Chapter 1: General

Subject ASCE 7-16 ASCE 7-10 ASCE 7-05 Note

Buildings and other structures that represent low same as ASCE Buildings and other structures that represent low hazard to Overall, No
Risk risk to human life in the event of failure 7-16 human life in the event of failure (Agricultural/Certain change
category I temporary/ Minor storage facilities)  After clarifying
Risk category,
the importance
All buildings and other structures except those same as ASCE All buildings and other structures except those listed in factors should
be determined in
Risk listed in Risk Categories I, III, and IV 7-16 Occupancy categories I, III, and IV accordance with
category II Table 1.5-2

Risk For buildings and other structures: same as ASCE For buildings and other structures:
category III + The failure of which could pose a substantial risk 7-16 + That represent a substantial hazard to human life in the
to human life. event of failure
+ Not included in Risk category IV, the potential + Not included in Occupancy category IV, the potential
failure of which could affect substantial economic failure of which could affect substantial economic and
and disruption of day-to-day civilian life. disruption of day-to-day civilian life (Water treatment/
+ Not included in Risk category IV (including Sewage treatment facilities)
store/used/fuels/hazardous chemicals/hazardous + Not included in Occupancy category IV (including
store/used/fuels/hazardous chemicals/hazardous waste/
waste/ explosives facilities) containing toxic or
explosives facilities) containing toxic or explosive substances
explosive substances where the quality of materials where the quality of materials exceeds a threshold quality
established by the Authority Having Jurisdiction and to pose a
exceeds a threshold quality established by the
threat to the public if released.
Authority Having Jurisdiction and to pose a threat to - + Buildings and other structures containing toxic and
the public if released. explosive substances should be eligible for Occupancy
category II. If it releases of the toxic or explosive substances
 does not pose a threat to the public
+ Buildings and other structures designated as same as ASCE Buildings and other structures designated as essential
essential facilities. 7-16 facilities, including:
+ Buildings and other structures, the failure of which + Other public utility facilities required in an emergency
could pose a substantial hazard to the community + Ancillary structures (fuel storage tanks, fire water storage
(including store/use/dispose of such substances as tanks or other structure housing or supporting water, or other
hazardous fuels/hazardous chemicals/hazardous fire-suppression material or equipment) required for
waste) containing sufficient quantities of highly Occupancy category IV during an emergency.
toxic substances where the quantity of the material + Buildings and other structures, the failure of which could
exceeds a threshold quantity established by pose a substantial hazard to the community (including
Risk Authority Having Jurisdiction and to pose a threat to store/use/dispose of such substances as hazardous
category IV: the public if released. fuels/hazardous chemicals/hazardous waste) containing
+ Buildings and other structures required to maintain sufficient quantities of highly toxic substances where the
the functionality of other Risk category IV structure. quantity of the material exceeds a threshold quantity
established by Authority Having Jurisdiction
Note: Buildings and other structures containing + Buildings and other structures containing toxic and
toxic, highly toxic, or explosive substances should explosive substances should be eligible for Occupancy
be eligible for Risk category II, if it meets the category II. If it releases of the highly toxic substances does
requirement the Authority Having Jurisdiction in not pose a threat to the public. However, this reduced
Section 1.5.3 classification shall not be permitted, if the buildings or other
- structures function as essential facilities.

