What Is This Module About?

This module will deal with basic operations concerning fractions.

Operations involving fractions are useful in our daily life. When you buy
meat or other products from the market, the quantity is often expressed in
fractions (e.g., ½ kilo of beef, 3 ¼ meters of cloth). Whenever you divide
something into parts (e.g., a piece of land, a birthday cake, or an
inheritance), fractions are involved.

This module is divided into 3 lessons:

Lesson 1 — The Basics of Fractions

Lesson 3 — Comparing Fractions

Lesson 2 — Mixed Numbers, Proper and Improper Fractions

What Will You Learn From This Module?

After studying this module, you should be able to:

 express parts of a whole into fractions and vice versa;

 simplify fractions to the lowest terms;

 compare the quantity of fractions;

 identify and distinguish proper and improper fractions and

mixed numbers; and

 convert mixed numbers to improper fractions and vice versa.

1
 Let’s See What You Already Know

Before starting with the lessons of this module, take this simple test first.
This will determine what you already know about the topic.

1. Simplify 21/35 to lowest terms.

2. A 10-hectare piece of land is divided among 3 sisters. 2/10 belongs

to Merly, 3/10 belongs to Linda and 5/10 belongs to Susie.

a. Divide the land according to the share of each sister.

b. Draw vertical lines over the portion of land that Merly gets.
c. Draw horizontal lines over the portion of land that Linda gets.
d. Draw slanted lines over the portion of land that Susie gets.

3. Three friends thought of putting up a carinderia. Niño provided

5/12 of the total capital, Billy provided 4/15 of the total capital and
Danny provided 19/60 of the total capital.

a. Who among the three friends gave the largest share?

b. Who among the three friends gave the smallest share?

2
 4. Aling Jenny was able to sell 190 pieces of eggs during the week.
How many dozens of eggs was she able to sell?

a. Express your answer in mixed fraction.

b. Convert the mixed number to an improper fraction.

Well, how was it? Do you think you fared well? Compare your answers
with those in the Answer Key on pages 33–34 to find out.

If all your answers are correct, very good! This shows that you already
know much about the topic in this module. You may still study the module
to review what you already know. Who knows, you might learn a few more
things as well!

If you got a low score, don’t feel bad. This only means that this module
is for you. It will help you understand some important concepts that you can
apply in your daily life. If you study this module carefully, you will learn the
answers to all the items in the test and a lot more. Are you ready?

You may now go to the next page to begin Lesson 1.

3
 LESSON 1

The Basics of Fractions

When you measure a certain quantity like the meat you buy from the
market, the length of an electrical wire you are going to use, or a certain
portion of land, fractions are often used. In this way, fractions are important
in measurements. This lesson will discuss what fractions are and how you can
associate them to everyday measurements.

This lesson will also discuss how to simplify fractions. This skill of
simplifying fractions will be used later in more advanced operations involving
fractions.

After studying this lesson, you should be able to:

 tell what fractions are;

 express diagrams of parts of a whole into fractions and vice versa;

and

 reduce fractions to its simplest form.

4
 Let’s Try This

Dividing Equally
Below are some situations where you need to divide something into equal
parts. Look at each situation and help solve the problem.

Situation 1

Aling Rosa brought home a pie for her 4 children. How will Aling Rosa
divide the pie equally among her kids? Draw lines to divide the pie below
equally among the 4 children.

Situation 2

Mang Cesar bought a chocolate bar for his family. If Mang Cesar will
share the chocolate bar with his wife and son, how will he divide the
chocolate bar equally? Draw lines to divide the chocolate equally among the
three of them.

5
 Let’s Study And Analyze

So were you able to divide the things above into equal parts? Let us look
at them again:

1. Your answer in situation 1 should look like this:

The pie is divided into four equal parts. Each slice make up 1 out
of four slices or 1 part out of 4. In fraction form, each slice is ¼
(one fourth) of the whole pie.

2. Your answer in situation 2 should look like this:

or

The chocolate bar is divided equally into three. Each piece makes up
one out of three parts. In fraction form, each part is 1/3 (one third) of
the whole chocolate bar.

6
 Let’s Try This

How Much of the Whole?

Look at the illustrations below. You can see objects that are broken up
into equal parts. Can you tell how much of the whole is shaded?

1. Eddie ate the shaded portion of the cake.

How many slices of cake did Eddie eat out of the whole number of
slices? Express your answer as a fraction.
_______________________________________________________

2. A triangular piece of land is divided equally between the two

brothers, Gino and Lito. Lito owns the shaded portion of the land.

How much of the divided land is owned by Lito? Express your

answer as a fraction.

Compare your answers with those found in the Answer Key on page 35.

