Julie Dianne B.

Dela Sierra BSED – Biological Sciences IV Practice Teaching

I. Objectives: At the end of the lesson, the students must be able to:
a. define what is a bacteria and identify terms related to bacteria such as: types of
bacteria, its structure, reproduction and transformation, food and oxygen requirements,
where they live, bacteria uses and hazards;
b. explain why bacteria is either beneficial or dangerous microorganisms;
c. perform a role play that shows activities that could either avoid or invite the presence
of bacteria;
d. express in front of the class the importance of a clean environment, good body hygiene,
intake of clean and healthy foods to avoid being infected with diseases caused by
bacteria.

II. Subject Matter: Bacteria

References : Brazier, Y. (2019, February 12) MedicalNewsToday, What are bacteria and what do they
do?, retrieved from [Link]
Gabey, A.E. (2015, July 8) Healthline, Bacteria, retrieved from
[Link]
Microbiology Society, Why Microbiology Matters, Bacteria, retrieved from
[Link]
[Link]
Materials: laptop, television, Manila paper, marker pen
Values Integration: Being aware and appreciate the impacts brought by bacteria.

III. Procedure: 4A’s

Teacher’s Activity Student’s Activity

A. Preparation
a. Drill
I have here flashcards. The things listed here
are jumbled letters of words that I know are
familiar to you. All you have to do is to analyze
what word I am raising on each flash card and
arrange the jumbled letters in order for you to
come up with the correct word/s. Am I Yes ma’am.
understood class? (Students possible answers)
(Jumbled letters in the flash card)
CELL WALL FLAGELLA and PILI
ELCL ALLW LFAGLLAE and ILIP
CYTOPLASM NUCLEOID PLASMID
CYOTLPAMS NCULIEOD LPAMSDI

b. Review
Wow! You did a great job in arranging the (Students clap their hands.)
jumbled letters to form the correct word!
These words are actually structures found
on a typical prokaryotic cell. Am I right? (shows Yes ma’am!
a picture of a prokaryotic cell with labels)
Alright then again can somebody tell me what A prokaryotic cell is a type of cell that does not have
prokaryotic cells are? Yes Cherry Mae? a true nucleus or membrane-bound organelles.

Exactly! Prokaryotes are microscopic unicellular They are single-cell organisms that can only be seen
organisms meaning? with the use of a microscope since they are very
small that it cannot be seen by the naked eye.
 Very good! Prokaryotes can be split into two Archaea and bacteria.
domains which are?

Yes! You are all correct! It seems that you still

remembered what we’ve discussed last meeting.

c. Motivation
Speaking of bacteria what comes into your
mind when you hear the word bacteria? Yes I think bacteria ma’am is a parasite that can cause
Allysa? various kinds of diseases.

I think bacteria are small organisms, dirty and

Okay! That’s a good idea! Another? Yes Eljun? harmful.
Okay, it is somewhat related to Allysa’s answer.
Both of your impressions of bacteria are correct.
Some of them could really cause diseases. How
about the good side of bacteria? Can you think I think bacteria play a great role in the process of
of any? Yes Regie? decomposition of biodegradable waste materials.
Correct Regie! Another? Yes John Rey? Bacteria also help in digesting our food in our
Exactly John Rey, you are correct. intestines.
Those are only few of the advantages that
bacteria can give. Do you want to know more Yes ma’am!
about bacteria?

B. Presentation
Listen to me attentively as we are going to
study about our topic for today which is about “BACTERIA”
BACTERIA. Everybody read.

C. Activity
I want the class to be divided into four
groups. Each group will be given a reading
material that will be the basis for your answers
that you need to fill out in the manila paper. A
member of the group must come here in front to
pick a topic from the rolled pieces of paper to
avoid any biases. Two topics will be assigned
for each group. After sorting it out, your group
must post your work on the board and select a
member to report in front of the class what you Yes ma’am!
have come up as a group. We will do this
activity for 10 minutes (reporting included). Am
I understood?

Topics that can be picked by a group are the

following:
 What are bacteria?
Types of bacteria
 Structure
Reproduction and transformation (Reporting of their output is done in front of the
 Food and oxygen requirement class.)
Where do bacteria live?
 Uses
Hazards
D. Analysis
Okay, thank you for your very Bacteria came from a Greek word “bakterion” which
comprehensive reporting. Now we will go back means “small staff or rod”.
and talk about what is bacteria. Anton Van Leeuwenhoek a Dutch Biologist was the
Based from your activity, where did the first to discover bacteria in 1676.
word bacteria came from? Yes Ginny? He described the microscopic organisms as “Streaks
and Threads” then alter invented the term
Okay! Who discovered bacteria? Yes Irene? “Animalcules”.