Chapter 2: Combinations of Loads

 Subject ASCE 7-16 ASCE 7-10 ASCE 7-05 Note
(1) 1.4D (1) 1.4D (1) 1.4D
(2) 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5(Lr or S or R) (2) 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5(Lr or S or R) (2) 1.2D + 1.6L + 0.5(Lr or S or - ASCE 7-10 and 7-16:
R) the factor of wind load
(3) 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (L or (3) 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (L or 0.5W) (3) 1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + (L is decreased from 1.6 to
0.5W) or 0.8W) 1.0 due to increasing
(4) 1.2D + 1.0W + L + 0.5(Lr or S or (4) 1.2D + 1.0W + L + 0.5(Lr or S or R) (4) 1.2D + 1.6W + L + 0.5(Lr or cycle wind
R) S or R) - ASCE 7-10 calibrates
(5) 0.9D + 1.0W (5) 0.9D + 1.0W (5) 0.9D + 1.6W the combination of
(6) 1.2D + Ev + Eh + L + 0.2S (6) 1.2D + 1.0E + L + 0.2S (6) 1.2D + 1.0E + L + 0.2S earthquake and more
(6) 1.2D + Ev + Emh + L + 0.2S details
LRFD (Load and (7) 0.9D – Ev + Eh (7) 0.9D + 1.0E (7) 0.9D + 1.0E
Resistance factor (7) 0.9D – Ev + Emh
design) Note: Note: Note:
- The load factor on L in - The load factor on L in combinations 3,4 - The load factor on L in
combinations (6) is permitted to and 6 is permitted to equal 0.5 for all combinations (3), (4), and (6) is
equal 0.5 for all occupancies, if Lo in occupancies, if Lo in Table 4-1 is less than permitted to equal 0.5 for all
Table 4.3-1 (Chapter 4) less than or or equal to 100 psf. occupancies, if Lo in table 4-1 is
equal to 100 psf. - In combinations 2,4, and 6, the less than or equal to 100 psf.
- In combination (6), the companion combination load S shall be taken as either - In combinations (2), (4), and
load S shall be taken as either the the flat roof snow load (pf) or the sloped (6), The combination load S
flat roof snow load (pf) or the sloped roof snow load (ps) shall be taken as either the flat
roof snow load (ps) roof snow load (pf) or the sloped
roof snow load (ps)
ASD (Allowable (1) D (1) D (1) D - ASCE 7-10 and 7-16:
Stress Design) (2) D + L (2) D + L (2) D + L
(3) D + (Lr or S or R) (3) D + (Lr or S or R) (3) D + (Lr or S or R)
(4) D + 0.75L + 0.75(Lr or S or
(4) D + 0.75L + 0.75(Lr or S or R) (4) D + 0.75L + 0.75(Lr or S or R)
R)
(5) D + (0.6W) the factor of wind load
(6) D – 0.7Ev+0.7Eh (5) D + (0.6W or 0.7E) (5) D + (W or 0.7E) is decreased 0.6 due to
(7) D – 0.7Ev + 0.7Emh increasing cycle wind
(8) D + 0.75L + 0.75(0.6W) + (6) D + 0.75L + 0.75 (0.6W) + 0.75 (Lr or S - ASCE 7-16 calibrates
0.75(Lr or S or R) or R) the combination of
(9) D + 0.525Ev + 0.525Eh +0.75L (6) D +0.75(W or 0.7E) +0.75L earthquake and more
+0.75S + 0.75 (Lr or S or R) details
(7) D + 0.75L +0 .75(0.7E) + 0.75S
(9) D + 0.525Ev + 0.525Ehm + 0.75L
+0.75S
(10) 0.6D + 0.6W (8) 0.6D+0.6W (7) 0.6D + W
(11) 0.6D – 0.7Ev + 0.7Eh
(9) 0.6D+ 0.7E (8) 0.6D + 0.7E
(11) 0.6D – 0.7Ev +0.7Emh
Note: Note: Note:
- In combination (9), the companion - In combination (4), (6) and (7), the - In combination (4) and (6), the
load S shall be taken as either the companion load S shall be taken as either companion load S shall be taken
flat roof snow load (pf) or the sloped the flat roof snow load (pf) or the sloped as either the flat roof snow load
roof snow load (ps) roof snow load (ps) (pf) or the sloped roof snow load
- For nonbuilding structures: (ps)
+ The wind load is determined from force
coefficients, Cf identified in Fig. 29.5-1,
29.5-2 and 29.5-3
 + The projected area contributing wind
force to a foundation element exceeds 1000
ft2 on either a vertical or a horizontal plane,
it shall be permitted to replace W with 0.9W
in combination (8) for design of the
foundation, excluding anchorage of the
structure to the foundation.

Chapter 4: Live load for Roof

Subject ASCE 7-16 ASCE 7-10 ASCE 7-05 Note

Ordinary flat, pitched, and Same as ASCE 7-16 Same as ASCE 7-16
Uniform, Lo psf (kN/m2): 20 (0.96)
curved roof
Roof areas used for assembly Same as ASCE 7-16 Same as ASCE 7-16
Uniform, Lo psf (kN/m2): 100 (4.7)
purposes
(Light) Uniform, Lo psf (kN/m2): 125
Storage warehouses (Shall be (6.0)
Same as ASCE 7-16 Same as ASCE 7-16
designed for heavier loads if (Heavy) Uniform, Lo psf (kN/m2):
required for anticipated storage) 250 (11.97) Basically, Live
loads of these
Note: Roof live load can be reduced as specified in Eq. (4.8-1) Note: Roof live load are permitted to be codes for roof are
or other controlling combinations of loads (as specified in reduced, as specified in Eq. 4-2 or other similar
Chapter 2), if fabric construction supported by a skeleton controlling combinations of load (as in
structure. In addition, in structures such as greenhouse, where Chapter 2), whichever produces the greater
special scaffolding is used as a work surface for workers and load. Moreover, greenhouse where special
materials during maintenance and repair operations, a lower roof scaffolding is used as a work surface for
load than specified in Eq. (4.8-1) shall not be used. workmen and materials during maintenance
and repair operation, a lower roof load than
specified in Eq.4-2 shall not be used.
Note: Snow load and live load can be reduced the factor in accordance with its own case