7
 Let’s Learn

Fractions are used to express parts of a whole. Below are some examples
of fractions representing the shaded parts of the whole.

1/6 3/4 4/8 1/3

2/3 1/4 4/9 2/6

Fractions are composed of a numerator and a denominator:

3
numerator
4
denominator

The numerator represents how much of the whole is included or selected.

It is placed on the upper portion of the fraction. The denominator represents
the total number of parts in a whole. It is placed on the lower portion of the
fraction. For example, look at the square below:

You can see that there are four parts which are shaded, therefore, the
numerator should be 4. You can also see that the square is divided into 9
equal parts, therefore, the denominator should be 9. Expressing this in
fraction form:

4 numerator

9 denominator

8
 Let’s Try This

Write the numerator and denominator of the following fractions.

Numerator Denominator
1. 7/8 =

2. 8/11 =

3. 2/13 =

Compare your answers with those found in the Answer Key on page 35.

Let’s Learn

The rectangle is divided into of

the parts are shaded. As written
as 3/4 or three-fourth

The rectangle is divided into

parts are shaded. As a fracti as
5/6 or five-sixths.

The rectangle is divided into the

parts are shaded. As a fr written
as 3/9 or three-ninths

9
 Let’s Try This

Express the following shaded parts in fractions, either in symbols or in

words.
Illustration Symbols

3
8

2
3

Compare your answers with those found in the Answer Key on page 35.

1
 Let’s Think About This

If Aling Nelly bought 2/4 kilo of chicken while Aling Winnie

bought 1/2 kilo of chicken. Who between the two bought more
chicken?
____________________________

If you thought that they bought equal amounts of chicken, then you are
right. 2/4 kilo is equal to ½ kilo.

Study the given fractions below and compare them with their equivalents.
Fraction

4 1
8 2

6 3
8 4

5
7

10
14

4 2
6 3

You can see that the illustrations of the fractions in the first column are
similar to the illustrations of their equivalent fractions in the second column.
Comparing the illustrations between the first and second columns, we find that
the areas of the shaded region are equal.

11
 The fractions in the second column are expressed in their lowest
term. How would you know if a fraction is expressed in its lowest term?
Shown below is an example of how to reduce fractions to their lowest
term.

STEP 1 Determine the greatest common factor (GCF) of both

numerator and denominator. To find the GCF, list the prime
factors of the numerator and denominator and pair the common
factors.

Numerator 2=2
Denominator 4 =2 × 2
GCF = 2

STEP 2 Divide the numerator and denominator by the GCF.

Numerator ÷ GCF = New

Numerator 2 ÷ 2 = 1 New
Numerator

Denominator ÷ GCF = New

Denominator 4 ÷ 2 = 2 New
Denominator

STEP 3 The new numerator and denominator now form the fraction
in lowest terms:

New Numerator 1
New Denominator  2

Therefore, 2/4 when simplified to its lowest term is ½:

2/4 1/2

Let’s try simplifying another fraction: 12/16

STEP 1 Determine the GCF of 12 (numerator) and 16 (denominator). To

find the GCF, list the prime factors of 12 and 16 and pair the
common factors.

1
Numerator: 12 = 2 ×2 × 3
Denominator: 16 = 2 ×2 × 2 × 2
GCF = 2 × 2 = 4

13
 STEP 2 Divide the numerator (12) and the denominator (16) by the GCF.

Numerator ÷ GCF = New

Numerator 12 ÷ 4 = 3 New
Numerator

Denominator ÷ GCF = New

Denominator 16 ÷ 4 = 4 New
Denominator

STEP 3 The new numerator and the new denominator now form
the fraction in lowest terms.

New Numerator 3
New Denominator  4
Therefore, 12/16 when simplified to its lowest term is ¾.

12/16 3/4

Let’s Review

Simplify the following fractions to the lowest terms.

1. 8/18 = _______________________________________

2. 5/35 = _______________________________________

Compare your answers with those found in the Answer Key on pages 36–
37.

Let’s Remember

 Fractions are used to express parts of a whole.

 Fractions can be simplified to the lowest terms.

1
 Let’s See What You Have Learned

1. Simplify the fractions to the lowest terms. After simplifying, write

the fraction in words. (2 points each)

a. 14/21 =

b. 8/14 =

2. A piece of land is divided between Mang Anding and Mang Rey.

The shaded portion represents the land Mang Rey owns.

