MECHANICS OF

DEFORMABLE
STRENGTH OF
BODIES
MATERIALS
M O M E N T E Q U AT I O N U S I N G
S I N G U L A R I TINTRODUCTION
Y FUNCTION
Introduction
The term beam refers to a slender bar that carries transverse loading;
that is, the applied force are perpendicular to the bar.
 In a beam, the internal force system consist of a shear force and a
bending moment acting on the cross section of the bar. The shear force
and the bending moment usually vary continuously along the length of
the beam.
The internal forces give rise to two kinds of stresses on a transverse
section of a beam: (1) normal stress that is caused by bending moment
and (2) shear stress due to the shear force.
 Knowing the distribution of the shear force and the bending moment
in a beam is essential for the computation of stresses and
deformations. Which will be investigated in subsequent chapters.
 Supports and Loads
Beams are classified according to their supports. A simply
supported beam, shown in Fig. 1 (a). The pin support
prevents displacement of the end of the beams, but not its
rotation. The term roller support refers to a pin connection that
is free to move parallel to the axis of the beam; this type of
support suppresses only the transverse displacement.

Figure 1 (a) Statically determinate beams.

A cantilever beam is built into a rigid support at one end, with the
other end being free, as shown in Fig.1(b). The built-in support
prevents displacements as well as rotations of the end of the beam.
An overhanging beam, illustrated in Fig.1(c), is supported by a
pin and a roller support, with one or both ends of the beam
extending beyond the supports.
 The three types of beams are statically determinate because the
support reactions can be found from the equilibrium equations.

(c) 2003 Brooks/Cole Publishing / Thomson Learning™

Figure 1 Statically determinate beams

A concentrated load, such as P in Fig.1(a). In contrast a
distributed load is applied over a finite area. If the distributed
load acts on a very narrow area, the load may be approximated by
a line load.
The intensity w of this loading is expressed as force per unit
length (lb/ft, N/m, etc.) The load distribution may be uniform, as
shown in Fig.1(b), or it may vary with distance along the beam,
as in Fig.1(c).
The weight of the beam is an example of distributed loading, but
its magnitude is usually small compared to the loads applied to
the beam.

((c)) 2003 Brrooks/Cole Publlishing / T homson Learrning™

Figure 2 shows other types of beams. These beams are
oversupported in the sense that each beam has at least one more
reaction than is necessary for support. Such beams are statically
indeterminate; the presence of these redundant supports
requires the use of additional equations obtained by considering
the deformation of the beam.

Figure 2 Statically indeterminate beams

 Shear- Moment Equations and Shear-Moment Diagrams
 The determination of the internal force system acting at a given
section of a beam : draw a free-body diagram that expose these
forces and then compute the forces using equilibrium equations.
 The goal of the beam analysis －determine the shear force V and
the bending moment M at every cross section of the beam.
 To derive the expressions for V and M in terms of the distance x
measured along the beam. By plotting these expressions to scale,
obtain the shear force and bending moment diagrams for the
beam.
 The shear force and bending moment diagrams are convenient
visual references to the internal forces in a beam; in particular,
they identify the maximum values of V and M.
 a. Sign conventions