Chapter 7: Snow Load

 Subject ASCE 7-16 ASCE 7-10 ASCE 7-05 Note
Fig. 7.2-1 for the contiguous U.S and depending on the Overall, ASCE 7-
locations, design ground snow load is determined as
05/10/16 are the same.
follows: Fig.7-1 for the contiguous U.S
- Alaska : Table 7.2-1 However, ASCE 7-16
- Colorado: Table 7.2-2 and Table 7-1 for Alaska. And
Ground Snow Load (pg) illustrates Ground
- Idaho: Table 7.2-3 Site- specific case studies shall Same as ASCE 7-10
(lb/ft2) - Montana: Table 7.2-4 Snow Loads for
- Washington: Table 7.2-5 be made to determine ground
Selected Locations
- New Mexico: Table 7.2-6 snow loads in Fig. 7-1.
- Oregon: Table 7.2-7 more detailed than the
- New Hampshire: Table 7.2-8
others
Pf = 0.7CeCtIspg
Pf = 0.7CeCtIspg -Exporsure factor Ce: determined
Flat Roof Snow Loads - Exporsure factor Ce: determined from Table 7.3-1 from Table 7.2
(pf) (lb/ft2) (The exposure/terrain category for structure need to -Thermal factor Ct: determined Same as ASCE 7-10
be considered to obtain the factor) from table 7-3
(Roof slope ≤ 5o) - Thermal factor Ct: determined from table 7.3-2. - Importance factor Is:
- Importance factor Is: determined from table 1.5-2
determined from table 1.5-1
Minimum Snow Load
for Low- Slope Roofs Where pg ≤ 20 lb/ft2:
Pm = Is pg
(pm) (lb/ft2) Where pg > 20 lb/ft2
(Only apply to curved Pm = 20(Is) Same as ASCE 7-10
Same as ASCE 7-16
Note: the minimum roof snow load is separate
roofs where that vertical uniform load case. It need not be used in
angle from the eaves to determining or in combination with drift, sliding,
unbalanced, or partial loads.
the crown < 10o)
Sloped Roof Snow Ps = Cspf Same as ASCE 7-16 Same as ASCE 7-10
2 - pf denotes the flat roof snow load
Loads (ps) (lb/ft )
- Cs denotes the roof slope factor, including warm
roofs, cold roofs, curved roofs and multiple roofs that
determined from Fig 7.4-1 and Fig 7.4-2.
Note: Unbalanced Snow Loads for Dome Roofs.
- Unbalanced snow load shall be applied to domes and
Note: Unbalance
similar rounded structures. Note: Unbalance Snow Loads for
- Snow loads, determined in the same manner as for Snow Loads for
curved roofs in Section 7.6.2, should be applied to the Dome Roofs is the same as
Dome Roofs is the
downwind 90o sector in plan view. ASCE 7-16
- At both edges of this sector, the load shall decrease same as ASCE 7-10
linearly to zero over sections of 22.5o each. There shall
be no snow load on the remaining 225o upwind sector.

Chapter 26: Wind Loads: General Requirements

 Basically, to determine the basic parameters for determining wind loads on both Main Wind Force Resisting System
(MWFRS) and Components and Cladding (C&C), the procedure is illustrated as follows:

1) Basic wind speed V

2) Wind directionality factor, Kd
3) Exposure
4) Topographic factor Kzt
5) Ground elevation factor, Ke
6) Velocity pressure
7) Gust-effect factor
8) Enclosure classification
9) Internal pressure coefficient, GCpi

Subject ASCE 7-16 ASCE 7-10 ASCE 7-05 Note

1) Basic wind speed (V) - For Risk Category I, used Figs. - For Risk Category I buildings and The determination of design wind Estimation basic
26.5-1A-2A (Wind speeds correspond
structures – use 26.5-1C loads on buildings and other winds are
to 15% probability of exceedance in
50 years) (Wind speeds correspond to 15% structure shall be as give in Fig determined
probability of exceedance in 50 6.1. separately in three
- For Risk Category II, used Figs.
26.5-1B- 2B (Wind speeds years) codes due to the
correspond to 7% probability of
- For Risk Category II buildings and return period time
exceedance in 50 years)
structures – use Fig.26.5-1A (Wind
- For Risk Category III, used Figs. speeds correspond to 7% probability
26.5-1C-2C (Wind speeds correspond
to 3% probability of exceedance in of exceedance in 50 years)
50 years) - For Risk Category III and IV
- For Risk Category IV, used Figs.
26.5-1D-2D (Wind speeds correspond buildings and structures – use Fig.
 26.5-1B (Wind speeds correspond to
to 1.6% probability of exceedance
in 50 years) 3% probability of exceedance in 50
years)
2) Wind directionality
Determined from table 26.6-1 based Determined from table 6.4 based
factor, Kd Determined from table 26.6-1 based No change
on Structure Type on Structure Type on Structure Type

ASCE 7-10 and 16

Determined from table 6.1 based ignore this factor
3) Importance factor (I) Not considered Not considered on the building and structure because building
classification categories category has the
return-calculation
4) Exposure Exposure B: Same as ASCE 7-16 Same as ASCE 7-16 No change
- For buildings or other structures
with a mean roof height ≤ 30 ft
(9.1m), Exposure B shall be applied
where the ground surface roughness
(as defined Surface Roughness B),
prevails upwind direction for a
distance < 1500 ft (457m)

- For buildings or other structures

with a mean roof height > 30 ft
(9.1m), Exposure B shall be applied
where the ground surface roughness
(as defined Surface Roughness B),
prevails upwind direction for a
distance = max (2600 ft; 20h)

Exposure C:
- Exposure C shall apply for all cases
where Exposure B or D does not
apply.
 Exposure D:
- Exposure D shall be applied where
the ground surface roughness (as
defined Surface Roughness D),
prevails upwind direction for a
distance = max (5000 ft; 20h)
- Exposure D shall also apply where
the ground surface roughness
immediately upwind of the site is B
or C, and the site is within a distance
= max (600 ft; 20h)
5) Topographic factor Same as ASCE 7-16 Same as ASCE 7-16 No change
(1) Kzt = (1+K1K2K3)2
Kzt
The effect of Hills, Ridges and
Escarpments on Wind-Speed is taken
into consideration, If meeting all of the
following conditions:

- The hill, ridge, or escarpment is

isolated and unobstructed upwind by
other similar topographic feature in a
distance = min (100H; 2 miles)

- The hill, ridge, or escarpment

protrudes above the height of upwind
terrain features within a 2miles radius
in any quadrant by a factor of 2 or
more.

- The building or other structure is

located as shown in Fig. 26.8-1 in upper
0.5 of a hill or ridge or near the crest of
an escarpment.

- H/Lh ≥ 0.2
 - H ≥ 15 ft for Exposure C and D, and
60 ft for Exposure B.