What portion of the land does Mang Anding own? Express your
answer in fractions. (1 point)

3. Aling Dolores made bibingka for snacks.

She ate 3 slices. What portion of the whole bibingka did Aling
Dolores eat? Express your answer in fractions. (1 point)

15
 4. A rectangular piece of land is to be divided among 3 brothers. ½ of
the land belongs to Carlo. Rolly and Diego each get ¼ of the land.
Divide the land according to the share each brother gets.

a. Draw vertical lines over the portion of land that Carlo

gets. (1 point)
b. Draw horizontal lines over the portion of land Rolly
gets. (1 point)
c. Draw slanted lines over the portion of land that Diego
gets. (1 point)

5. What are fractions? (2 points)

____________________________________________________

____________________________________________________

Compare your answers with those found in the Answer Key on pages 37–
38.

If your test score is from:

0–5 You should study the whole lesson again

6–8 Review the parts of the module which you did not

understand. 9 – 11 Excellent! You have understood the lesson

well.

You may now turn to the next page for the second lesson.

1
 LESSON 2

Comparing Fractions
In Lesson 1 you have learned how to represent parts of a whole, using
fractions. Now you are ready to compare the quantity of fractions. Learning
how to determine which fraction is smaller or bigger is an important skill.
Some measurements are quantified using fractions like portions of land being
divided among a certain number of people. Measurements of length and
weight also often involve fractions.

After studying this lesson, you should be able to:

 convert fractions to decimal form;

 arrange fractions in order from highest to lowest and vice versa;

 compare which fraction is bigger or smaller from a given set

of fractions; and

 solve word problems involving comparison among fractions.

Let’s Study and Analyze

Let us try converting fractions to decimal form. To do this, divide the
numerator by the denominator and get the quotient.

EXAMPLE Convert ¾ to decimal form.

Divide the numerator by the denominator:

3 numerator
4 denominator

17
 0.75 4
3.00
28
20
20
0

¾ in decimal form is 0.75

Let’s Review
1. Convert 3/5 to decimal form.

2. Convert 4/5 to decimal form.

Compare your answers with those found in the Answer Key on page 38.

1
 Let’s Solve This Problem

In Mang Roman’s last will, it was stated that his land should be divided
among his three children. Ben shall inherit 3/10 of the land; Dong shall inherit
1/5 of the land, while Carol shall inherit ½ of the land.

a. Who among Mang Roman’s children inherited the largest portion

of the land?

b. Who among the children inherited the smallest portion of the land?

Solution:

STEP 1 Convert the fractions to decimal form

3 1 1
10 5 2

0.3 0.2 0.5

10 3.0 5 1.0 2 1.0
3.0 1.0 1.0
0 0 0

STEP 2 Arrange the decimals from highest to lowest.

0.5; 0.3; 0.2

a. ½ or 0.5 is the highest. Therefore, Carol gets the

largest portion of the land.

b. 1/5 or 0.2 is the lowest. Therefore, Dong gets the smallest

portion of the land.

19
 Let’s Review

1. Aling Nelly bought 2/3 kilo of beef while Aling Malou bought 3/5
kilo of beef and Aling Dolly bought 7/10 kilo of beef.

a. Who among the three bought the largest amount of beef?

b. Who among the three bought the least amount of beef?

2. Arrange the fractions below from the lowest to the

highest. 2/4 ; 1/6 ; 3/7 ; 4/9

Compare your answers with those found in the Answer Key on page 39.

Let’s Learn
Look at a portion of the ruler below. One inch is divided into 8 parts.
The values on the upper part of the ruler represent the length in fraction
form. The values below the gradations represent the equivalent fractions in
lowest terms.

0 1/8 2/8 3/8 4/8 5/8 6/8 7/8 8/8

0 1/8 1/4 3/8 1/2 5/8 3/4 7/8 1

2
 Fractions with the same denominator are called similar fractions.
Comparing similar fractions is easy because you only need to look at the value
of the numerator of each similar fraction. The higher the value of the
numerator, the higher is the value of the fraction. Therefore, 2/8 is higher than
1/8, 3/8 is higher than 2/8, 7/8 is higher than 5/8 and so on.

Let’s Review
1. What are similar fractions?

____________________________________________________

____________________________________________________

2. Arrange the fractions below from the highest to the

lowest. 5/11 ; 2/11 ; 11/11 ; 8/11 ; 3/11

____________________________________________________

Compare your answers with those found in the Answer Key on page 39.

Let’s Remember

 Similar fractions can be compared by looking at the value of

their numerators; the higher the value of the numerator, the
higher is the value of the fraction.

 To convert fractions to decimal form, divide the numerator of

the fraction by its denominator.

21
 Let’s See What You Have Learned

1. When Aling Gina passed away, she left P100,000 as inheritance for
her three children. It was stated in her last will that Antonio shall
receive 7/20 of the money while Jun shall receive 13/50 of the
money and that Fe will receive 39/100 of the total money. Who
among the children will receive the largest amount of money? Who
among the children will receive the least amount of money? (6
points)

2. Arrange the following fractions from the highest to the

lowest. (2 points each)

a. 2/3 ; 3/6 ; 4/5 ; 5/6

______________________________________________

b. 1/3 ; 2/4 ; 5/7 ; 3/5

______________________________________________

Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on page 40.

