Network Models

Slide Source: B. A. Forauzan, Data Communications and Networking,

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 NETWORK MODELS

 Network- combination of hardware and software that

sends data from one location to another

 Hardware- physical equipment that carries signal

 Software- consists instruction sets that make
network services possible

2.2
 2-1 LAYERED TASKS

We use the concept of layers in our daily life. As an

example, let us consider two friends who communicate
through postal mail. The process of sending a letter to a
friend would be complex if there were no services
available from the post office.

Topics discussed in this section:

Sender, Receiver, and Carrier
Hierarchy

2.3
 Figure 2.1 Tasks involved in sending a letter

2.4
 2-2 THE OSI MODEL
 ISO standard that covers all aspects of network
communications is the Open Systems Interconnection
(OSI) model; introduced in the late 1970s
 To Facilitate communication between different systems
without requiring changes to the underlying hardware and
software
 Layered framework for the design of network systems
that allows communication between all types of
computer systems

 Composed of 7 separate but related layers (ordered)

2.5
 Note

ISO is the organization.

OSI is the model.

2.6
 Figure 2.2 Seven layers of the OSI model

2.7
 OSI MODEL …

 Each layer defines part of the process of moving information

across a network
 Networking functions with related uses are collected into
discrete groups layers
 Allows complete interoperability between incompatible
systems
 Subgroups: Network support layers (Physical, Data link and
Network layer), User support layers (Application, Presentation
and Session); Transport layer -interface between the two
 Within a single machine, each layer calls upon the services of
a layer just below it
 Peer Processes: processes on each machine that
communicate at a given layer
2.8
 Figure 2.3 The interaction between layers in the OSI model

2.9
 Figure 2.4 An exchange using the OSI model

2.10
 2-3 LAYERS IN THE OSI MODEL

In this section we briefly describe the functions of each

layer in the OSI model.

Topics discussed in this section:

Physical Layer
Data Link Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Session Layer
Presentation Layer
Application Layer

2.11
 Physical layer
 Coordinates functions required to carry a bit stream over
physical medium
 Electrical specifications of the interface and transmission
medium
 Defines procedures and functions to be performed by physical
devices and interfaces

2.12
 Figure 2.5 Physical layer

2.13
 Physical layer

 Physical layer is also concerned with following:

 Physical characteristics of interfaces and medium

 Representation of bits (encoding; 0s and 1s changed

to signals)
 Data rate (bit duration)

 Synchronization of bits (clock synchronization)

 Line configuration (point-to-point/ multipoint)

 Physical topology

 Transmission mode (simplex/duplex)

2.14
 Note

The physical layer is responsible for movements of

individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.

2.15
 Data Link layer

 Data link layer transforms the physical layer from raw

transmission facility to a reliable link
 responsible for moving frames from one hop (node) to the next
 Responsibilities
 Framing: divides the stream of bits received into manageable
data units called Frames
 Physical Addressing: Address of sender and receiver of frame
 Error control: adds reliability to the physical layer; detect and
retransmit damaged or lost frame
 Flow control: avoid overwhelming the receiver
 Access control: defines which device has right to use the shared
link/channel
2.16
 Figure 2.6 Data link layer

2.17
 Note

The data link layer is responsible for moving

frames from one hop (node) to the next.

2.18
 Figure 2.7 Hop-to-hop delivery

2.19
 Network layer
 Responsible for source-to-destination delivery of
packets across multiple networks
 Needed when two systems are connected to different
networks, with connecting devices between the networks
 Responsibilities
 Logical Addressing: physical address cannot be used when
packet passes the network boundary
 Logical addressing used to distinguish source and destination
system

 Routing: Route packets to final destination over a large

network or an internetwork of independent networks

2.20
 Figure 2.8 Network layer

2.21
 Note

The network layer is responsible for the

delivery of individual packets from
the source host to the destination host.

2.22
 Figure 2.9 Source-to-destination delivery

2.23
 Transport layer
 Responsible for process-to-process delivery of packets
 Process- an application program running on host
 Transport layer ensures that whole message arrives intact and
in order
 Responsibilities
 Service-point Addressing: Port addressing
 Network layer gets each packet to correct computer,

Transport layer gets the entire message to correct process

 Segmentation and Reassembly: message divided into
transmittable segments; sequence number
 Connection control
 Flow control and Error control

2.24
 Figure 2.10 Transport layer

2.25
 Note

The transport layer is responsible for the delivery

of a message from one process to another.