(2) If locations of buildings and other

structrures DO NOT meet all the
conditions above => Kzt = 1.0
ASCE 7-16 takes
6) Ground elevation This factor can be determined from this factor into
table 26.9-1 based on Ground elevation
factor, Ke above Sea level. Not considered Not considered account due to
However, to be conservative, Ke is adjusting air
permitted to be take as 1.0 in all cases
density
2
qz = 0.00256 KzKztKdV2 (lb/ft2); V qz = 0.00256 KzKztKdV I
2 2
qz = 0.00256 KzKztKdKeV (lb/ft ); V (mi/h) (lb/ft2); V (mi/h)
(mi/h)
7) Velocity pressure Where, Kz is velocity pressure Where, Kz is velocity pressure
Where, Kz is velocity pressure exposure coefficient, determined
exposure coefficient, determined from from Table 6-3 based on
exposure coefficient, determined from
Table 26.10-1 based on Exposure Table 27.3-1 based on Exposure and Exposure and Height above
and Height above Ground level. Ground level.
Height above Ground level.

The gust-effect factor for a RIGID

The gust-effect factor for a RIGID building or other structure is
The gust-effect factor for a RIGID No change.
building or other structure is permitted permitted to be taken as 0.85.
building or other structure is to be taken as 0.85. Nevertheless, it
8) Gust-effect factor permitted to be taken as 0.85.
The gust-effect factor for a shall be
The gust-effect factor for a flexible
The gust-effect factor for a flexible flexible buildings or other determined, if
buildings or other structures shall be buildings or other structures shall be
structures shall be calculated by building is flexible
calculated by Eq. (26.11-10) calculated by Eq. (26.9-10)
Eq. (6-4)
9) Enclosure Based on the total area of openings in Same as ASCE 7-16 Same as ASCE 7-16 No change
each wall, that received positive
classification external pressure. All buildings are
classified as enclosed, partially
enclosed, partially open, or open.
10) Internal pressure
Herein tank is assumed enclosed
coefficient, GCpi buildings, thus internal pressure Same as ASCE 7-16 Same as ASCE 7-16 No change
coefficient (GCpi) = ± 0.18.

Note:

- The area of tank manway is normally 3.14 ft2 < 4 ft2. Thus, Tanks is assumed to be Building, Enclosed.
- Building is Low-Rise, if:
1) Mean roof height h ≤ 60 ft (18m)
2) Mean roof height h does not exceed least horizontal dimension.
(Mean roof height h = average (hmax + heave); if roof angle ≤ 10o, Mean roof height h = heave)

Chapter 29: Wind Loads on Building Appurtenances and Other Structures:

MWFRS (Directional Procedure)
Table 29.1-1 Steps to determine Wind Loads on MWFRS Table 29.1-2 Steps to determine Wind Loads on MWFRS
Rooftop Equipment and Other Structures (ASCE 7-16) Circular Bins, Silos, and Tanks (ASCE 7-16)
Step 1: Determine Risk Category of building or other Step 1: Determine Risk Category of structure; see Table 1.5-
structure (See table 1.5-1) 1
Step 2: Determine the basic wind speed (V) (See Figs. 26.5- Step 2: Determine the basic wind speed, V (see
1 and 26.5-2) Figs. 26.5-1 and 26.5-2)
Step 3: Determine wind load parameters: Step 3: Determine wind load parameters:
+ Wind directionality factor, Kd (see Section 26.6 and Table • Wind directionality factor, Kd (see Section 26.6 and Table
26.6-1) 26.6-1)
+ Exposure category B, C, or D (see Section 26.7) • Exposure category B, C, or D (see Section 26.7)
+ Topographic factor, Kzt (see Section 26.8 and Fig 26.8-1) • Topographic factor, Kzt (see Section 26.8 and Fig. 26.8-1)
+ Ground elevation factor, Ke (see Section 26.9 and table • Ground elevation factor, Ke (see Section 26.9 and Table
26.9-1) 26.9-1)
+ Gust-effect factor, G (see Section 26.11, except for roof • Enclosure classification (see Section 26.12)
top equipment) • Internal pressure coefficient, (GCpi) (see Table 26.13-1)
+ Combined (GCr) factor for rooftop equipment (see Section • Gust-effect factor, G (see Section 26.11)
29.4.1)
Step 4: Determine velocity pressure exposure coefficient Kz Step 4: Determine velocity pressure exposure coefficient, Kz
or Kh (see Table 26.10-1) or Kh (see Table 26.10-1)
Step 5: Determine velocity pressure qz or qh (see Eq. 26.10- Step 5: Determine velocity pressure qh (see Eq. 26.10-1)
1)
Step 6: Determine force coefficient, Cf except for rooftop Step 6: Determine force coefficient for walls (see Sections
equipment 29.4.2.1 and 29.4.2.4)
+ Chimneys, tanks (Fig.29.4-1)
+ Rooftop equipment, using combined (GCr) factors listed in
Section 29.4.1

Step 7: Calculate wind force, F or pressure, p Step 7: Determine external pressure coefficient (GCp) for
+ Eqs. (29.4-2) and (29.4-3) for roof top structures and roofs and
equipment undersides if elevated, see Sections 29.4.2.2 and 29.4.2.3
+ Eq. (29.4-1) for other structures
Step 8: Calculate wind force, F, or pressure, p:
• Eq. (29.4-1) for walls
 • Eq. (29.4-4) for roofs

