy-traffic and Very heavy
Journal of Trend in
traffic. In present study work paver blocks of M-40 grade of 80mm Scientific Research
thickness for medium traffic with varying percentage of nylon fiber and Development
(0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%) is used to improve the compressive (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-
strength is casted. After finding optimum percentage of nylon fiber, it 6470, Volume-5 |
has now become very important to look as for the alternative source Issue-6, October IJTSRD47703
for natural materials used in concrete i.e. gravels and natural sand. 2021, pp.1719-
Waste foundry sand (WFS) is a propitious material that can be used 1726, URL:
as an alternative for the naturals and i.e.(fine aggregates )in concrete. www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd47703.pdf
The thesis demonstrates the potential of re-use for waste foundry
sand i.e. industrial by-product as a substitute of a fine aggregate in Copyright © 2021 by author (s) and
International Journal of Trend in
concrete. The fine aggregates i.e. (natural sand) are replaced with
Scientific Research and Development
WFS in Three different substitution rates i.e. (2.5%, 5%, 10 %,). Journal. This is an
Several tests were performed to examine the mechanical properties Open Access article
i.e. (compressive strength, and flexural strength)as well as the distributed under the
durability of concrete. terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution License (CC BY 4.0)
KEYWORDS: Waste foundry sand, materials, concrete, natural sand, (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0)
compressive strength, flexural strength

I. INTRODUCTION
Cement concrete tiles and paving blocks are precast from those in some other countries. This is essentially
solid products made out of cement concrete. The because of differences in regard to economics,
product is made in various sizes and shapes viz. construction methods and uses. For some years now,
rectangular, square and round blocks of different the Central Road Research Institute has been engaged
dimensions with designs for interlocking of adjacent in developing different types of paving blocks for
tiles blocks. The raw materials required for specific uses. The work at C.R.R.I. has been directed
manufacture of the product are Portland cement and towards the following four uses.
aggregates which are available locally in every part of 1. Hollow hexagonal blocks paving for roads in
the country applications. Hence, the unit may be set desert areas.
up in urban and semi-urban areas, near the market. A 2. Rectangular blocks paving for providing road
lot of face-lift is being given to roads, footpaths along access to small rural communities.
the roadside. Concrete paving blocks are ideal 3. Hexagonal blocks for paving of footpaths add
materials on the footpaths for easy laying, better look passenger shelters at bus stops.
and finish. Whereas the tiles find extensive use 4. Square blocks for paving of footpaths and
outside the large building and houses, lots of these passenger shelters at bus stops.
materials are also used in flooring in the open areas of
The raw materials require for manufactures of the
public offices and commercial buildings and
product are Portland cement and aggregates which are
residential apartments.
available locally in every part of the country. Market
Developments in India with regard to the use of potential cement concretes paving blocks find
precast paving blocks have been on lines different applications in pavements, footpaths, gardens,

