Networks for a pupose 3

In
this moduleyou will Pass/Merit Done?
P
1Design a simple network
2 ldentity the purpose and components of a network
Demonstrate understanding of management issues

associated with netwtis

4 Understand netVork securityissues,
In this module you are going to develop skills to help you work towards your final project
which is tO pian a computer network for a School. To be abie to complete this project

will need to learn what a network of devices is and tha devices that are combined to
you
create a etwork.

Uni ReviewOpy
netwoik for specific situation will be vital, as will identifying
Planning the structure of a a

network
Key terms the devices that are needed io create the network. You will also learn about
where the devices are and what they are connected
Network: two or topologies (the layout
ot a network),
will be impor tant to the management issues associated with the network
n r e computers
to. It recognise
you have
designed and the possible seCurity Issues.
connected together
to communicate You will also lcain.
Topology: the about tite uses of networks
layout of a network.
aiou network topologies.

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Copyright Material
 3 Networks for a purpose

Before you start

You should:
be aware of what is meant by a hardware device, and be able to identify a range of
hardware devices such as keyboard, mouse, laptop, mobile phone
be aware that computers can be joined together to cornmunicate and know some of
thhe reasons why this is done.

ntroduction
When one or more devices are connected, they createa network. This could be as
Key terms
small as a mobile phone connecting to another mobile phone using Bluetooth, to l00
computers connected in a schooi, all the way up to the internet and the millions oí Bluetooth: a
devices that connect together aciOSs the world. method of wireless
data transmission.
Skill 1 Internet: The
internet is a
Purpose of a network global collection
Computers car be joined together for lots of different reasons, but it is always about of networks
communication. Computers have the ability to send data to each other, whether this connecting
data is text, images or videos - it is all data, and it can all be sent on a network. computers and
other hardware
together to provide
the infrastructure
needed to access
the World Wide Web.

Networks might have singie or multiple purposes. INTERNET: INTERCONNECTION OF

NETWORK
Single purpose
This could be a laptop connecting to a printer, for example. The laptop will send data to
the printer the document(s) to print). The printer will send data to the laptop to give it
information, for example telling the computer it is ready to print, or it it is out of paper.

Multiole purpose
A network ot computers in a business can have iots of purposes. There might be a
central store of data that the employees (tiie people who work at the business) want to
access from their own computers. It will allow the employees to communicate with each
other, for example by sending emai!s. It might allow employees to access the internet so
they can access websites and contact customers.

89

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Key terms
Types of network
Networks can be put into difterent catepns.
Personal Area
Network (PAN): a Personal Area Network (PAN)
small network set
A Personal Area Network (PAN) is a small network, usually between a small number of
up for a specific
devices. It is set up for a speitic purpose such as a Bluetooth connection between two
purpos
mobile phones or a cornection between a laptop and a printer (or scanner).
Locel Area
Network (LAN):
a network over a
small geographical
area, using
business-Owned or
personally owned
hardware.

Wide Area
Ne ork (WAN):
a network
that connec ts
computers and Local Area Network (LAN)
LANs Over a large A Local Area Network (LAN) Is a set of computers that are connected over a small
geographic area geographical area. The .ardware used in the network is provided and maintained by the
us'g cables, fibre
person or company, fur example they use their own cables to join the computers. This
optics, or satellites, could include deies connected in a home or the devices connected in a single building.
and can span cities,
countries, or the Wide Area Network (WAN)
globe AWide Area Network (WAN) is a set of computers that ore connected over a large
Password:a series gecgraphical area- it could be across an entire count1y or across the world. The hardware is
of characters that i1ot owned by the person or company using it, but tiey use the telephone lines and fibre opticC
are needed to gain ables that torm the internet to send the data. nis could be a nationwide bank, for example,
access to a system. that has dozens of branches across the counti y. AWAN is owned and run by a specific
company, and you usually need a usern ane and password to access it.

geUniversityPres

COPy

***

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 3 Networks for a
purpose
The internet
This is the hardware thaB connects computers worldwide. It is the catles, satellites, Key terms
routers, switches and other devices that join computers within a country and between Internet:
countries. The internet is actually just a WAN made up of lots oi smaller WANs and LANS the hardware
that all join tosether. that connects
Some people confuse this with the World Wide Web (www). The wwW is the websites computers online.

mbridge,Universit
that you can visit by using the internet. World Wide Web
(www): The
websites that can
be accessed over
the internet.