Figure 3 Sign conventions for external loads; shear force,

and bending moment.
b. Procedure for determining shear force and bending moment
diagrams
۰ Compute the support reactions from the free-body diagram
(FBD) of the entire beam.
۰ Divide the beam into segment so that the loading within each
segment is continuous. Thus, the end-points of the segments are
discontinuities of loading, including concentrated loads and
couples.
 Perform the following steps for each segment of the beam:
 Introduce an imaginary cutting plane within the segment, located
at a distance x from the left end of the beam, that cuts the beam
into two parts.
 Draw a FBD for the part of the beam lying either to the left or to
the right of the cutting plane, whichever is more convenient. At
the cut section, show V and M acting in their positive directions.
 Determine the expressions for V and M from the equilibrium
equations obtainable from the FBD. These expressions, which
are usually functions of x, are the shear force and bending
moment equations for the segment.
 Plot the expressions for V and M for the segment. It is visually
desirable to draw the V-diagram below the FBD of the entire
beam, and then draw the M- diagram below the V-diagram.
The bending moment and shear force diagrams of the beam are
composites of the V and M diagrams of the segments. These
diagrams are usually discontinuous, or have discontinuous
slopes. At the end-points of the segments due to discontinuities
in loading.
 Sample Problem 1
The simply supported beam in Fig. (a) carries two concentrated
loads. (1) Derive the expressions for the shear force and the bending
moment for each segment of the beam. (2) Sketch the shear force
and bending moment diagrams. Neglect the weight of the beam.
Note that the support reactions at A and D have been computed and
are shown in Fig. (a).
Solution
Part 1
The determination of
the expressions for V
and M for each of the
three beam segments
(AB,BC, and CD) is
explained below.
 Segment AB (0＜x＜2 m)
ΣFy =0 +↑ 18-V = 0
V = +18 kN Answer
ΣME = 0 + 0 - 18x+ M = 0
M = +18x kN· m Answer
 Segment AB (2＜x＜5 m)
ΣFy =0 +↑ 18-14-V = 0
V = +18-14 = +4 kN Answer
ΣME = 0 + 0 - 18x + 14(x-2) + M = 0
M = +18x-14(x-2) = 4x+28 kN· m Answer
 Segment CD (5 m＜x＜7 m)
ΣFy =0 +↑ 18-14—28-V = 0
V = +18-14-28 = -24 kN Answer
ΣMG = 0 + 0 - 18x+ 14(x-2)+28(x-5)+M = 0
M = +18x-14(x-2) – (x-5) = -24x+168 kN· m Answer
Part 2
The V-diagram reveals that
the largest shear force in
the beam is -24 kN :
segment CD
The M-diagram reveals
that the maximum bending
moment is +48 kN·m : the
28-kN load at C.
Note that at each
concentrated force the V-
diagram “jumps” by an
amount equal to the force.
There is a discontinuity in
the slope of the M-diagram
at each concentrated force.
 Sample problem 2
The simply supported beam in Fig. (a) is loaded by the clockwise
couple C0 at B. (1) Derive the shear and bending moment
equations. And (2) draw the shear force and bending moment
diagrams. Neglect the weight of the beam. The support reactions A
and C have been computed, and their values are shown in Fig. (a).

Solution
Part 1
Due to the presence
of the couple C0, We
must analyze
segments AB and BC
separately.
Segment AB (0＜x＜3L/4)
C0
∑ F y = 0+ ↑ − L
−V= 0
C0
V=− Answer
L
C0
∑M D = 0+ 0
L
x+M=0

C0
M=− x
Answer L
Segment BC (3L/4＜x＜L)
C0
∑F y = 0+ ↑ −
L
−V=0

C0
V=− Answer
L

∑M E = 0 + 0 C0 x − C 0 + M = 0
L
C0
M=− x+C
L 0 Answer
Part 2
From the V-diagram,
the shear force is the
same for all cross
sections of the
beam. The M-
diagram shows jump
of magnitude C0 at
the point of
application of the
couple.
 Sample Problem 3
The cantilever beam in
Fig.(a) carries a triangular
load. The intensity of
which varies from zero at
the left end to 360 lb/ft at
the right end. In addition, a
1000-lb upward vertical
load acts at the free end of
Solution
the beam. (1) Derive the
shear force and bending Note that the triangular load has been
moment equations. And replaced by is resultant, which is the
(2) draw the shear force force 0.5 (12) (360) = 2160 lb (area
and bending moment under the loading diagram) acting at
diagrams. Neglect the the centroid of the loading diagram.
weight of the beam.
Because the loading
is continuous, the
beam does not have
to be divided into
segment.
w/x = 360/12, or
w = 30x lb/ft.