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passengers waiting sheds, bus stops, industry and
other public places. The product is commonly used in
urban areas for the above applications. Hence, the
unit may be set up in urban and semi urban areas,
near the market. Interlocking Pavers are the modern
day solution for low cost outdoor application. Paver
block is solid, unreinforced pre-cast cement concrete
paving units used in the surface course of pavement.
They are high strength concrete precast elements in
various shapes, sizes & colors to suit the imagination
of landscape architects & nature's essence. By
improving its compressive strength it can be used in
heavy traffic area also. Interlocking pavers are
manufactured concrete product that is individually
placed in a variety of patterns and shapes as per the
requirement. They do not absorb water and can be
placed so that excess water is taken away from the
garden and patio area rather than over-saturating it.
Color, texture and size options provide a virtually
infinite array of design possibilities. Concrete block
paving also allows for integrated navigation, hazard
warning and zoning information. By using variations
in color, texture and size, concrete block paving can
mark parking spaces and pathways, vehicle access Figure 1: Different types of paver blocks
routes and loading zones. The range also includes
III. LITRATURE RIVEW
integrated and complementary edging and kerbing
Akshay T. Gadhave et.al (2020) Environmental
options to achieve a consistent, high-quality finish.
issues bobbing up from the over- dredging of sand
This type of pavement will absorb stress such as
have caused regulations on its extraction throughout
small earthquakes, freezes and thaws, and slight
India, with direct financial affects on concrete
ground erosion by flexing.
production. A appropriate environmentally friendly
II. OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH WORK: opportunity to sand have to be discovered to in shape
The main objective of this research of is given below: the huge call for from the concrete production
1. To study the effect of varying percentage of Nylon industry. At the equal time, waste plastic is hardly
Fiber on compressive strength of paver block. ever recycled in India, with as a great deal as 40% left
2. To examine the effect of waste foundry sand in in landfill. The dumping of such substances which
M40 i.e. (high grade of concrete). degrade at extraordinarily low charges meaning they
persist within side the surroundings is a long- term
3. To attain the required specific strength in control environmental concern. To address each issue, it is
mix. proposed to procedure waste plastic to create a partial
4. To compare the mechanical properties i.e. alternative for nice sand in a unique blend for
(compressive strength, and flexural strength) of structural concrete. Plastic waste and its low recycling
concrete containing waste foundry sand by charge make a full-size effect in the direction of the
partially replacing regular sand with conventional pollutants of the surroundings. Generation of waste
mix. foundry sand as by product of steel casting industries
reasons environmental issues due to its wrong
5. To find the optimum percentage of nylon fiber on disposal. The parameters along with slump,
which maximum compressive strength is compressive energy, flexural energy, splitting tensile
achieved. energy and elastic modulus with alternative of plastic
6. To study the compressive strength of paver block waste and Foundry sand has to be study
on effect of varying percentage of Waste foundry Sheikh Mayesser Mushtaq et.al (2021) Concrete
sand and optimum quantity of Nylon fiber. being maximum considerably used creation cloth
everywhere in the globe has resulted within side the
over-exploitation of herbal sources including river-
sand and gravels. Meanwhile, advancing industries

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and growing populace have additionally result in an Shape: I section Length: 200 mm
improved era of waste substances. Many of those
Width: 160 mm Thickness = 80 mm
waste substances have the ability for use in concrete.
This take a look at has investigated the impact of 1 Aspect ratio (L/T) = 200/80 = 2.5 < 4.0 as per IS
such waste cloth called Waste Foundry Sand (WFS) 15658: 2006
at the residences of concrete. Many researchers have Plan Area (Asp) (Method 1)
studied the impact of WFS at the mechanical The test specimen shall be weighted, while suspended
residences of concrete. However, no consensus has by metal wire, and completely submerged in water,
been reached but and really contradictory and the weight shall be recorded in N to nearest 0.01N
consequences had been reported. Moreover, (Wa). They shall be removed from water and allowed
shrinkage of concrete containing WFS has now no
to drain for one minute by placing them on a 10mm
longer obtained lots of the researchers’ interest and
coarser wire mesh. Visible water on the specimen
really confined literature is to be had associated with
shall be removed with a damp cloth. The specimen
this property. This take a look at explores the
shall be immediately weighed and the weight for each
workability, compressive power, cut up tensile power
specimen noted N to the nearest 0.01N (WW). the
and drying shrinkage of such concretes. WFS became
volume of specimen shall be calculated as follows:
used as partial substitute of exceptional mixture and
the substitute tiers had been various from zero to 50% Volume = (WW – Wa) 10-3 m3
in identical increments of 10%. It became located that The volume shall be divided by thickness to obtain
the compressive power and cut up tensile power of plan area in mm2. Volume = 0.0002 m3
concrete reduced with the addition of WFS. However,
the combination true WFS3 (30% WFS) confirmed Area= 28589.32 mm2
the power very much like that of manage concrete. A SELECTION OF INGREDIENT
giant boom of 16.7%, 23.44%, 29.05%, 36.35% and Cement
45.18% with admire to manipulate concrete on the According to IS 15658: 2006 Ordinary Portland
age of 28 days became located within side the value Cement of Grade 53 is used, which conforming IS
of drying shrinkage whilst the quantity of WFS in 12269. 53 grade cement of ultra tech with a
concrete became various from 10 to 50%. remarkably high cs3 (tricalcium providing long-
Furthermore, it became visible that the to be had lasting) durability to concrete structures. Produces
shrinkage prediction fashions couldn't be highly durable and sound concrete due to very low
implemented to the concrete containing waste percentage of alkalis chlorides, magnesia Cement
foundry sand. used in the experimental work is Ordinary Portland
cement of grade 53 conforming to IS 12269The
physical properties of the cement obtained on
conducting appropriate tests as per IS: 269/4831.
Foundry Sand
The foundries are originated from the region of
Mesopotamia and from Iraq and Syria. Fire pits and
casting of clay worked to make shapes of silver,
copper and gold[18]. The shape of WFS is sub-
Figure 2: Dimension of Paver Blocks angular to round suitably, and it has an immense
(All Dimensions are in mm) thermal conductivity which is helpful in using it for
casting and moulding operations. The foundry sand
METHODOLOGY contains bentonite clay presents in very less amount
Manufacturing of paver blocks and it also acts as binder material. Furthermore,
In this chapter how paver block is manufactured for foundry sand also contains chemical binders which
experimental work is described. 80mm thick Paver acts to create sand cores. Foundry sand is used and
block of M-40 grade is cast for the experimental work. recycled various times in metal casting industries for
For manufacturing of paver blocks certain Steps is mouldings and casting operations to a certain point
followed which is given below. where it can no longer be reused and when it is no
Size of the paver blocks longer be reused is expelled from the operation, and
For manufacturing of paver block first we have decide the new sand is introduced and imported to this cycle.
that size of the paver block, which is according to Then, the expelled sand from the casting operations
manufacturer is given below: and foundries is known as WFS. WFS is a by-product