Subject ASCE 7-16 ASCE 7-10 ASCE 7-05 Note

Rooftop Equipment and Other structures
F = qz G Cf Af (lb)
where,
- qz: velocity pressure evaluated at height z, as
1) Other structures defined in Section 26.10. of the centroid of area, Af
- G: gust-effect factor from Section 26.11 Same as ASCE 7-16 Same as ASCE 7-16
(Tanks)
- Cf force coefficient from Fig 29.4-1 for tanks
(Based on cross section and type of surface)
- Af: projected area normal to the wind except where
Cf is specified for the actual surface area, ft 2
ASCE 7-10 and 7-
1) The resultant lateral force (Fh) applied at a height 16 are basically the
above the roof surface ≥ the centroid of the projected
area (Af) The force on rooftop structures same. However,
Fh = qh(GCr) Af (lb) and equipment with h ≤ 60 ft ASCE 7-05 just
Where, (18.3m)
F = qz G Cf Af (lb) considers a force
(GCr) = 1.9, if Af < 0.1Bh
(GCr) shall be reduced linearly from 1.9 to 1.0, if Af is Same as ASCE 7-16
on rooftop only.
2) Rooftop structures and increased from (0.1Bh) to (Bh) Noted that: rooftop Where,

Equipment for Buildings with h ≤ 60 ft (GCr) = 1.9, if Af < 0.1Bh

2) The vertical uplift force (Fv):
Fv = qh(GCr) Ar (lb) (18.3m)
Where, (GCr) shall be reduced linearly
(GCr) = 1.5, if Af < 0.1Bh from 1.9 to 1.0, if Af is
(GCr) shall be reduced linearly from 1.5 to 1.0, if Af is increased from (0.1Bh) to (Bh)
increased from (0.1Bh) to (Bh)

Circular Solids, Silos, and Tanks:

Note: Special in ASCE 7-16: According to 29.4.2 section: Design Wind Loads: Circular Bins, Silos and Tanks with h (D) ≤ 120 ft (36.5 m) and
0.25 ≤ H/D ≤4.
+ Circular Bins, Silos, and Tanks should be treated as isolated structures, if center to center spacing (S) ≥ 2D (D is the diameter of structure)
+ Circular Bins, Silos, and Tanks should be treated as grouped structures, if (S) ≤ 1.25D.
- For intermediate spacings, linear interpolation of the Cp (or Cf) values shall be used.
Subject ASCE 7-16 ASCE 7-10 ASCE 7-05 Note
F = qzGCfAf (lb) An essential point
Cf denotes a drag coefficient, equals 0.63 based on is that ASCE 7-16
1) External Walls of projected walls (DH) is permitted to be used.
where, considers design
Isolated Circular Bins, + H/D is in the range of 0.25 to 4.0 and the cylinder Not considered Not considered
wind load for
Silos, and Tanks (diameter D) is standing on the ground or supported by
columns. Tanks. Meanwhile,
+ The clearance height (C) shall be ≤ the height of the the others do not.
solid cylinder (H)
p = qh (GCp – (GCpi)) (lb/ft2)
where,
2) Roofs of Isolated qh and (GCpi) are determined from Chapter 26.
Circular Bins, Silos, and G: fust-effect factor from Section 26.11 Not considered Not considered
Cp:
Tanks + is obtained from Fig. 29.4-5, if roof angle ≤ 10o
+ is obtained from Fig. 27.3-2, if roof angle > 10o

3) Determining Cp for
- If the clearance height (C) above ground ≤ the solid
undersides of isolated cylinder height (H), C = 0.8 and -0.6.
- If the clearance height (C) above ground ≤ 1/3 of H, Not considered Not considered
elevated circular Bins,
linearly interpolate between these values and Cp = 0
Silos, and Tanks. according to the ratio of C/h (as shown in Fig. 29.4-4)
4) Walls of Grouped
- The roof pressure coefficient (Cp), and drag force
Circular Bins, Silos, and coefficient (Cf) on projected walls shall be calculated Not considered Not considered
Tanks using Fig. 29.4-6

5) Roofs of Grouped - The net design pressures on the roofs shall be Not considered Not considered
determined Eq. 29.4-4 as follows:
Circular Bins, Silos, and
 p = qh (GCp – (GCpi)) (lb/ft2)

- The overall drag shall be calculated Eq. (29.4-1):

Tanks
F = qz GCfAf (lb)