2.26
 Figure 2.11 Reliable process-to-process delivery of a message

2.27
 Session Layer

 Is the network dialog controller; session manager

 Establishes, maintains and synchronizes the interaction among
communicating systems
 Responsibilities
 Dialog control: allows dialog between two systems;
communication can take place in half-duplex or full-duplex
 Synchronization: Check points/synchronization points added
to stream of data
 e.g large file of 1000 pages; checkpoint every 100 page

2.28
Figure 2.12 Session layer

2.29
 Note

The session layer is responsible for dialog

control and synchronization.

2.30
 Presentation Layer

 Concerned with syntax and semantics of the information

exchanged

 Responsibilities
 Translation: changes the information from machine dependent
format to machine independent format
 Compression: reduce the amount of bits/data in the
information
 Encryption: ensure privacy

2.31
 Figure 2.13 Presentation layer

2.32
 Note

The presentation layer is responsible for translation,

compression, and encryption.

2.33
 Application Layer
 Enables users to access the network; provides user
interfaces and support for services
 Responsible for providing services to the user

 Services provided-
 Network virtual terminal: allows user to log on to remote host
 File transfer, access and management: allows user to access
files on remote host
 Mail services: e-mail forwarding and storage
 Directory services: provides database sources and access for
global information about various objects and services

2.34
 Figure 2.14 Application layer

2.35
 Note

The application layer is responsible for

providing services to the user.

2.36
 Figure 2.15 Summary of layers

2.37
 2-4 TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE
The layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite do not exactly
match those in the OSI model.

The original TCP/IP protocol suite had four layers:

host-to-network, internet, transport, and application.
When TCP/IP is compared to OSI, we can say that the
TCP/IP protocol suite is made of five layers: physical,
data link, network, transport, and application.
Topics discussed in this section:
Physical and Data Link Layers
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Application Layer
2.38
 Figure 2.16 TCP/IP and OSI model

2.39
 2-5 ADDRESSING

Four levels of addresses are used in an internet employing

the TCP/IP protocols: physical, logical, port, and specific.

Topics discussed in this section:

Physical Addresses
Logical Addresses
Port Addresses
Specific Addresses

2.40
 Figure 2.17 Addresses in TCP/IP

2.41
 Figure 2.18 Relationship of layers and addresses in TCP/IP

2.42
 Example 2.1

In Figure 2.19 a node with physical address 10 sends a

frame to a node with physical address 87. The two nodes
are connected by a link (bus topology LAN). As the
figure shows, the computer with physical address 10 is
the sender, and the computer with physical address 87 is
the receiver.

2.43
 Figure 2.19 Physical addresses

2.44
 Example 2.2

As we will see in Chapter 13, most local-area networks

use a 48-bit (6-byte) physical address written as 12
hexadecimal digits; every byte (2 hexadecimal digits) is
separated by a colon, as shown below:

07:01:02:01:2C:4B

A 6-byte (12 hexadecimal digits) physical address.

2.45
 Example 2.3

Figure 2.20 shows a part of an internet with two routers

connecting three LANs. Each device (computer or
router) has a pair of addresses (logical and physical) for
each connection. In this case, each computer is
connected to only one link and therefore has only one
pair of addresses. Each router, however, is connected to
three networks (only two are shown in the figure). So
each router has three pairs of addresses, one for each
connection.

2.46
 Figure 2.20 IP addresses

2.47
 Example 2.4

Figure 2.21 shows two computers communicating via the

Internet. The sending computer is running three
processes at this time with port addresses a, b, and c. The
receiving computer is running two processes at this time
with port addresses j and k. Process a in the sending
computer needs to communicate with process j in the
receiving computer. Note that although physical
addresses change from hop to hop, logical and port
addresses remain the same from the source to
destination.

2.48
 Figure 2.21 Port addresses

2.49
 Note

The physical addresses will change from hop to hop,

but the logical addresses usually remain the same.

2.50
 Example 2.5

As we will see in Chapter 23, a port address is a 16-bit

address represented by one decimal number as shown.

753

A 16-bit port address represented

as one single number.

2.51
 Note

The physical addresses change from hop to hop,

but the logical and port addresses usually remain the same.

2.52