-Revie

Activity 1.1
Make a list of all the occasions when you have sent data from one device to another.
This might be to open a website, to send an email to a teacher or friend, or to printa
document.

list to friend's and add any you iad missed to your own list.
Conpare your a

Activity 1.2
For each of the activities you identificd in Activity 1.1, identify whether you were
using a PAN, LAN, WAN or the internet. You might have used a combination of these,
welbsite may have used a LAN and then the interret.
tor example accessing a

9
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 Activity 1.3
Your school might have one, or more, networks.
Does your school have a PAN, LAN or WAN? Or does it have more than one?

Can you access the irternet from your school's computers?

Write down all the occasions when you (and other people) use your school's network.

Skill 2

Components cfa network

A network can ba made up of different pieces of hardware. These are called the components
of the netwo:k. Each device has its own purpose within a netv/ork, and they are not ll used
Key terms in every network. All computers that are connected in the network, and all devices that are
Component: one used to connect the computers in a network (eg. switth, hub), are known as nodes
hardware device of
many that make up Cables
a system. Acable physically connects two devices together. There are two types of cable: copper
Node: a device on a and fibre optic.
network.

Cable: a physical
connection

between devices.

atorin a dintu
 3 Networks for a purpose

Copper cable transfers data using electrical signals. There are lots of different types of cable:
Key terms
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP). This
is two copper cabies twisted together Copper cable: a
without any shielding. cable connection
that can be UTP
Shieldea Twisted Pair (STP). This is
or STP. Datais
two copper cables twisted together
transferred as
vIh shielding to reduce interference.
electricity.
Unshielded
Twisted Pair
(UTP): two pieces
of copper cables
that are twisted
In a network, the cable most coimnonly
Used is called an ethernet cable. You together. There is
no shielding against
can get these in different iengths, and in
different colours. interference.
Interference:
an interruption
or disruption to
a signal when it's
being sent. This
could change
the binary value
being transmitted,
The ethernet cable plugs into a jack. creating an
incorrect signal.
Ethernet: a
specific type of
copper cable used
in a network.
Jack: the
component an
ethernet cable
plugs into.
e

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Key terms
Fibre optic cable transfers
data using light. This can send
Revien
data faster than a copper
Fibre optica cable as it has a higher
cable connecticn
that transfers ata bandwidth. Fibre optic is
as light. more expensive than copper

Bandwidth: the cable.

m ix.num amount
of traffic that can
be sent down a
transmission media
(for example a
cable).
Hub: a component Hub
that connects Vhen there are lots of
Computers Computers connected, they
together. It sends
can each connect to a hub.
the data it receives If Computer A wants to send
to all devices a message to Computer B, it
connected to it. sends it to the hub. The hub
Switch: a then sends the message io
COTDonent all the computers connected
th at connects to it. All computers get the
Computers message but oniy Computer
together. It learns B reads what it says.
the identity
of computers
Switch
connected to it.
h switch has the same purpose as evje
a hub. It connects devices together
but works slightly differently. The 0
switch records the identity of each
computer that sends it a message.

Once Computer A sends a messaye

to the switch, the switch knovvs
where Computer A is. If Connputer
B sends a message for Computer A
to the switch, it goes straight to that
computer, and ihat computer only.

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 3 Networks for a
purpose
Router
A router is also device that connects
a Key terms
computers, but it can also connect
diterent networks together. Router: a

If a computer on Network A needs

to send a
message toa computer on
SttyPresS component
that connects
computers and
Netiverk B, then the two networks networks together.
need to be connected. This could be
Modem: a
through the internet, or by directly
Component that
connecting the networks using a
allows connection
device such as a router. The router
to the internet
receives the message from Network A
y using a telephone
and forwards it onto Network E
line.

Network A
Network B

A router
might also have a modem inside it.

Modem
Modem stands for
modulator-demodulator. It
allows you to connect to the
internet using a telephone
cable. It converts the
analogue sound waves fiom
the telephone line digital
int
data thata computer can
understand, and vice-versa.