Chapter 30: Wind Loads Components and Cladding

 Part 1: C&C Wind loads for Domed roofs Part 3: C&C Wind loads for Domed Part 7: C&C Wind loads for Circular Bins,
(Enclosed & Partially Enclosed) h ≤ 60 ft roofs (Enclosed & Partially Enclosed) h > Silos, and Tanks
(18.3m) (ASCE 7-16) 60 ft (18.3m) (ASCE 7-16) (ASCE 7-16)
Step 1: Determine Risk Category of building Step 1: Determine Risk Category of Step 1: Determine Risk Category of building
or other structure (See table 1.5-1) building or other structure (See table 1.5-1) or other structure (See table 1.5-1)
Step 2: Determine the basic wind speed (V) Step 2: Determine the basic wind speed (V) Step 2: Determine the basic wind speed (V)
(See Figs. 26.5-1 and 26.5-2) (See Figs. 26.5-1 and 26.5-2) (See Figs. 26.5-1 and 26.5-2)
Step 3: Determine wind load parameters: Step 3: Determine wind load parameters: Step 3: Determine wind load parameters:
+ Wind directionality factor, Kd (see Section + Wind directionality factor, Kd (see Section + Wind directionality factor, Kd (see Section
26.6 and Table 26.6-1) 26.6 and Table 26.6-1) 26.6 and Table 26.6-1)
+ Exposure category B, C, or D (see Section + Exposure category B, C, or D (see Section + Exposure category B, C, or D (see Section
26.7) 26.7) 26.7)
+ Topographic factor, Kzt (see Section 26.8 + Topographic factor, Kzt (see Section 26.8 + Topographic factor, Kzt (see Section 26.8
and Fig 26.8-1) and Fig 26.8-1) and Fig 26.8-1)
+ Ground elevation factor, Ke (see Section 26.9 + Ground elevation factor, Ke (see Section + Ground elevation factor, Ke (see Section
and table 26.9-1) 26.9 and table 26.9-1) 26.9 and table 26.9-1)
+ Enclosure classification (see Section 26.12) + Enclosure classification (see Section + Enclosure classification (see Section 26.12)
+ Internal pressure coefficient (GCpi) (see 26.12) + Internal pressure coefficient (GCpi) (see
Section 26.13 and Table 26.13-1) + Internal pressure coefficient (GCpi) (see Section 26.13 and Section 30.12.3)
Section 26.13 and Table 26.13-1)
Step 4: Determine velocity pressure exposure Step 4: Determine velocity pressure Step 4: Determine velocity pressure exposure
coefficient Kz or Kh (see Table 26.10-1) exposure coefficient Kz or Kh (see Table coefficient Kz or Kh (see Table 26.10-1)
26.10-1)
Step 5: Determine velocity pressure qh (see Step 5: Determine velocity pressure qh (see Step 5: Determine velocity pressure qh (see
Eq. 26.10-1) Eq. 26.10-1) Eq. 26.10-1)
Step 6: Determine external pressure Step 6: Determine external pressure Step 6: Determine external pressure
coefficient (GCp) coefficient (GCp) coefficient (GCp)
+ Domed roof (see Fig. 30.3-7) + Domed roof (see Fig. 30.3-7) + Walls: see Sections 30.12.2 and 30.12.6
+ Roofs: see Section 30.12.4 and 30.12.6

Step 7: Calculate pressure, p Step 7: Calculate pressure, p Step 7: Calculate wind pressure, p

p = qh [(GCp) – (GCpi)] (lb/ft2) p = q(GCp) – qi (GCpi) (lb/ft2) p = qh [(GCp) – (GCpi)] (lb/ft2)

 Subject ASCE 7-16 ASCE 7-10 ASCE 7-05 Note
Part 1: Low-Rise Buildings Same as ASCE 7-16 (just Same as ASCE 7-16 (just different
As shown in Table 30.3-1 above
different calculation for
h ≤ 60 ft (18.3m) calculation for velocity)
velocity)
Part 3: Buildings with h > Same as ASCE 7-16 (just Same as ASCE 7-16 (just different
As shown in Table 30.5-1 above
different calculation for
60 ft (18.3m) calculation for velocity)
velocity)
Part 7: Circular Bins, Silos, Tanks
The external pressure on the walls of
1) External Walls of Circular Bins, Silos, and Tanks is
Isolated Circular Bins, determined in Eq. 30.2-2 based on the Not considered
Not considered
angle form the wind direction to appoint
Silos, and Tanks on the wall of the structures.

2) Internal Surface of
The pressure on the internal surface of
Exterior Walls of Isolated
exterior walls open-topped structures Not considered
Not considered
Open-Topped Circular shall be determined as follows:
(GCpi) = -0.9 – 0.35 log10 (H/D)
Bins, Silos, and Tanks
The external pressures on the roofs of
structures shall be equal to (GCp) in Fig.
3) Roofs of isolated 30.12-2 for Zones 1,2,3, and 4.
Circular Bins, Silos, and Note: Not considered
Not considered
+ Zone 3 is applicable to the windward
Tanks edges of roofs with slope ≤ 30o
+ Zone 4 is applicable to the region near
the cone apex of roofs with slope > 15o
4) Undersides of Isolated (GCp) values for the undersides of
elevated structures shall be taken as: (in
Elevated Circular Bins, Fig. 30.12-2) Not considered Not considered
Silos, and Tanks + 1.2 and -0.9 for Zone 3
+ 0.8 and -0.6 for Zone 1 and 2
 GCp) values for the undersides of
5) Roofs and Walls of elevated structures shall be taken as:
Grouped Circular Bins, + For Zones 1,2,3a,3b, and 4 for roofs in Not considered
Not considered
Fig. 30.12-3
Silos, and Tanks + For Zones 5a, 5b,8, and 9 for walls in
Fig. 30.12-4.

Chapter 11: Seismic Design Criteria

Subject ASCE 7-16 ASCE 7-10 ASCE 7-05
Purpose: Design Response
Spectrum
Determined in Figs. 22-1, 22-3, 22-5, 22-6, 22-7, and 22-8
1) Spectral response accelerations
Same as ASCE 7-16 Same as ASCE 7-16
in short period 0.2 second (Ss) - Note: Ss ≤ 0.15, the structure is permitted to be assigned to
Seismic Design Category A
Determined in Figs. 22-2, 22-4, 22-5, 22-6, 22-7, and 22-8
2) Spectral response accelerations
Same as ASCE 7-16 Same as ASCE 7-16
at 1 second (S1) - Note: S1 ≤ 0.04, the structure is permitted to be assigned to
Seismic Design Category A
Based on the site soil properties at location, the Site Class should
3) Site Class be classified as A, B, C, D, E, or F. Same as ASCE 7-16 Same as ASCE 7-16
If the soil properties are not known in sufficient detail to determine
the site class, Site Class D is selected as the default.
The MCER spectral response acceleration parameters for short
4) Ste Coefficients and Risk- period (SMS) and at 1s (SM1), adjusted for site class effects:
Targeted Maximum Considered
SMS = Fa Ss Same as ASCE 7-16 Same as ASCE 7-16
Earthquake (MCER) Spectral SM1 = FvS1
where,
Response Acceleration Parameters
Fa and Fv are determined in Tables 11.4-1 and 11.4-2, respectively.
Note: If Site Class D is selected, the value of Fa shall not < 1.2.
Design earthquake spectral response acceleration parameters at
5) Design Spectral Acceleration short periods (SDS), and at 1-s period (SD1).
Same as ASCE 7-16 Same as ASCE 7-16
Parameters
SDS = 2/3 SMS
SD1 = 2/3 SM1
6) Design Response Spectrum - If T < T0: Same as ASCE 7-16 Same as ASCE 7-16