If your test score is from:

0–4 You should study the whole lesson again.

5–7 Review the parts of the lesson which you did not understand.

8 – 10 Excellent! You have understood the lesson well.

Congratulations! You have finished studying the second lesson. You may
now turn to the next page for the third lesson.

2
 LESSON 3

Mixed Numbers, Proper

and Improper Fractions
In this lesson, you will learn about the three different kinds of fractions.
The fractions you have encountered from the two previous lessons are proper
fractions. Learning about improper fractions and mixed numbers are also
important because they are used in everyday measurements (i.e., 1 ½ pounds,
5 ¾ feet, 5/4 kilos, etc.).

After studying this lesson, you should be able to:

 convert mixed numbers to improper fractions and vice versa and

 solve math problems involving mixed numbers, proper and

improper fractions.

Let’s Study and Analyze

Look at the picture of a weighing scale below.

23
 Notice that a kilo is divided into four parts: ¼, ½, ¾, 1. So how do you
measure things that weigh more than 1 kilo? Look at the example below.

The weighing scale reads 1 ½ kilos. Observe that the measurement

value 1 ½ involves a whole number (1) and a fraction (1/2). Values that
involve a whole number and a fraction are called mixed numbers.

Let’s Solve This Problem

Shown below is the amount of pizza that Mang Bong and his family
consumed. The shaded portion represents the pizza that Mang Bong’s family
consumed.

How much pizza did Mang Bong’s family consume? Express your
answer in mixed number.

Compare your answer with that in the Answer Key on page 40.

2
 Let’s Study And Analyze

Let us now learn how to convert mixed numbers to improper fractions.

Let us try to analyze the example below.

EXAMPLE Aling Maria’s bakery consumed 4 2/3 dozen eggs.

Express this quantity into an improper fraction.

2 numerator
4 3 denominator

whole number

STEP 1 Multiply the whole number by the

denominator. Whole number × denominator =

4 × 3 = 12

STEP 2 Add the product in step 1 with the numerator. The

sum becomes the new numerator.

Product + numerator = new numerator

12 + 2 = 14

STEP 3 The improper fraction should consist of the new

numerator and the original denominator.

new numerator
14
improper fraction
denominator 3

As you can see, the whole number part is gone and only
the fraction part remains.

Let’s Review
1. Convert the following mixed numbers to improper fractions.

a. 8 5/6 _____________________________________

b. 5 4/7 _____________________________________

25
 2. Nonoy ate 25 pieces of chocolates, indicated by the shaded
rectangles.

a. If each box contains 8 pieces of chocolates, how many boxes of

chocolates did Nonoy consume? Express your answer in mixed
number.

b. Convert your answer in (a) from mixed fraction to

improper fraction.

Compare your answers with those found in the Answer Key on pages 41–
42.

Let’s Learn

Proper fractions are fractions whose numerators are smaller than their
denominators, e.g., 3/5, 11/15, 4/9.

Improper fractions are fractions whose numerators are bigger than

their denominators, e.g., 7/5, 13/8, 57/29.

Mixed numbers consist of a whole number and a fraction, e.g., 4 ½,

6 7/8, 11 5/6.

2
 Let’s Study and Analyze

So far, you have learned how to convert mixed fractions to improper

fractions. Now you will learn how to convert improper fractions to
mixed fractions. Take a look at an example.

EXAMPLE Convert 9/5 to a mixed number.

STEP 1 Divide the numerator by the denominator.

1 quotient
divisor 59
5
4 remainder

STEP 2 Set the quotient (1) as the whole number. Set the remainder
(4) as the numerator and the divisor (5) as the denominator.
4
1 5

Let’s Review

Convert the following improper fractions to mixed numbers.

1. 23/7 ______________________________________

2. 11/3 ______________________________________

Compare your answers with those found in the Answer Key on pages 42–
43.

Let’s Remember

 Proper fractions are fractions whose numerators are smaller

than their denominators.

 Improper fractions are fractions whose numerators are bigger

than their denominators.

 Mixed numbers consist of a whole number and a fraction.

27
 Let’s See What You Have Learned

Congratulations, you have reached the last part of the third lesson! All you
have to do now is take a test. This will determine how much you have learned
from what was taught in this lesson. Good luck!