Part 1
ΣFy = 0 +↑ 1000 - 15x2 - V = 0
V = 1000 - 15x2 lb Answer
ΣMC = 0 + 0 -1000x + 15x2 (x/3) + M = 0
M = 1000x -5x3 lb· ft Answer
 Part 2
The location of the
section where the
shear force is zero is
found from
V = 1000－15x2 = 0
x = 8.165 ft
dM
= 1000 − 15x 2 = 0
dx
x = 8.165 ft .
the maximum bending
moment is
Mmax = 1000(8.165) -
5(8.165)3 = 5443 lb· ft
 P

Definition of shear – the net unbalanced

Any type of loading Vertical force acting at the exploratory section
of the left or right section of the beam

V = + ↑ ∑ ( FV ) L = + ↓ ∑ ( FV ) R
x L- x
Definition of bending moment – the net
unbalanced moment acting at the centroid of
P L the exploratory section of the left or right
R2
R1 section of the beam

+ +

M M M = ∑ (M ) L = ∑ (M ) R

Note : subscript L indicates left

V V section and subscript R indicates
x L- x right section

Left section Right section R2

R1
SHEAR AND MOMENT DIAGRAMS
o The discontinuities in the shear diagram are joined by vertical lines drawn up
or down to represent abrupt change in shear.

o The point of zero shear correspond to the point of maximum moment.

o Shear and moment at points of loading change can be computed by

substituting appropriate values of x in the shear and moment equation or
direct computation by using the definition of shear and moment.

o The point where the value of the moment (except supports) is zero is called
point of inflection. This is where the shape of the bending of the beam
changes from concave up to concave down.

o The shape of the shear and moment diagrams conforms to the kind of equation
the shear and moment equations are made of. Example if the moment
equation is the equation of a straight line/parabola/3rd degree curve the
shape of the moment diagram is a straight line/parabola/3rd degree curve
Relation among Load, Shear and Moment Diagrams
The relation among the load, shear and moment diagrams provide a method of
constructing shear and moment diagrams without writing shear and moment equations.
These relations are not independent of the basic definition of shear and moment ; thay
supplement them and are used in conjunction with them.

dx/2

wdx
M M+dM
A
V V+dV
w
dx
x dx

Figure shows a differential segment of the beam of length dx. The load on the
left side is shear V and moment M; on the right side V + dV and M+ dM( due
to the change in shear and moment between the left and right side of the
segment). The uniform load W remain constant since the length of the
segment is a very small quantity.
From the condition of static equibrium
ΣFy =0 V + wdx – ( V + dV) = 0 dV = w dx EQ 1
ΣMA = 0 M+Vdx + wdx(dx)/2 – ( M+dM) = 0 dM = Vdx EQ.2
0

(a)
Loading
diagram
V x1
x2
(b)
Shear
diagram V1
ΔV= shaded area of (a)
V
M 2
ΔM= net shaded area of (b)
(c)
Moment
diagram
 V2 - V1 = ΔV= Area(load)

M2 - M1 = ΔM= Area(Shear)
Change in moment b/w any two points = Area of shear diagram b/w these two points
dV
w=
dx
intensity of loading = slope of shear diagram
dM
V=
dx
Shear at any point = the slope of the moment diagram about the same point
Typical Shapes of Shear and Moment diagrams of Typical Loads
Loading Shear Diagram Moment Diagram
General Procedure for Drawing Shear and Moment Diagrams
1.Compute the reactions
2. Compute the values of Shear at change of load points, using either

V = ∑ Fv OR ∆V = (area)load
3. Sketch the shear diagram, determining the shape from the relation`
dV
w=
dx
4. Locate points of zero shear
5. Compute the value of the bending moment at change of load points

M = ∑M OR ∆M = (area)shear
6. Sketch the moment diagram, determining the shape from the relation
dM
V =
dx
Problem No. 1
Write the shear and moment equations for the beam shown in the figure.
Draw the shear and moment diagrams, specifying values at all change of loading points
and points of zero shear. Neglect the weight of the beam.