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 eiwork Interface Card (NIC)
Key terms evie
Ethernet cables need to connect
Network Interface to a device. They plug into a
Card (NIC):a Network Interface Card (NIC)
component in a on your computer. Without a NIC

computer hat you cannot connect physicall, io a

allows a cable to be network. These are often tuilt into
pl gsd into it. devices.

Wireless: sending
data without Wireless Access Point (WAP)
cables, for example More and moe
devices are
by radio waves. connecting wirelessly which
means Lsingradio waves to send
Wireless Access
Point (WAP): a the data. A Wireless Access Point

component that (WAP) can send and receive

sends and receves "nessages wirelessly. This can be
added onto other devices, for
data wirelessly.
example a switch, The switch can
Wireless Network
Interface Card
now receive messages wirelessly,
and send wireless messages to
(WNIC): a
devices.
compuent im d

cO1 iter
that can Wireless Network Interface
se id and receive
Card (WNic)
data wirelessly.
Server: a powerful A computer alet, needs to
send and receive data wirelessly. A Wireless Network
Interface Card (WNIC) per forms the same tasks as a NIC h itit sends and receives the
central computer,
data u:ir gradio waves instead of along physical cable: Thiese are usually built into
File server: 3 devices

Revie
computer that
stores files for Scrver
other computers to server is a central computer
access. that can perform lots of tasks
tor the network, for example

managing the traffic, controlling

access through usernames,
passwords and access g.ts.

A server has different unctions:

File server: t s can store

data.That ritans a
the network
computei on

Can auress the data on the

sefvef.

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 3 Networks for a purpose

Print server: a printer is attached to the server. Any computer on the network can
print to this printer ihe data goes to the server, then the server decides which order Tip
to print the dociments. YOu might need to
Email server: in a business you might have your business eniail address. The email talk to your school
ser ver anages these email accounts and stores all yeur emails, f you want to read technician or
your ernails, then you need to connect to the email ser ver. network manager.
You could ask
them to come and
Activity 2.1 talk to your class

about your school

Find out if your school>'s network has arny cf the devices shown in Skill 2. Write down
the names of the devices. network

Activity 2.2 Key terms

Find out if your school's neiwork has any network devices not described here. Write
Print server: a
down the names of these devices and then find out what they do.
computer that

manages a printer
Activity 2.3
Email server:
There arafi ve different network components described below. Write down which a computer that
component you think is being described. stores emails tor

1 Acomponent that allows you to connect te tihe internet users to access.

using a telephone line.

2 A component that connects computar: together, When it receives a message it

always sends it to every computer connected to it.

3 A Component thatis attached to your computer. It allows you to send and

receive data wirelessly

4 A componeni th at physically joins computers together. It seids data using ight.

5 A component that connects computers together, and can join different networks

together.

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 skill 3
Designing a network
Once you know what all the differerit network
which
components do, you need to choose
you are
going to use to create a nenetwork.
You need to ask
yoursel a set of questions to decide which
components are needed.

1: Do you need a server?

YOu don t always iied a server.

large or3ailisation might need a server to store its tiles. emails and so on, and
A
to
prevent
the need tor one printer tor every
computer
Asmall network, tor example in your home,
prcbably won t need a server. Each
romputer will store its own data, and you can access email online.
A server is
expensive and needs someone with technical skills to maintain
it
2: Wired, wireless or mixed?
Physically connecting devices with cables gives higher bandwidth than wireless. Do you
need this extra
speed! That depends on the number of computers.
if youhave hundreds of omputers all
sending and receiving data, then a high
bandwidth will be necessary. Also, it
you want to transfer large files, for
Videos, then a taster bandwidth is
example
better
If you have or iy ihree four
or
computers, and you'te sending small files then wireless
will be sufiient.

Wireles: is also useful if you have

portable computers, fur exampleif you have a
l2otos that you want to use in different
rooms, or tLlet computer that you want to
connect.
ip Wireless is less secure, so
important data is nmore likely to be intercepted.
Remember, all Wireless is not always as reliable, walls can
get in the way and mke the signal weaker.
Computers need You can, of course, have a mixture. Sone of the computers are connected with cables
to attach to the
wired), and some of the computers aie connected
central devire. wirelessly.
3: Do you need access to the
internet and/or another network?
t you are
connecting te ihe nternet (using telephone lines) then a modem will be
required, or a router witti a modem inside it.
It you want to
join your network to another network, for example a LAN in another
building, then a router will be needed.