1. A sack of flour can hold 10 kilos.

a. How many sacks of flour are needed if the bakery would

consume 43 kilos of flour? Express your answer in mixed
numbers. (2 points)

b. Convert the mixed numbers into improper fraction. (2 points)

2. Convert 2 5/11 to an improper fraction. (2 points)

2
 3. Convert 43/9 to a mixed numbers. (2 points)

4. The length of a book is being measured in inches.

a. What is its length? (2 points)

________________________________________________

b. Convert your answer in (a) to an improper fraction. (2 points)

Compare your answers with those found in the Answer Key on pages 43–
45.

29
If your test score is from:

0–6 You have to study this lesson again.

7–9 Review the topics which you did not understand.

10 – 12 Excellent! You have understood the lesson well.

Let’s Sum Up
 Fractions are used to express parts of a whole.

 Fractions can be simplified to the lowest terms.

 Similar fractions can be compared by looking at the value of

their numerators; the higher the value of the numerator, the
higher is the value of the fraction.

 To convert fractions to decimal form, divide the numerator of

the fraction by its denominator.

 Proper fractions are fractions whose numerators are smaller than

their denominators.

 Improper fractions are fractions whose numerators are bigger

than their denominators.

 Mixed numbers consist of a whole number and a fraction.

What Have You Learned?

1. Simplify 15/21 to the lowest terms. (2 points)

3
2. A 6-hectare piece of land is divided among three brothers. 3/6 of the
land belongs to Teban, 2/6 belongs to Andy and 1/6 belongs to Berto.
Divide the land according to the share each brother gets.

a. Draw vertical lines over the portion of land that Teban

gets. (1 point)
b. Draw horizontal lines over the portion of land that Andy
gets. (1 point)
c. Draw slanted lines over the portion of land that Berto
gets. (1 point)

3. Aling Tina cooked omelet for breakfast. The tray has a dozen eggs.

The shaded portion represents the number of eggs Aling Tina used
for cooking omelet. What portion of the eggs did she use? Express
your answer in fractions. (1 point)

___________________________________________________

4. Arrange the following fractions from the lowest to the

highest. (2 points)

7/12 ¾ 8/13 2/3

___________________________________________________

31
 5. Four friends thought of putting up a bakery. They needed money to
start the business. Lito provided 11/50 of the total capital, Rolly
provided 9/25 of the total capital, Max provided 3/20 of the total
capital and Dong provided 27/100 of the total capital.

a. Who among the four friends gave the largest amount? (2 points)
b. Who among the friends gave the smallest amount? (2 points)

6. Aling Marsha was making an inventory of the goods she was selling
at her sari-sari store. During the week, she was able to sell 233
bottles of soft drink. If a case of soft drink can carry 24 bottles, how
many cases of soft drink were consumed?

a. Express your answer in mixed numbers. (2 points)

b. Convert the mixed numbers to an improper fraction. (2 points)

Compare your answers with those found in the Answer Key on pages 45–
47.

3
If your test score is from:

0–8 You should study the whole module again.

9 – 13 Review the parts of the module which you did not understand.

14 – 16 Excellent! You have understood the lessons of this module

well.

33
 Answer Key

A. Let’s See What You Already Know (pages 2–3)

1. STEP 1 Determine the GCF of 21 and 35. To find the
GCF, list the prime factors of 21 and 35 and pair
the common factors.

Numerator: 21 = 3 ×7
Denominator: 35 = 5 ×7
GCF = 7

STEP 2 Divide the numerator and the denominator by the

GCF. New Numerator: 21 ÷ 7 = 3

New Denominator: 35 ÷ 7 = 5

STEP 3 The new numerator and the new denominator

now form the fraction in lowest terms.

New Numerator 3

New Denominator 5

2. 1234567
1234567
8
234567890123456
234567890123456
8
234567890123456
234567890123456
2345678
2345678
12345678901123456789012
12345678901123456789012
12345678901123456789012
8
234567890123456
12345678901123456789012
1234567 234567890123456
234567890123456
2345678 12345678901123456789012
1234567
234567890123456 23456789012 12345678901123456789012
8
234567890123456
234567890123456 23456789012 12345678901123456789012
1234567 8
234567890123456
234567890123456
23456789012 12345678901123456789012
1234567 8
234567890123456 23456789012 12345678901123456789012
234567890123456 23456789012 12345678901123456789012

3. STEP 1 Convert the fractions to decimal form. Divide

until three decimal places.

5 4 19
12 15 60

0.316
0.416 12 0.266 15 60 19.000
5.000 4.000 18.0
48 30 1 00
20 1 00 60
12 90 400
80 100 360
72 90 40
8 10

3
 STEP 2 Arrange the decimals from the highest to the lowest.

0.416; 0.316; 0.266

a. 0.416 is the highest, therefore, Niño gave the largest share.

b. 0.266 is the lowest, therefore, Billy gave the smallest share.

4. a. STEP 1 Divide 190 by 12.