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of metal casting industries i.e. (ferrous and non- Size
ferrous) which contain silica in high amount. The recommended maximum nominal size of
aggregate is 12 mm. However, the maximum size
In metal casting industries, waste foundry sand (WFS)
generally used is 10 mm. smaller sizes (4.75 mm)
is mainly characterized on the basis of binders and
may be used to suit circumstances or may be
binder’s system. Green sand and chemically bonded
specifically selected to obtain a particular surface
sand are the sand used in casting process.
texture. Generally, the use of coarse particles results
Nylon Fiber in savings in binder provided the mix is properly
The synthetic fiber using in the present investigation is proportioned. If coarse aggregate particles are too big,
Nylon fiber. A manufactured fiber in which the fiber or if too much coarse aggregate is used in the mix, it
forming substance is a long-chain synthetic polyamide may be difficult to achieve good compaction and
in which less than 85% of the amide-linkages are acceptable surface texture.
attached directly (-CO-NH-) to two aliphatic groups.
A synthetic thermoplastic fiber (Nylon melts/glazes Coarse Aggregates
The aggregates which remained on 4.75mm IS Sieve is
easily at relatively low temperatures) Round, smooth,
called coarse aggregates, coarse aggregate is
and shiny filament fibers, cross sections can be either
uncrushed gravel or stone which results from the
trilobal to imitate silk. Its most widely used structures
natural disintegration of rocks, crushed gravel or stone
are multifilament, monofilament, staple or tow and is
when it results from crushing of gravel or hard stone.
available as partially drawn or as finished filaments.
Coarse aggregates which is used in paver blocks is
Regular nylon has a round cross section and is
confirmed by IS 383. As far as possible crushed/ semi
perfectly uniform. The filaments are generally
crushed aggregates shall be used. For ensuring
complete transparent unless they have been delustered
adequate durability, the aggregate used for production
or solution dyed. Thus, they are microscopically
of blocks shall be sound and free of soft or honey
recognized as glass rods. Molecular chains of nylon
combed particles.
are long and straight variations but have no side
chains or linkages. Nylon is related chemically to the Other type aggregates such as slag and crushed and,
protein fibers silk and wool. They both have similar over burnt brick or tile which may be found suitable
dye sites but nylon has many fewer dye sites than with regard to strength, durability of concrete and
wool. freedom for harmful effects may be used in
preparation of concrete for production of paver
Water blocks. however such aggregates shall not contain
Water used in paver blocks is conforming the
more than 0.5 % of sulphates as SO3 and shall not
specification of IS 456: 2000. Water used for mixing
absorb more than 2 percent of their own mass of
is free from injurious amount of oils, acids, alkalis,
water. Heavy weight aggregates of light weight
salts, sugar, organic materials or other substances that
aggregates such as bloated clay aggregates may also
may be deleterious to concrete.
be used provided the purchaser is satisfied with the
Aggregates data on the properties of concrete made with them.
Natural aggregates used in the manufacture of The nominal size of coarse aggregates used in
concrete paving blocks should meet the requirements production of paver blocks shall be 12 mm.
for aggregates for concrete given in IS 383 Aggregates
Fine Aggregates
from natural sources – Aggregates for concrete. Slag
Aggregate which passed from 4.75 mm sieve and
aggregates may also be used if they can be shown to
contains only so much coarser material as permitted,
be physically and chemically sound. Waste materials,
fine aggregate is natural sand which is resulting from
or materials not in demand, are often sought after as
the natural disintegration of rock and which has been
these are generally relatively cheap. But the use of
deposited by streams or glacial agencies, it is also
such materials could be at the expense of quality or
crushed stone sand which is produced by crushing
result in increased costs due to the need to use higher
hard stone, it is also crushed gravel sand which
cement contents to maintain quality. These materials
produced by crushing natural gravel.
might also create compaction difficulties which could
adversely affect productivity and durability. The RESULT AND DISCUSSION
performance of aggregates at the molding stage and in Workability of Nylon Fiber Paver Blocks
the hardened block depends on the combined effects of Table 1 and graph 1 shows workability of the concrete
particle size, grading, particle shape, and hardness. with nylon fiber and it has been observed that nylon
Each of these properties is discussed below. fiber decreases workability of the concrete.