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 3 Networks for a purpose

4: What will the computers connect to?

switches and ro uters ll connect computers together. Which oes) you choose
Hubs,
depends on what you need.
A hub is the cheepest, butit is the least efficient. This is best vrhen there are only a small
number of coniputers to connect.

A switrh is more efficient than a hub, but slightly more Pxpensive. This is best where there
are nore computers, tor example 20 computers riced to connect to the one device

AOuter is the most eficient, but it needs setung up and requires do that.
someone to
This is best when there are a large number ot computers and you need to connect to
another network.

Network diagrams
A network diagram shows al' ihe components that you need in the network. i shows the
cables that connect comp.iters and the components that these connect t ,

There are two diferent networks described below. There are some cx amples of
questions that yoj need to ask yourselt to make appropriate decisions about the devices
and connecticng needed in the network.

Network 1: a small home network

A tamily has one desktop computer, two laptops, one tablet and two mobile phone.

Step i: You will need to consider the following

1 Do you need a server? No. This is a smal' e twork; each computer will store its own
data.
2 Wired, wireless or mixed? The lantops, tablet and mobile phones are all portable
so they need to be wireless. The desktop computer could be attached wired or

wirelessi
Do you need access to the internet and/or another network? They necd io connect to
the interne t, so a moiern is needed.
4 What wll the cornruters connect to? There are only a small nunber of computers so a
nub will be ok.

Step 2: You will need to draw the devices the family will have and the components you
have identified.

Step 3: vou can draw lines to connect the device s: solid lines can represent cables and
dashed lines can represent wireless.

Redistribution
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 Step 4: You will then need to label each device

Hub with WAP Modem

Computer with NIC

-EEH

Tablei with WNIC

Laptop with WNIC

L

Laptop with WNIC

Mobile phone with WNIC

Mobile phone with WNIC

Network 2: a shop
A shop needs to sto:e its data on a central computer, In the front of the shop there are
five checkouts: t:ach is an individual computer. In the back of the shop there are offices,
with three desk top computers. The manager also has amovile phone and there are two
tablets tihai are used in the back of the shop. The desktop computers need access to the
internet. The server has a printer attached to it for all computers to use.

1 0o you need a server? Yes. Data needs to be stored centrally

2 Wired, wireless or mixed? The checkouts ntight have secure data (for example credit
card numbers), and need a reiable ron:ection, so wired is better. The desktop computers
could be wired or wireless. The tabiets and mobile phone need to be wireless.

3 Do you need access to the internet and/or another network? They need to connect to
the internet, so a modem is nceded.

4 What willthe computer: Connect to? There are onlya small number of computers, but
there is a central server so they already need someone to manage the network. They

cOuld use a switen ur arouter to make it more eficient.

This network has two sepat ate areas, so they could each have their own device to
connect to, then these will join together.

1o0
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 3 Networks for a purpose

heckout with NIC

Checkout with NIC ub

Checkout with N'C

Checkout with NIC

Router with
Checkout with NIC modem and WAP

Server

Computer viih NIC

LOmputer with NIC Tablet with WNIC

Computer with NIC

Tablet with WNIC
Mobile phone with WNIC

01
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 Activity 3.1
Three university students live in a shered house. They all need access to the internet.
One of the students needs a high bandwidth for their desktop computer. The other
two students have laptops. Each student has a mobile phone.

Answer the following questions for this network:

1 Do they need a sei ver?

2 Wired, wireless or mixed?

3 Do they need access to the internet and/or ar ather network?

4 What will the computers connect

to

Draw a network plan for the house

Make sure you label all the devices.
Tip
You ran u5e Activity 3.2
soitware to draw A business has ten employees. The
ietwork diagr ams
three managers ach have desktop
if you don't want
computers ut the oftice, they also
to do them by
each have a tablet computer. The
hand or on a word
processor. You
remaing seven employees each
have a laptop. The business has its
could use: Dia
en email system that is managed
Diagram Editor, the network, and all
on employees
Calligra Flow, need to access the same files that
Microsoft Visio or
are stored centrally. The business
Cisco Packet Trarer.
needs to access the internet.