 Sa = SDS (0.4+0.6T/T0)

- If T0 ≤ T ≤ TS

 Sa = SDS

- If TS ≤ T ≤ TL
  Sa = SD1/T

- If T > TL

 Sa = SD1TL/T2

Where,

T : the fundamental period of the structure (s)

T0 = 0.2 (SD1/SDS)
TS = SD1/SDS
TL : long-period transition period (s), determined in Figs. 22-14
though 22-17.

Note: where MCER response spectrum is required, it shall be

determined by multiplying design response spectrum by 1.5

- Risk Category I, II, or III structures located where the mapped, S1

≥ 0.75 => Assigned to Seismic Design Category E
7) Seismic design category Same as ASCE 7-16 Same as ASCE 7-16
- Risk Category IV structures located where the mapped S1 ≥ 0.75
=> Assigned to Seismic Design Category F
8) MCER Vertical Response - For Tv ≤ 0.025s Not considered Lateral Forces: In each
Spectrum direction, the static lateral
 SaMv = 0.3Cv SMS
forces at tall levels shall
For 0.025s < Tv ≤ 0.05s be applied
 SaMv = 20CvSMS (Tv – 0.025) +0.3CvSMS simultaneously. For
purposes of analysis, the
For 0.05s < Tv ≤ 0.15s
force at each level shall
 SaMv = 0.8Cv SMS be determined as follows:

For 0.15s < Tv ≤ 2.0s

Fx = 0.01wx
 Where.
Fx denotes the design
0.75
 SaMv = 0.8Cv SMS (0.15/Tv) lateral force applied at
Where,
story x
Cv is determined in Table 11.9-1, in terms of Ss and Site class
Tv: the vertical period of vibration wx denotes the portion of
the total dead load of the
structure (D), located or
assigned to Level x
9) Design Vertical Response The design vertical response spectral acceleration shall be taken:
Not considered
Spectrum
Sav = 2/3 SaMv

Chapter 15: Seismic Design Requirements for Nonbuilding Structures

Subject ASCE 7-16 ASCE 7-10 ASCE 7-05
Hydrodynamic and The increase in hydrostatic pressured caused by the L = 0.2SDS L Same as ASCE 7-10
vertical excitation of the contained liquid shall correspond
lateral forces in non-
 to an effective increase in unit weight,
cylindrical tank walls L = 0.4Sav L
(Sav is taken as the peak of the vertical response spectrum)
In a cylindrical tank wall, the hoop force per unit height
(Nh) at the height y from the base associated with the
Hydrodynamic hoop vertical excitation of the contained liquid, shall be
computed as follows:
forces in cylindrical Nh = [Sav L (HL – y) (Di/2)]/R Nh =0.2 [SDS L (HL – y) (Di/2)] Same as ASCE 7-10
tank walls (The hoop force associated with the vertical excitation of
the liquid shall be combined with the impulsive and
convective components by the direct sum or SRRS
method)
Vertical inertia forces
Vertical inertia forces associated with the vertical
in cylindrical and acceleration = 0.4 SavW vertical inertia focres = 0.2 SDSW Same as ASCE 7-10
rectangular tank walls
- The connection of the anchors to the tank or vessel shall
be designed to develop the lesser of the strength of the
anchor in tension as determined by Ω0 times the calculated
anchor design force

Strength and Ductility - In support towers for tanks and vessels, where the Same as ASCE 7-16 Same as ASCE 7-10
support tower is integral with the tank or vessel,
compression struts that resist the reaction forces from
tension braces shall be designed to resist the lesser of the
yield load of the brace, AgFy or Ω0 times the calculated
tension load in the brace.

Ground-Supported General: Ground-supported, flat-bottom tanks storing General: General:

liquids shall be designed to resist the seismic forces
Storage Tanks for Same as ASCE 7-16 Same as ASCE 7-10
calculated using one of the following procedures:
Liquids 1) The seismic base shear is
- The base shear and overturning moment are calculated the combination of the
1) The seismic base shear is the impulsive and convective
as if the tank and the entire contents are a rigid mass
combination of the impulsive and components:
system per Section 15.4.2.
convective components:
- Tanks storing liquids in Risk category IV, or with D >
20 ft (6.1m). shall be designed to consider the Same as ASCE 7-16. Same as ASCE 7-10
hydrodynamic pressures of the liquid in determining the
2) Sloshing: Sloshing of the
equivalent lateral forces and lateral forces distribution. However, For Tc ≤ TL: Sac = 1.5SD1/Tc ≤
stored liquid shall be taken into
1.5SDS
account in the seismic design of
- The force and displacement requirements of Section 15.4
tanks:
are used.
2) Sloshing:
s = 0.5Di I Sac
1) The seismic base shear is the combination of the Same as ASCE 7-16
impulsive and convective components:
V = Vi + Vc 3) Sliding Resistance:
+ Vi = SaiWi /(R/Ie) 3) Sliding Resistance:
Same as ASCE 7-10
+ Vc = Sac IeWc /1.5
Same as ASCE 7-16
4) Local Shear Transfer
where,
4) Local Shear Transfer:
+ Sai: the spectral acceleration as a multiplier of gravity
including the site impulsive components at period Ti and Same as ASCE 7-10
5% damping.
Same as ASCE 7-16
For Ti ≤ Ts: Sai = SDS