60 kN 36 kN

A B C D solution
18 kN/m
+ ∑𝑀𝑀𝐴𝐴 = 0
𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶 (6) − 60(2) –- 36(9) - 18(9)(4.5)= 0
𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶 = 195.5kN ↑
RA 2 m 4m RC 3m

60 kN 36 kN
+∑𝑀𝑀 = 0
A B C D 𝐶𝐶
𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴 (6) − 60(4) + 36(3) - 18(9)(1.5)= 0
18 kN/m
𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴 = 62.5kN ↑

2m 4m 3m
RA=62.5 kN RC=195.5 kN
Shear and Moment Equations 0≤x ≤2
A x=0
Section AB 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 = 62.5 – 18x
18 kN/m
𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 = 62.5 – 18(0)
𝑉𝑉 = +↑ ∑(𝐹𝐹𝑉𝑉 )𝐿𝐿 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 = 62.5kN
B
𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 62.5 – 18x x=2
x 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 = 62.5 – 18(2) = 26.5kN
+ M = ∑(𝑀𝑀)𝐿𝐿 x=0
RA=62.5 𝑀𝑀𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 62.5𝑥𝑥 − 18x( )
𝑥𝑥 𝑀𝑀𝐴𝐴 = 62.5𝑥𝑥 − 9𝑥𝑥 2
2
2 𝑀𝑀𝐴𝐴 = 62.5(0) − 9(0)2
𝑀𝑀𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 62.5𝑥𝑥 − 9𝑥𝑥 𝑀𝑀𝐴𝐴 = 0
x=2
60 kN 𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵 = 62.5(2) − 9(2)2
𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵 = 89kN.m
A x-2
Section BC 2≤x ≤6
18 kN/m x=2
C 𝑉𝑉 = +↑ ∑(𝐹𝐹𝑉𝑉 )𝐿𝐿 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 = 2.5 - 18x
B
𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 62.5 – 60 - 18x 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 = 2.5 – 18(2)
2m 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵𝐶𝐶 = 2.5 - 18x 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 = -33.5kN
x=6
x 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 = 2.5 – 18(6)
RA=62.5
𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 = -105.5kN
 x=2
𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵 = 62.5𝑥𝑥 − 60(x-2) - 9𝑥𝑥 2
+ 𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵 = 62.5(2) – 60(2-2) – 9(2)2
M = ∑(𝑀𝑀)𝐿𝐿
𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 62.5𝑥𝑥 − 60(x-2)- 18x( )
𝑥𝑥 𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵 = 89kN.m
2
2 x=6 6≤x ≤9
𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 62.5𝑥𝑥 − 60(x-2) - 9𝑥𝑥
𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶 = 62.5(6) − 60(6-2) - 9(6)2 x=6
𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶 = -189kN.m 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 = 198 - 18x
Section CD 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 = 198 – 18(6)
60 kN 𝑉𝑉 = +↑ ∑(𝐹𝐹𝑉𝑉 )𝐿𝐿 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 = 90kN
𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 62.5 – 60 + 195.5 - 18x x=9
A x-2 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 198 - 18x 𝑉𝑉𝐷𝐷 = 198 – 18(9)
𝑉𝑉𝐷𝐷 = 36kN
18 kN/m + M = ∑(𝑀𝑀)
𝐿𝐿
𝑥𝑥
C 𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 62.5𝑥𝑥 − 60(x-2) + 195 5(x-6) - 18x( )
B 2
2
𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 62.5𝑥𝑥 − 60(x-2) + 195.5(x-6) - 9𝑥𝑥
x-6
2m
x=6
x 𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 62.5𝑥𝑥 − 60(x-2) + 195.5(x-6) - 9𝑥𝑥 2
RA=62.5 RC=195.5
𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶 = 62.5(6) – 60(6-2) + 195.5(6-6)– 9(6)2
𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶 = -189kN.m
x=9
𝑀𝑀𝐷𝐷 = 62.5(9) − 60(9-2) + 195.5(9-6) - 9(9)2
𝑀𝑀𝐷𝐷 = 0
 60 kN 36 kN
Shear and Moment Diagram
A B C D
18 kN/m