Answer the following questions for this network:

1 Do they need a
server

2 Wired, wirelass or mixed?

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 3 Networks for a purpose

3 Do they need arcess to the internet and/or another network?

4 What ill the computers connect to?

network plan for the business.

Dra a

Make sure you label all the devices.

Skill 4

Identifying management tasks

Networks, especially lar ge ntwork5, need managing. This is usually peric med by
network exper ts who h ater the network, fix any problems and mae sure it runs
efticiently and secuie

The table gves some network management tasks:

Management task Description

Hardw re management Looking after the hareware that makes up the
network, This coild
include
setting up rEw devices Key terms

repairig devices Updating:

installing a new
reulacing devices.
Software management
feature, or fix for
LOcKing after the software that runs on the netwoi.
a fault, to a piece
Some networks need specitic Network Oper ating of software you
Systems to allow them to run. Softwars anagement already have.
could include: Upgrading
installing aa
installing software on the computers that connect
to the network
completely new
version ot a piece of
installing software ci the server
software
updating sotyae Access rights:
upgrading sotware. limiting. or
User management Networks ran have user accounts that people have allowing, users to
perform certain
to log irnto. The user management could include:
actions. For
eating new accOunts example a user
managng each user s area on the server may not have

giving specitic access rights to individu Users. access to the

network,

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103
 Key terms Management task Description
Firewall: hardware Security management Networks ieed to be kept secure (see Skill 5 for
or software re aout security). Security management cOuld
that prevernts include:
unauthorised
setting up firewalls and anti-malware software
transnitssions.
running regular anti-malware, e.g. virus-checker
Anti-nalware:
sotware that setting up encryption routines
detects malware backing up the data regularly.
and deletes it.

Malware: a piece
of software that is Activity 4.1
on your computer Arite a job advert for a
university network manager. Include a description of some of
without your the tasks they will need to perform.
knowledge. It might
delete your data,
or record what yuu
are doing to serid it
onto someone else. Pregs
Virus-checker: an
ex ainple of anti
malware that looks
tor, and removes,
viruses.
Encryption: data
iskeyjumbled using a
so it cannot be
understood.
Backup: making Skill 5
a copy of data and

storing it elsewhere, Understand network security issues

in case the Data is valuable and needs to be
riginal protected.
is lost.
A computer network that is uri otected can let unauthorised people
Hacker: a person gain access, for
example hackers. They 3n then read all the data that is stored on the computers in the
wtio tues to gain network. This could include:
unauthorised
access to a system. personal inform.aion
private images or copyrighted material
financial details

contidential plans.

104
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 3 Networks for a purpose

This data could be used ineporopriately to

steal someone's identity (identify theft) using their personal infomation
steal money sing the financial records
c l a i m that p:ivate images or copyrighted material belong to someone else

u s e confidenti al plans to steal and/or sell ideas.

To try arnd stop this from happening. a network necds security.
Security measure Description
Firewall This can be hardware and/or software,.

It watches the signals coming into, and out of, the

neiwork. It blocks any signals that are unauthorised.

Anti-malware This is software.

When it is installed, kept up to date and r

regularly.
it will check files for malware and then either delete
them or put them into quarantine so they can't do any
damage.
Encryption Data is encr ypted usinga key. This jumbles up the
data. If the data is accessed without the key, it is
meaningiess.
Backup A backup is a copy of the data that is stored
elsewher

t somèone gains access to the network, they migit

delete (or change) the data.

if this happens, the backup can be used to Bet the

correct data back.

Passwords Passwords should be complex, Thig usually means

they
a r e more than eight cltaracters long
include numbers
include capital arid lowercase letters
include other symbols, for example #,! or 96.

The more cormplex the password, the more possible

combinations there could be. This makes it harder for
:oneone to guess it.

Even with security measures in place, they are never

guaranteed to work,

105

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 Activity 5.1
The business in
Activity 3.2 does nut cuirently have any network security measures
in place. Write a letter to the manager of the business telling them why they need to
have security measures.

Activity 5.2
The manager has apreed with your points about needing security, but does not
know what they chould include.

Write report to the manager, telling them about the

a
security measures they should
include, and why the measures will help.