Alright! That is correct! Bacteria are tiny living

organisms, also called microorganisms. They are
not visible with the naked eye. They are
everywhere, both inside and outside our body.
Bacteria can live in a variety of environments,
from hot water to ice. Some bacteria are good
for our body, while others can make us sick. – Ma’am, the white colored bacterium has a round
A.E. Gabey (2015, July 8) shape.
Since we already described and defined Ma’am the bacterium on the center has a rod shape.
what are bacteria, let us take a closer look at
these photos and tell me the shape you see for Ma’am it is a spiral shaped bacterium.
each bacterium. (shows picture) Yes Leah Mae?

Okay, how about the picture at the center?

Correct! And the last one?

Yes! Very good! The shapes you just mentioned

are the three basic shapes of bacteria. The round
ball-like shape is called COCCI, Greek word
‘Kokko’ that means “berry”, the rod shaped
bacterium is called BACILLI, a latin term for a
staff or rod, and the spiral-shaped bacteria is
called SPIRILLA which is latin term for spiral.

There are many variations in each shape group.

For example the bacteria type bacillus, there is a
variant called VIBRIO where in the rod-shaped
structure is curved. It looks like a comma.
• Micro- 1 celled
In the bacteria type Spirilla there is a variant • Diplo – 2 celled
called SPIROCHETES where their coil is a very • Tetrad – 4 celled
tight spiral shape. • Sarcina – 8x celled
• Strepto – chain like
Bacteria can be classified through their • Staphylo – cluster or grape- like shape
arrangements too. Everybody read.

I noticed ma’am that the diplococci are shape in

pairs and bacillus are also linked end to end by pairs
too.
For example, DIPLOCOCCI,
DIPLOBACILLLLI. (shows picture)
What have you noticed on the picture? Yes
Anebie?

Exactly, because DIPLO in Greek word means

“double”.
Another is STREPTOCOCCI (shows picture)
these are cocci in chains. As you can see there They look like they are arranged in grape-like
are more than one coccus attached to each other. clusters.
It looks like a chain.
There is also STAPHYLOCOCCI. How can you
describe this? (shows picture)
Correct! These are just some of the ways to
classify bacteria. The structures of bacteria are capsule, cell wall,
plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, ribosomes,
Now let’s move on to the structure of the flagellum, and pili.
bacteria. Can you please enumerate all of them?
Yes Irene?

Okay the capsule promotes bacterial adhesion to

surfaces or interaction with other organisms; act
as a permeability barrier and as a virulence
factor which is a defense mechanism against
phagocytosis and/or as a nutrient reserve. The cell wall gives the bacteria its shape. It is located
outside the plasma membrane.
Cell wall is a layer that is made of a polymer
called peptidoglycan. What do you think is the
function of the cell wall? Yes Juramie?

Correct! The cell wall is thicker in some

bacteria, called Gram positive bacteria.

Plasma membrane is found within the cell

wall, this generates energy and transports
chemicals. The membrane is permeable, which
means that substances can pass through it. The structures inside the cytoplasm are the DNA
which contains all the genetic instructions used in
Cytoplasm is a gelatinous substance inside the the development and function of the bacterium.
plasma membrane. What are these structures Another is ribosomes this is where proteins are
inside the cytoplasm? Yes Irene? made, or synthesized. Ribosomes are complex
particles made up of RNA-rich granules.

Ma’am flagellum is used for movement, to propel

some types of bacteria.
This part here is called the flagellum (plural
flagella). What do you think is its function? Yes
Chona?

Exactly! It is for locomotion. There are some

bacteria that can have more than one. (shows
picture)
 Monotreichous – single polar flagellum
Example: Vibrio cholerae
 Amphitrichous – single flagellum on
both sides
 Example: Alkaligens faecalis
 Lophotrichous – tuft of flagella at one or
both sides.
Example: Sprillum
 Peritrichous - Numerous flagella all over
the bacterial body
Example: Salmonella Typhi

These pili are hair-like appendages on the From our activity earlier ma’am we have read that
outside of the cell which allow it to stick tobacteria reproduce through binary fission. An
surfaces and transfer genetic material to other
asexual form of reproduction, in which a cell
cells. This can contribute to the spread of illness
continues to grow until a new cell wall grows
in humans. If it is shorter it is called fimbriae.
through the center, forming two cells. These
separate, making two cells with the same genetic
How is it possible that a very small organism material.
would be able to reproduce? Yes Allysa?

Another way is through conjugation, ma’am

wherein the cilia of the bacterium connects to other
cilia of a bacterium then copies genetic material to
another. These process can make bacteria stronger
Very good Allysa! (shows picture of binary
and more able to resist threats, such as antibiotic
fission) What else? How do bacteria reproduce?
medication.
Yes Cherry mae?