15 quotient
divisor 12 190
12
70
60
10 remainder

STEP 2 Set the quotient (15) as the whole number. Set the
remainder (10) as the numerator and the divisor
(12) as the denominator.

5
10 or 15
15 12 6

b. Convert the mixed fraction to an improper fraction.

5
15
6

STEP 1 Multiply the whole number by the denominator.

15 × 6 = 90

STEP 2 Add the product in step 1 with the numerator. The

sum becomes the new numerator.

New numerator: 90 + 5 = 95

STEP 3 The improper fraction should consist of the new

numerator and the original denominator.

95
6

35
B. Lesson 1
Let’s Try This (page 7)

1. 5/8
2. 1/2

Let’s Try This (page 9)

Numerator Denominator
1. 7 8
2. 8 11
3. 2 13

Let’s Try This (page 10)

Illustration Symbols

2
4

3
8

2
3

1
5

3
Let’s Review (page 13)

1. STEP 1 Determine the GCF of 8 (numerator) and 18

(denominator). To find the GCF, list the prime factors
of 8 and 18 and pair the common factors.

Numerator: 8 = 2 × 2 × 2
Denominator: 18 = 2 × 3 × 3
GCF = 2

STEP 2 Divide the numerator (8) and the denominator (18) by

the GCF.

Numerator ÷ GCF = New Numerator

8 ÷ 2 = 4 New Numerator

Denominator ÷ GCF = New Denominator

18 ÷ 2 = 9 New Denominator

STEP 3 The new numerator and the new denominator now

form the fraction in lowest terms.

New Numerator 4
New Denominator  9
Therefore, 8/18 when simplified to its lowest term is 4/9.

2. STEP 1 Determine the GCF of 5 (numerator) and 35

(denominator). To find the GCF, list the prime factors
of 5 and 35 and pair the common factors.

Numerator: 5 =5
Denominator: 35 = 5 × 7
GCF = 5

STEP 2 Divide the numerator (5) and the denominator (35) by

the GCF.

Numerator ÷ GCF = New Numerator

5 ÷ 5 = 1 New Numerator

Denominator ÷ GCF = New Denominator

35 ÷ 5 = 7 New Denominator

37
 STEP 3 The new numerator and denominator now form
the fraction in lowest terms.

New Numerator 1
New Denominator  7
Therefore, 5/35 when simplified to its lowest term is 1/7.

Let’s See What You Have Learned (pages 14–15)

1. a. STEP 1 Determine the GCF of 14 (numerator) and 21

(denominator). To find the GCF, list the prime
factors of 14 and 21 and pair the common factors.

Numerator: 14 = 2 × 7
Denominator: 21 = 3 × 7
GCF = 7

STEP 2 Divide the numerator (14) and the denominator

(21) by the GCF.

Numerator ÷ GCF = New Numerator

14 ÷ 7 = 2 New Numerator

Denominator ÷ GCF = New Denominator

21 ÷ 7 = 3 New Denominator

STEP 3 The new numerator and the new denominator

now form the fraction in lowest terms.

New Numerator 2 or two-thirds

New Denominator 
3
Therefore, 14/21 when simplified to its lowest term
is 2/3.

b. STEP 1 Determine the GCF of 8 (numerator) and 14

(denominator). To find the GCF, list the prime
factors of 8 and 14 and pair the common factors.

Numerator: 8 = 2 × 2 × 2
Denominator: 14 = 2 ×7
GCF = 2

3
 STEP 2 Divide the numerator (8) and the denominator
(14) by the GCF.

Numerator ÷ GCF = New Numerator

8 ÷ 2 = 4 New Numerator

Denominator ÷ GCF = New Denominator

14 ÷ 2 = 7 New Denominator

STEP 3 The new numerator and the new denominator

now form the fraction in lowest terms.

New Numerator 4 or four-sevenths

New Denominator 
7
Therefore, 8/14 when simplified to its lowest term is
4/7.

2. 2/5
3. 3/8
4. 2345678
12345678
12345678901234
12345678901234
9
9
12345678 1234567890123412345678901234
12345678 123456789012349
12345678 123456789012349
12345678 123456789012349 12345678901234
12345678 234567890123456789092345678901234567890

12345678 92345678901234567890
2345678901234567890
92345678901234567890
12345678 2345678901234567890
92345678901234567890
12345678 9 2345678901234567890
2345678901234567890
12345678 2345678901234567890
2345678901234567890
2345678

5. Fractions are used to express parts of a whole. Fractions are

composed of a numerator and a denominator.