RC=195.5 kN
RA=62.5 kN 2m 4m 3m
90
62.5
26.5
Shear (kN) 36
Diagram
-33.5

89 -105.5
Moment (kN.m) parabola
Diagram
0 0

-189
 60 kN 36 kN

A B C D solution
18 kN/m

+ ∑𝑀𝑀𝐴𝐴 = 0
𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶 (6) − 60(2) –- 36(9) - 18(9)(4.5)= 0
RA 2 m 4m RC 3m
𝑅𝑅𝐶𝐶 = 195.5kN ↑
60 kN 36 kN

A B C D + ∑𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶 = 0
18 kN/m 𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴 (6) − 60(4) + 36(3) - 18(9)(1.5)= 0
𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴 = 62.5kN ↑

2m 4m 3m
RA=62.5 kN RC=195.5 kN
 60 kN 36 kN 𝑉𝑉 = +↑ ∑𝐹𝐹𝑉𝑉
VA = 0
A B C D VA ’ = 6 2 . 5 k N
18 kN/m
VB = 62.5 – 18(2) = 26.5kN

RC=195.5 kN VB’ = 26.5 – 60 = -33.5kN

RA=62.5 kN 2 m 4m 3m VC = -33.5 – 18(4) = -105.5kN
90
62.5 VC’ = -105.5 + 195.5 = 90kN
26.5 VD = 90 – 18(3) = 36kN
36
VD’ = 36 – 36 = 0
-33.5
𝑀𝑀 𝐵𝐵 - 𝑀𝑀𝐴𝐴 = 𝐴𝐴 1
MA = 0
62.5+26.5
89 MB − 0 = 2 = 89kN. m
-105.5 2

33.5+105.5
MC − 89 = − 4 = −189kN. m
2
0 0 90+36
MD − (−189) = 3 = 0
2

-189
 Problem No. 2
Write the shear and moment equations for the beam shown in the figure. Draw the
shear and moment diagrams, specifying values at all change of loading points and
points of zero shear. Neglect the weight of the beam.

96kN 48 kN
+ ∑𝑀𝑀𝐴𝐴 = 0
24 kN/m
𝑅𝑅𝐸𝐸 (10) − 48(12) –- 96(8) - 24(3)(4.5) -
A E 1 2
(24)(3) (3) = ↑0
2 3
B C D F
𝑅𝑅𝐸𝐸 = 174kN
3m 3m 2m 2m 2m
+∑𝑀𝑀 = 0
96kN 48 kN 𝐶𝐶
1 1
𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴 (10) − (24)(3) 3 + 7 - 24(3)(5.5) -
2 ↑ 3
24 kN/m
96(2) + 48(2)= 0
A E 𝑅𝑅𝐴𝐴 = 78kN
B C D F