For the food requirements bacteria can be classified

as:
Exactly! Those are ways on how bacteria a. Heterotrophic - get their energy through
reproduce. How about the food and oxygen consuming organic carbon. Most absorb dead
requirements of the bacteria? Yes Regie? organic material, such as decomposing flesh.
b. Parasitic – feed on living organisms.
c. Saprophytes – feed on non – living organic
materials.

Bacteria can be found in soil, water, plants, animals,

radioactive waste, deep in the earth’s crust, arctic ice
and glaciers, and hot springs. There are bacteria in
Where can we find bacteria? Yes John Rey? the stratosphere, between 6 and 30 miles up in the
atmosphere, and in the ocean depths, down to 32,800
feet or 10,000 meters deep.

Aerobes are bacteria that essentially require oxygen

for their very existence and growth Anaerobes do
not require oxygen for their existence and growth
like most of the bacteria found in the gastrointestinal
tract.

Speaking of anaerobes found in the

gastrointestinal tract, what particular job do they Ma’am bacteria in the digestive system break down
do there? Yes Juramie? nutrients, such as complex sugars, into forms the
body can use. These bacteria are Streptococci,
Lactobacilli and Staphylococci.

Correct! What else? What are other uses of Based from the activity we did earlier bacteria are
bacteria? Yes Irene? also involved in Nitrogen fixation and in food
 technology.
Yes! That is absolutely true. Bacteria have a lot
of relevance to us humans and to the
environment.
Despite all of these, bacteria could also be
hazardous which are also known as pathogens.
Base from your activity, in what way are these Pathogens produce toxins that interfere with protein
bacteria harmful? Yes Eljun? function deemed necessary by the host cell for
proper maintenance. These can cause diseases in
humans, such as cholera, diphtheria, dysentery,
bubonic plague, pneumonia, tuberculosis (TB),
typhoid, and many more.

Okay! So in what way can a pathogen infect a Ma’am through direct contact with people who are
person? Yes Chona? sick.

Ma’am from food, water, or other surfaces that are

Good! What else? Yes Juramie? contaminated.

Correct is it possible that a person could get Yes ma’am. For example, you could become
infected through indirect contact? infected if you come into contact with equipment
that has been touched by an ill person.

That is absolutely correct! Some pathogenic

bacteria also rely on insect carriers such as
mosquitoes, fleas, lice or ticks to move from
host to host.

If the human body is exposed to bacteria that the

body does not recognize as helpful, the immune
system will attack them. This reaction can lead
to the symptoms of swelling and inflammation
that we see, for example, in an infected wound.

These are some of the examples of helpful and

harmful bacteria:
Helpful Bacteria
Lactobacillus Helps reduce diarrhea
(rod-shaped) and help ingest dairy
products containing
lactose more easily.
Bifidobacterium Helps reduce diarrhea
(rods of Y or V) and MIBS (Mitigate
Irritable Bowel
Syndrome)
Propionibacterium Produces carbon
fruedenreichii dioxide bubbles
during aging, giving
swiss cheese its
holes.
Acidophilus When this bacteria is
placed in sugar rich
environment, they
begin to eat the
sugars then converts
it into various things,
 including lactic acid.

Harmful Bacteria
Streptococcus Responsible for
Pyogenes common human
diseases like sore
throats. Also
responsible for
serious conditions
like toxic shock
syndrome.
Escherichia Coli Cause of
gastrointestinal
diseases, diarrhea and
symptoms associated
with food poisoning.
Vibrio Cholerae Is responsible for the
outbreak of cholera,
killing many people
throughout history.
Enteritis Salmonella Most common cause
of food poisoning.
It mostly affects kids
and infants, causing
dehydration and
vomiting.
Salmonella Typhi Is uncommon in I practice ways to prevent diseases such as good
developed countries body hygiene, hand washing regularly and prepare
but is a big killer in foods properly by cleaning it thoroughly and cooking
underdeveloped ones. it the right way.
Symptoms include:
high fever, diarrhea,
vomiting.

In your own way, what do you do to avoid

diseases? Yes Ginny?

That is correct. If ever you get infected with a

bacterial disease, make sure to take your
medicine prescribed by the doctor by following
the instructions provided. Overuse of antibiotics
is making bacterial infection harder to treat. As
the bacteria mutate, they become more resistant
to existing antibiotics, making infections harder
to treat. Bacteria transform naturally, but the
overuse of antibiotics is speeding up this
process.

E. Abstract/Generalization

To sum up our discussion today, let us take

a look at this table:
What are bacteria?  Bacteria are tiny
living organisms,
also called
unicellular
microorganisms.
Some bacteria are
good for our body,
while others can
make us sick.