C. Lesson 2
Let’s Review (page 17)

1. 3/5 = 0.6 2. 4/5 = 0.8

0. quotient 0. quotient
denominator 65 numerator denominator 85 numerator
3.0 4.0
30 40
0 0

39
Let’s Review (page 19)

1. STEP 1 Convert the fractions to decimal form (up to two

decimal places)

2 3 7
3 5 10

0.7
0.66 3 0.6 5 10 7.00
2.00 3.0 7 00
18 30
20 0 0
18
2

STEP 2 Arrange the decimals from the highest to the lowest.

0.7; 0.66; 0.6

a. 7/10 or 0.7 is the highest, therefore, Aling Dolly bought

the largest amount of beef.

b. 3/5 or 0.6 is the lowest, therefore, Aling Malou bought

the least amount of beef.

2. 0.5; 0.16; 0.42; 0.44

2 1 3 4
4 6 7 9

0.5 0.16 0.4 0.44

4 2.0 6 1.00 27 9 4.00
20 60 3.00 36
0 40 28 40
36 20 36
4 14 4
6

Let’s Review (page 20)

1. Similar fractions are fractions that have the same

denominator. 2. 11/11; 8/11; 5/11; 3/11; 2/11

4
 Let’s See What You Have Learned (page 21)

1.
7 13 39
20 50 100

0.26 0.39
0.35 20 50 13.00 100 39.00
7.00 10 0 30.0
60 3 00 9 00
1 00 3 00 9 00
1 00 0 0
0
2. a. 5/6; 4/5; 2/3; 3/6
2 3 4 7
3 6 5 6

0.66 0.5 0.8 0.83

3 2.00 6 3.0 5 4.0 6 5.00
18 30 30 48
20 0 0 20
18 18
2 2

b. 5/7; 3/5; 2/4; 1/3

1 2 5 3
3 4 7 5

0.33 0.7
3 1.00 0.5 4 7 5.00 0.6 5
2.0 3.0
9 20 49 3.0
10 0 10 0
9 7
1 3

D. Lesson 3
Let’s Solve This Problem (page 23)

2¾

41
Let’s Review (pages 24–25)
5
1. a. 8 numerator
6 denominator

whole number

STEP 1 Multiply the whole number by the denominator.

Whole number × denominator = 8 × 6 = 48

STEP 2 Add the product in step 1 with the numerator. The

sum becomes the new numerator.

Product + numerator = new numerator

48 + 5 = 53

STEP 3 The improper fraction should consist of the new

numerator and the original denominator.

new numerator
53
improper fraction
denominator 6
As you can see, the whole number part is gone
and only the fraction part remains.

b) 4 numerator
5
7 denominator

whole number

STEP 1 Multiply the whole number by the denominator.

Whole number × denominator = 5 x 7 = 35

STEP 2 Add the product in step 1 with the numerator. The

sum becomes the new numerator.

Product + numerator = new numerator

35 + 4 = 39

STEP 3 The improper fraction should consist of the new

numerator and the original denominator.

4
 new numerator
39
improper fraction
denominator 7
As you can see, the whole number part is gone and
only the fraction part remains.

2. a. 3 1/8
1 numerator
b. 3
8 denominator

whole number

STEP 1 Multiply the whole number by the denominator.

Whole number × denominator = 3 × 8 = 24

STEP 2 Add the product in step 1 with the numerator. The

sum becomes the new numerator.

Product + numerator = new numerator

24 + 1 = 25

STEP 3 The improper fraction should consist of the new

numerator and the original denominator.
new numerator 25
denominator 8 improper fraction

As you can see, the whole number part is gone

and only the fraction part remains.

Let’s Review (page 26)

1. STEP 1 Divide the numerator by the denominator.

3 quotient
divisor 7 23
21
2 remainder

STEP 2 Set the quotient (3) as the whole number. Set the
remainder (2) as the numerator and the divisor (7) as
the denominator.
2
3
7
43
2. STEP 1 Divide the numerator by the denominator.
3 quotient
divisor 3 11
9
2 remainder

STEP 2 Set the quotient (3) as the whole number. Set the
remainder (2) as the numerator and the divisor (3) as
the denominator.
2
3
3

Let’s See What You Have Learned (pages 27–28)

1. a. STEP 1 Divide 43 kilos by 10 kilos.

4 quotient
divisor 10 43
40
3 remainder

STEP 2 Set the quotient (4) as the whole number. Set the
remainder (3) as the numerator and the divisor
(10) as the denominator.
3
4 10
3 numerator
b. 4
10 denominator

whole number

STEP 1 Multiply the whole number by the denominator.

Whole number × denominator = 4 × 10 = 40

STEP 2 Add the product in step 1 with the numerator. The sum
becomes the new numerator.

Product + numerator = new numerator

40 + 3 = 43

4
 STEP 3 The improper fraction should consist of the new
numerator and the original denominator.
new numerator 43
denominator 10 improper fraction

As you can see, the whole number part is gone and

only the fraction part remains.
5 numerator
2. 2
11 denominator

whole number

STEP 1 Multiply the whole number by the denominator.