3m 3m 2m 2m 2m

RA RE
 0≤x ≤3
Section AB
By similar triangle:
x=0
𝑥𝑥 3 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 = 78 – 4𝑥𝑥 2
1 𝑥𝑥
=
𝑦𝑦 24 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 = 78 – 4(0)2
2
w= xy = 4𝑥𝑥
2 3 y= 8x 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 = 78kN
1
∴ 𝑤𝑤 = x (8x) = 4𝑥𝑥 2 x=3
2
𝑉𝑉 = +↑ ∑(𝐹𝐹𝑉𝑉 )𝐿𝐿 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 = 78 – 4(3)2 = 42kN
y
𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 78 – w
A 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 78 – 4𝑥𝑥 2
B’ x=0
4 3
x 𝑀𝑀𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 78x – 𝑥𝑥
+ 3
M = ∑(𝑀𝑀)𝐿𝐿 4
78 𝑥𝑥 𝑀𝑀𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 78(0) – (0)3
𝑀𝑀𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 78x – 4𝑥𝑥 2 ( ) 3
3 𝑀𝑀𝐴𝐴 = 0
4 3 x=3
𝑀𝑀𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴 = 78x – 𝑥𝑥
3 4
𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵 = 78(3) – (3)3
3
𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵 = 198kN.m
Shear and Moment Equations
3≤x ≤6
Section BC
x=3
𝑥𝑥−3 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 42 – 24(x-3)
2 𝑉𝑉 = +↑ ∑(𝐹𝐹𝑉𝑉 )𝐿𝐿
1 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 = 42 – 24(3-3)
x-2 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 78 – (24)(3)-24(x-3) 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 = 42kN
2
𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 42 – 24(x-3) x=6
𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 = 42 – 24(6-3) = -30kN
24 kN/m
+ M = ∑(𝑀𝑀)
A 𝐿𝐿
B C’ 1 𝑥𝑥 − 3
𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 78x– (24)(3)(x−2)−24(x−3)
2 2
3m x-3 𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 78x– 36(x−2)−12(𝑥𝑥 − 3)2
x
RA=78 x=3
𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = 78x– 36(x−2)−12(𝑥𝑥 − 3)2
𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵 = 78(3)– 36(3−2)−12(3 − 3)2
𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵 = 198kN.m
x=6
𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶 = 78(6)– 36(6−2)−12(6 − 3)2
𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶 = 216kN.m
 Section CD 6≤x ≤8
x=6
x – 4.5 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = -30
𝑉𝑉 = +↑ ∑(𝐹𝐹𝑉𝑉 )𝐿𝐿
1
𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 78 – (24)(3)-24(3) 𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 = -30kN
x-2 2 x=8
𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = -30
𝑉𝑉𝐷𝐷 = -30kN
24 kN/m
+ M = ∑(𝑀𝑀)𝐿𝐿
1
A 𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 78x – (24)(3)(x−2)−24(3)(x-4.5)
B C D’ 2
3m 3m 2m 𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 78x – 36(x−2)−72(x−4.5)
x
x=6
RA=78 𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 78x – 36(x−2)−72(x−4.5)
𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = 78(6) – 36(6−2)−72(6−4.5)
𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶 = 216kN.m
x=8
𝑀𝑀𝐷𝐷 = 78(8) – 36(8−2)−72(8−4.5)
𝑀𝑀𝐷𝐷 = 156kN.m
 Section DE
8 ≤ x ≤ 10
𝑉𝑉 = +↑ ∑(𝐹𝐹𝑉𝑉 )𝐿𝐿 x=8
1 𝑉𝑉𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = -126
x – 4.5 𝑉𝑉𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = 78 – (24)(3)-24(3)-
2 𝑉𝑉𝐷𝐷 = -126kN
96 x = 10
x-2 𝑉𝑉𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = -126 𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸 = -126kN
96
x-8 + M = ∑(𝑀𝑀)𝐿𝐿
24 kN/m 1
𝑀𝑀𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = 78x – (24)(3)(x−2)−24(3)(x-4.5)-96(x-
2
A 8)
B C D E’ 𝑀𝑀𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = 78x – 36(x−2)−72(x−4.5)-96(x-8)
3m 3m 2m
x x=8
𝑀𝑀𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷 = 78𝑥𝑥 − 36(𝑥𝑥 − 2) – 72(x−4.5)−96(x−8)
RA=78
𝑀𝑀𝐷𝐷 = 78(8) − 36(8 − 2) – 72(8−4.5)−96(8−8)
𝑀𝑀𝐷𝐷 = 156kN.m
x = 10
𝑀𝑀𝐸𝐸
= 78(10) − 36(10 − 2) – 72(10−4.5)−96(10−8)
𝑀𝑀𝐸𝐸 = -96kN.m
 Section EF 10 ≤ x ≤ 12
x = 10
x – 4.5 𝑉𝑉 = +↑ ∑(𝐹𝐹𝑉𝑉 )𝐿𝐿 𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 48
1
𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 78 – (24)(3)-24(3)-96+174 𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸 = 48kN
x-2 2
𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 48 x = 12
96 𝑉𝑉𝐹𝐹 = 48kN
x-8
24 kN/m
+ M = ∑(𝑀𝑀)𝐿𝐿
A E 1
𝑀𝑀𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 78x – (24)(3)(x−2)−24(3)(x-4.5)-96(x8)+174(x-10)
B C D E’ 2
3m 3m 2m 𝑀𝑀𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 78x – 36(x−2)−72(x−4.5)-96(x-8)+174(x-10)
x-10
x
x = 10
RA=78 RE=174 𝑀𝑀𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸 = 78𝑥𝑥 − 36(𝑥𝑥 − 2) – 72(x−4.5)−96(x−8)+174(x−10)
𝑀𝑀𝐸𝐸 = 78(10) − 36(10 − 2) – 72(10−4.5)−96(10−8)+174(10−10)
𝑀𝑀𝐸𝐸 = -96kN.m
x = 12
𝑀𝑀𝐹𝐹 = 78(12) − 36(12 − 2) – 72(12−4.5)−96(12−8)+174(12−10)
𝑀𝑀𝐹𝐹 = 0
Shear and Moment Diagram