Types of bacteria Cocci

(based on shape) Bacilli
Spirilla

(Based on Micro- 1 celled

arrangement) Diplo – 2 celled
Tetrad – 4 celled
Sarcina – 8x celled
Strepto – chain like
Staphylo – cluster or
grape- like shape
Bacteria structures capsule, cell wall,
plasma membrane,
cytoplasm, DNA,
ribosomes, flagellum,
and pilli.
Food and oxygen Heterotrophic
requirement of bacteria
bacteria Parasites
Saprophytes
Autotrophic bacteria
Aerobes
anaerobes
Reproduction and Binary fission
transformation Conjugation
Transformation
transduction
Where can we find soil, water, plants,
bacteria? animals, radioactive
waste, deep in the
earth’s crust, arctic
ice and glaciers, and
hot springs. There are
bacteria in the
stratosphere, between
6 and 30 miles up in
the atmosphere, and
in the ocean depths,
down to 32,800 feet
or 10,000 meters
deep.
Uses Involved in the
digestive system
break down nutrients.
Nitrogen fixation
 Food technology
Hazards Some types of
bacteria can cause
diseases in humans,
such as cholera,
diphtheria, dysentery,
bubonic plague, Yes ma’am!
pneumonia, (Students perform the role play)
tuberculosis (TB),
typhoid, and many Ma’am I learned that it is important to practice good
more. body hygiene, I should wash my hands more often,
exercise regularly and eat healthy foods so that I
F. Application could protect myself and avoid from any kind of
From the same group I would like you to bacteria.
present a role play. Each group will have a
different scenario. It will either be a situation If a person is not conscious with the cleanliness of
wherein there is a practice of good hygiene, his /her environment it is more likely that he/she will
clean environment, and healthy habits to avoid attract the presence of bacteria and will make
infection of bacterial diseases. The other him/her sick. That’s why it is important to be aware
scenario will be bad hygiene practices, dirty of our surroundings and make it clean as much s
surroundings and unhealthy habits which would possible to avoid any contamination and will
invite the presence of bacteria. The point of this eliminate any parasites that bring infectious diseases.
activity is to show what would be the possible
results with the two scenarios.
We will do the toss coin for your different
scenarios. Every group will present for 3
minutes. Am I understood class?
Yes ma’am!
What did you learn from the presentation you None so far ma’am.
just did? Yes Irene?

Very good realization! Another? Yes John Rey?

Precisely! I am glad that you have pondered on

how important it is to take care of ourselves by
doing such practices that will help us protect
ourselves the diseases brought by the harmful
bacteria. Do you understand our lesson today
class?
Do you have any questions?
Okay then, to help me know if you really
learned from today’s discussion. Let us have a
quiz.

IV. Evaluation
 Read the questions carefully about bacteria. Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your
answers in a ¼ sheet of paper. (1 point each)

1. Bacteria can be found:

A. In yogurt, vitamins, and cheese
B. In the intestines of animals to help them digest food
C. On plant roots to help them turn nitrogen gas to usable nitrogen
D. All of the above

2. Bacteria can be which of the following shapes?

A. Bacillus, Spirilia, Canadiaus
B. Bacillus, Spirilia, Conpus
C. Bacillus, Spirilla, Coccus
D. Bacillus, Quadrain, Coccus

3.. This form of bacterial reproduction produces genetic clones of the original bacteria cell
A. Conjugation
B. Endospore production
C. Binary fission
D. Binary fusion

4. What is the main purpose of a flagella on a bacterial cell?

A. Obtaining and digesting food
B. Locomotion (movement)
C. Attaching to another cell for entry
D. It has no purpose, it is a vestigial structure

5. We heat up and refrigerate food because it helps to:

A. It helps us avoid bacterial growth that could make us ill
B. It helps us avoid viral growth that could make us ill
C. It allows us to prevent endospores from forming and being transported into the air
D. All of the above

6. In sexual reproduction (conjugation) bacteria exchange information through the _____ of the bacteria.
A. Flagella
B. Cell wall
C. Pilli
D. Capsule

7. A bacteria named Staphylobaccilus would be: (hint, what does staph mean and what does baccilus
mean?
A. Rod shaped and clustered
B. Rod shaped and in chains
C. Sphere shaped and clustered
D. Sphere shaped and in chains

8. Name these bacteria: Hint- it is round and in a chain form

A. Staphylococci
B. Streptococci
C. Diplococci
D. Staphylobaccillus

9. Gram Positive bacteria will stain:

A. Amber
 B. Brown
C. Pink
D. Purple

10. It is most effective to wash your hands

A. In warm water
B. In warm water with soap
C. In cold water
D. Any of the above is effective

V. Assignment:
In a one whole sheet of paper, list down through a Venn diagram the similarities and
differences of bacteria and fungi. To be passed next meeting. (50 points)