Whole number × denominator = 2 × 11 = 22

STEP 2 Add the product in step 1 with the numerator. The sum
becomes the new numerator.

Product + numerator = new numerator

22 + 5 = 27

STEP 3 The improper fraction should consist of the new

numerator and the original denominator.
new numerator 27
denominator 11 improper fraction

As you can see, the whole number part is gone and

only the fraction part remains.

3) STEP 1 Divide the numerator by the denominator.

4 quotient
divisor 9 43
36
7 remainder

STEP 2 Set the quotient (4) as the whole number. Set the
remainder (7) as the numerator and the divisor (9) as
the denominator.
7
4
45
 9

4
 4. a. 6 ½ inches
1
b. 6 numerator
2
denominator

whole number

STEP 1 Multiply the whole number by the denominator.

Whole number × denominator = 6 × 2 = 12

STEP 2 Add the product in step 1 with the numerator. The

sum becomes the new numerator.

Product + numerator = new numerator

12 + 1 = 13

STEP 3 The improper fraction should consist of the new

numerator and the original denominator.

new numerator 13
improper fraction
denominator 2

As you can see, the whole number part is gone

and only the fraction part remains.

E. What Have You Learned? (pages 29–31)

1. STEP 1 Determine the GCF of 15 (numerator) and 21
(denominator). To find the GCF, list the prime factors
of 15 and 21 and pair the common factors.

Numerator: 15 = 3 × 5
Denominator: 21 = 3 × 7
GCF = 3

STEP 2 Divide the numerator (15) and the denominator (21)

by the GCF.
Numerator ÷ GCF = New Numerator
15 ÷ 2 = 5 New Numerator

Denominator ÷ GCF = New Denominator

21 ÷ 3 = 7 New Denominator

47
 STEP 3 The new numerator and the new denominator now
form the fraction in lowest terms.

New Numerator 5
New Denominator  7
Therefore, 15/21 when simplified to its lowest term is
5/7.
12345 12345678
12345678
6 12345
12345678123456
2 12345
12345
6
12345678
6
12345678
2345 23456 12345
2345
12345 23456123456
12345 6
23456123456
6
12345 23456123456
6

3. 5/12

4. 7/12; 8/13; 2/3; 3/4

7 3 8 2
12 4 13 3

0.75 0.66
0.58 12 4 3.00 0.61 13 3 2.00
7.00 28 8.00 1 8
60 20 78 20
1 00 20 20 18
96 0 13 2
4 7
5.
11 9 3 27
50 25 20 100

0.22 0.1 0.27

50 11.00 0.36 25 5 20 100 27.00
10 0 9.00 3.00 20.0
1 00 75 20 7 00
1 00 1 50 1 00 7 00
0 1 50 1 00 0
0 0

a. Rolly gave the largest amount.

b. Max gave the smallest amount.

4
6. a. STEP 1 Divide 233 by
24.
1 case 17
233 bottles  24 bottles  9 24

9 quotient
divisor 24 233
216
17 remainder

STEP 2 Set the quotient (9) as the whole number. Set the
remainder (17) as the numerator and the divisor
(24) as the denominator.
17
9
24

b. Convert the mixed fraction to an improper fraction. (1 point)

17 numerator
9 24 denominator

whole number

STEP 1 Multiply the whole number by the denominator.

Whole number × denominator = 9 × 24 = 216

STEP 2 Add the product in step 1 with the numerator. The

sum becomes the new numerator.

Product + numerator = new numerator

216 + 17 = 233

STEP 3 The improper fraction should consist of the new

numerator and the original denominator.
new numerator 233
improper fraction
denominator 24

49
 Glossary

Denominator The part of the fraction representing the total number of

equal parts out of the whole. It is placed at the lower portion of the
fraction

Greatest Common Factor It is the largest number that can be a divisor

of a group of numbers without producing a remainder

Improper Fraction A fraction whose numerator is larger than their

denominator; e.g., 8/5

Mixed Fraction Consists of a whole number and a fraction; e.g., 2 3/4

Numerator The part of the fraction representing the number of parts

selected from the whole. It is placed at the upper portion of the
fraction

Prime Factor A factor that cannot be simplified further. Its only factors
are 1 and itself; e.g., 5 is a prime factor because its only factors are 5
and 1.

Proper Fraction A fraction whose numerator is smaller than the

denominator.

References
Cariño, I. D. General Mathematics for High School 1. Pasig City: Anvil
Publishing, Inc. 1999.

Capitulo, F.M. Algebra: A Simplified Approach. Quezon City: National

Bookstore, Inc. 1997.

5
51