96kN 48 kN
24 kN/m
E 𝑉𝑉 = +↑ ∑𝐹𝐹𝑉𝑉
A
B C D F 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 − 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 =(Area load)𝐴𝐴𝐴𝐴
𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 = 0
3m 3m 2m 2m 2 m 𝑉𝑉𝐴𝐴 ’ = 78 kN
1
𝑹𝑹𝑨𝑨 =78 kN 𝑹𝑹𝑬𝑬 =174 kN 𝑉𝑉𝐵𝐵 = 78 - 2 (24)(3) = 42kN
𝑉𝑉𝐶𝐶 = 42 – 24(3) = -30kN
78 x=1.75 𝑉𝑉𝐷𝐷 = -30 – 0 = -30kN
Shear (kN) 𝑉𝑉𝐷𝐷 ’ = -30 – 96 = -126kN
42
48 Diagram 𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸 = -126 + 0 = -126kN
B’ 𝑉𝑉𝐸𝐸 ’ = -126 + 174 = 48kN
-30 𝑉𝑉𝐹𝐹 = 48 – 0 = 48kN
-126 𝑉𝑉𝐹𝐹 ’= 48 – 48 = 0
234.75
198
216 Moment (kN.m)
156 Diagram

parabola
3rd degree curve
96 straight line
 24 kN/m
Computation of moment: [based from Shear (V) diagram]
A 𝑴𝑴𝑨𝑨 = 0
B B’ MB = +(∑𝑀𝑀𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿𝐿 )𝐿𝐿
1
𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵 = 78(3) - 2 (24)(3)(1) = 198kN.m
3m x 𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵′ = (Area V)𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵′
1
78 KN 𝑀𝑀𝐵𝐵′ = 198 + 2(42)(1.75) = 234.75kN.m
𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶 = (Area V)𝐵𝐵′ 𝐶𝐶
1
𝑀𝑀𝐶𝐶 = 234.75 - 2(30)(1.25) = 216kN.m
𝑀𝑀𝐷𝐷 = (Area V)𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶
𝑀𝑀𝐷𝐷 = 216 – (30)(2) = 156kN.m
Point of zero shear
𝑀𝑀𝐸𝐸 = (Area V)𝐷𝐷𝐷𝐷
𝑉𝑉 = +↑ ∑(𝐹𝐹𝑉𝑉 )𝐿𝐿 = 0
1 𝑀𝑀𝐸𝐸 = 156 – (126)(2) = -96kN.m
0 = 78 - 2(24)(3) – 24x 𝑀𝑀𝐹𝐹 = (Area V)𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐸
X = 1.75 m 𝑀𝑀𝐹𝐹 = -96 + (48)(2) = 0