For Ts < Ti ≤TL: Sai = SD1/Ti

For Ti > TL: Sai = SD1TL/T2i

+ Wi: impulsive wight (impulsive component of liquid,

roof and equipment, and internal elements)
+ Wc: the portion of the liquid weight sloshing.

+ Sac: the spectral acceleration of the sloshing liquid

(convective component) based on the sloshing period Tc
and 0.5% damping.

For Tc ≤ TL: Sac = 1.5SD1/Tc ≤ SDS

For Tc > TL: Sac = 1.5SD1TL/T2c

2) Sloshing: Sloshing of the stored liquid shall be taken
into account in the seismic design of tanks:

s = 0.42Di Ie Sac

a)
For cylindrical tanks, Di shall be inside diameter of the
tank
For rectangular tanks, Di shall be replaced by the
longitudinal plan dimension of the tank

b) For tanks in Risk Category IV, the Importance factor

shall be taken as 1.0

c) For tanks in risk Categories I, II, and III, the value of TL

is permitted to be set 4s, and Ie is used for tanks in Risk
Categories I.

3) Sliding Resistance: The transfer of the total lateral

shear force between the tank and the subgrade shall be
considered:

a) For flat-bottom steel tanks, the overall horizontal

seismic shear force is permitted to be resisted by friction
between the tank bottom and the foundation or subgrade.
The maximum calculated seismic bae shear (V) shall not
exceed: V < W tan 30o

b) No additional lateral anchorage is required for steel

tans designed in accordance with reference documents

c) The lateral shear transfer behavior for special tank

configuration (shovel bottoms pr tank on grillage) can be
unique and are beyond the scope of this standard.

4) Local Shear Transfer: Local transfer of the shear

from the roof to the wall and the wall of the tank into the
 base shall be considered.
For cylindrical tanks, the peak local tangential shear per
unit length shall be calculated by:
Vmax = 2V/πD
a) Welded Steel water storage tanks shall be designed in
accordance with the seismic requirements of
Water Storage and AWWA D100
Water Treatment Same as ASCE 7-16 Same as ASCE 7-16
b) Bolted Steel water storage structures shall be designed
Tanks in accordance with the seismic requirements of AWWA
D103

a) Welded Steel flat-bottom, ground supported

petrochemical tanks, industrial tanks storing liquids under
an internal pressure:
If internal pressure: ≤ 2.5psi (g) (17.2 kPa g) shall be
designed in accordance with the seismic requirements of
API 650.
Petrochemical and If 2 5psi (g) < internal pressure < 15 psi (g) shall be
Industrial Tanks designed in accordance with the seismic requirements of Same as ASCE 7-16 Same as ASCE 7-16
API 620.
Storing Liquids
b) Bolted Steel tanks are used for storage of production
liquids. API 12B covers the cover the material, design,
and erection requirements for vertical, cylindrical, and
above ground bolted tanks in nominal capacities of 100 to
10.000 barrels for production service.

Ground-Supported a) General: The intergranular behavior of the materials Same as ASCE 7-16 Same as ASCE 7-16
shall be considered in determining effective mass and load
Storage Tanks for
paths
Granular Materials + Increased lateral pressure (and the resulting hoop stress)
caused by loss of the intergranular friction of the materials
during seismic shaking
+ Increased hoop stresses generated from temperature
changes in the shell after the material has been compacted
+ Intergranular friction, which can transfer seismic shear
directly to the foundation.
 b) Lateral Force Determination: The lateral forces for
tanks storing granular materials at grade shall be
determined by the requirements and acceleration for short
period structures (SDS)

c) Force Distribution to Shell and Foundation

- Need to be considered 5 components as follows:
+ Increased Lateral Pressure
+ Effective Mass
+ Effective Density
+ Lateral Sliding
+ Combined Anchorage Systems
Elevated Tanks for a) Effective Mass: the design of the supporting tower or Same as ASCE 7-16 Same as ASCE 7-16
pedestal, anchorage, and foundation for seismic
Liquids and Granular
overturning shall assume that the materials stored is a
Materials rigid mass acting at the volumetric center of gravity.

b) P-Delta Effects:
+ The design drift determined by an elastic analysis
+ The based of the tank shall be assumed to be fixed
rotationally and laterally
+ Deflection caused by bending axial tension or
compression shall be considered. For pedestal tanks with
H/D < 5, shear deformations of pedestal shall be
considered.
+ The dead load effects of roof-mounted equipment or
platforms shall be included in the analysis.

c) Transfer of Lateral Forces into Support Tower.

+ The bracing shall be installed in such as manner as to
provide uniform resistance to the lateral load
+ The additional load in the brace caused by the
eccentricity between the post-to-tank attachment and the
line of action of the bracing shall be included
+ Eccentricity of compression strut line of action with
their attachment points shall be considered
+ the connection of post or leg with the foundation shall
be designed to resist both vertical and lateral resultant
from the yield load in the bracing.