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Mix Slump (mm)
Standard Concrete 83
FB1 80
FB2 78
FB3 78
FB4 74
FB5 71
Table 1: Workability of Concrete with Nylon fibers

Graph 1: Workability of Concrete with Nylon fibers

Workability of waste foundry sand Paver Blocks with Nylon Fiber
Table 2 and graph 2 shows workability of the concrete with waste foundry nylon fiber and it is clearly shows
that waste foundry with nylon fiber increases the workability of the concrete
Mix Slump (mm)
Standard Concrete 83
WFS2.5 95
WFS 5 103
WFS10 110
Table 2: Workability of Concrete with Nylon fibers and waste found
IV. CONCLUSION
Following conclusion is carried out from present study.
1. After performing compressive strength test on the paver blocks with varying percentage of nylon fiber, it is
observed that by addition of 0.3% nylon fiber gives the maximum compressive strength at 7, 14 and 28 days.
2. It is concluded that addition of nylon fiber in the construction of concrete paver block increases its
compressive strength up to 4.55% as compared to standard mix.
3. The inclusion of waste foundry sand with fine aggregates in concrete enhance the strength properties with
increasing content of WFS up to certain replacement level and further the strength properties also improved
with the increase in curing age.
4. Compressive strength of concrete increased and after that there is a systematic decrease in strength, flexural
strength of concrete increased and after that there is systematic decrease in strength at 28 day of curing age.
5. The maximum strength was observed at 5% WFS of inclusion with fine aggregates in concrete at all curing
ages in mechanical properties i.e. (compressive strength, and flexural strength).The increment in strength can
be observed because WFS contains silica content in high amount which helps in the formation of C-S-H gel
and this is due to the packing behavior of matrix particles.
6. From following observation, it was observed that 5 % of waste foundry sand replacement level can be
successfully used to make concrete and in various applications of concrete like concrete paver blocks,
whereas beyond this replacement level is not beneficial

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Compressive Strength of Nylon Fiber Paver Blocks

Wh en a nylon fiber paver block is tested for their compressive strength their FB3 mix gives highest result.
Compressive strength test is given in table 3 and graph 4-5.
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (N/MM2)
MIX
7 Days 14 Days 28 Days
STANDARD MIX 36.9 39.87 42.24
FB1 35.414 36.423 37.439
FB2 35.834 37.143 37.849
FB3 40.121 42.245 44.258
FB4 38.094 39.423 40.209
FB5 37.944 39.243 39.899
Table 3: Compressive Strength of Nylon Fiber Paver Blocks

Graph 4: Compressive Strength of Nylon Fiber Paver Blocks

Graph 5: Compressive Strength of Nylon Fiber Paver Blocks

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Corrected Compressive Strength of Nylon Fiber Paver Blocks
As per IS 15658 compressive strength of paver blocks is corrected, 1.18 is multiplied with calculated
compressive strength for arrised and chamfer blocks and their compressive strength result is given table 4 and
graph 6-7.
COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (N/MM2)
MIX
7 Days 14 Days 28 Days
STANDARD MIX 43.542 47.0466 49.8432
FB1 41.7885 42.9791 44.178
FB2 42.2841 43.8287 44.6618
FB3 47.3428 49.8491 52.2244
FB4 44.9509 46.5191 47.4466
FB5 44.7739 46.3067 47.0808
Table 4: Corrected Compressive Strength of nylon fiber paver blocks as per IS 15658
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