Scenario
Home network
Dinesh has just moved into a new house with his family. He works from home and needs
access to the internet. He has two desktop computers in his home office.

Dinesh's family own two lap tops, two tablets, and there are four mobile phones. These
all need to connect to tne .etwork but need to be able to be moved around the home.

Activity 1
Answer the tollowing questions for this network:

1 Do they need a server?

2 Wired, wireless or mixed?

3 Do they need access to the intei net and/or another network?

4What wll the computers connect to?

Activity 2
Draw a netork plan for Dinesh's home using your answers to Activity1

Activity 3
Label the components on your network plan.

109
Copyright Material Review Only - Not for Redistribution
 3 Networks for a purpose

Activity 4
Create a table that explains to Dinesh what each component ia the network plan does.

Activity 5
Write a
letter to Dinesh, describing two management tasks that he will need to
perroim on the network.

Activity 6
Edit your letter from Activity 5.

Add a paragraph to tell Dinesl: vhy it is important he considers the security cf his
network.

Tell Dinesh what heneeds lo do to help keep his network secure.

Challenge Key terms

All the networks shown so far have been star networks. This is the network topology. The
Star topologY:
connecting device (hub, switch Or router) is central witin all devices connected to it. a network where
There other all computers
are topologies that can include switches, but don't always. Here are two
otner topologies: connect to a
centra
component.
I Amesh network topology tries to conneci devices to as other devices as it can.
many Mesh topology: a
network where all
computers connect
to each other.

This is good because there are direct

ronnections to more computers, so data can
get there faster and directly. Hove ver, imagine it there were 100
computers and cvry
computer was connected to every other computer! That would be a lot of cables and it
would be very difficult to mantain,

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10
 3 A bus network topology has a central cab!e kaown as the backbone. All devices
Key term
connect into this single cable. When a sigal is sent, it goes onto the backbone and

Bus topologY:a
network here i
travels to every computer connectcG io it, but only the computer it is meant for reads
it. This is good because there are tewer cables needed, but there are lots of collisions
Computers or nect as every computer Sending data down the same cable! When
is
t omputerS try
to a central cable. and do it at the same time, it crashes.

Activity 1
An office has three desktop conputers. They want a mesh topology network
setting up.
Draw a network plan tor the oftice using mesh
a
topology.

Activity 2
An oftice hs ten
desktop computers. They want a bus iepology network setting up.
Di w a network plan for the office using a bus topolngy.

Final project- SchoolIT department network

Your school has only ever had standalone computers (not It has decided
that it needs to allow students access to the internet and would like to install a network
networked).
to allow students to communicate and to store data on a server instead of the individual
computerS. The school woul1 like you to plan and design this network for them.

There is one IT classroor. There are 20 desktop computers in

which is in the
it. There is one printer,
classroum, and the school wants this printer to be used of the
by any
Computers.

They have creaied an IT technician's office that will have two desktop computers. They
are going to hire one technician who will have a tablet rd mobile phone.
There
are four laptop computers in the staff room ior ieachers, and these need to be able
utunnect to the network as
wel
The school would like all data to be stored
centrally in the technician's office.

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 3 Networks for a purpose

Activity 1
Answer the follaing questions for this network:

1 Do they need a server?

2 Wired, wiredess or mixed?

3 Do they need access to the internet ani/or another network?

4 What will the computers conneci to

Activity 2
Draw network
Tip
a plan tur the school using your answers to Activityi
There are two
rooms in this
Activity3 network. Draw each
Label the components on your network plan.
one as an individual
Write the name of the topology ot your network. network, then join
them together.

Activity 4
Create a table that explains to the Prinipal what each component in the network
plan does.

Activity 5
Write a report to the Prircipal describing three management tasks that tne schools
will need to perforn on the network.

Activity 6
Edit your letter from Activitys
Add a paragraph to tell the Principal why it is important the school considers the
secuity of the network.
Tell the Principal what the school needs to do to help keep the network secure.

09
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 Reflection
1 Explain why networks are sometimes nore usetul than standalone computers.

2 Explain why it is sonetimes bet ter to have a standalone computer instead of a network

3 Explain why it is impor tant to plan anetwoik before trying to set it up.

4 Explain why it is impar tant that a network fand data on a computer) is kept secure.

110
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