TECHNICAL REPORT

ON
33KV/11KV
RECEIVING STATION

Presented by
. Fahad Irshad Bulbul
Under guidance of
Mohsib Sir (J.E)
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Fahad Irshad Bulbul of Dayananda Sagar

College of Engineering bearing USN: 1DS17EE033 Have
completed the practical training cum internship program during
the year 2020 in July for 6 weeks under my guidance in the
partial fulfilment of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in
Electrical and Electronics

Assistant Executive Engineer S.T.D 3 rd

Aijaz Sir subdivision 3rd
Bemina, Srinagar
ELECTRICAL SUBSTATION

A substation is type of grid where electrical supply from different power sources
an grouped and amended as per requirement to be transmitted. A substation is a
part of an electrical generation, transmission and distribution system. Substations
transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform any of several
other important functions. Between the generating station and consumer, electric
power may flow through several substations at different voltage levels. A
substation may include transformers to
change voltage levels between high transmission voltages
and lower distribution voltages, or at the interconnection of two different
transmission voltages. The
word substation comes from the days before the distribution system became a
grid . As central generation stations became larger, smaller generating plants
were converted to distribution stations, receiving their energy supply from a
larger plant instead of using their own generators.

INTRODUCTION
An electrical Network comprise of the following systems;
Generating Stations

• transmission Systems
• Receiving Stations
• Distribution System
• Load Points

In all these systems. the power flow of electrical energy takes place
through Electrical Substation. An Electrical Substation is an
Assemblage of electrical components including bus bars. switchgear,
power transformers. auxiliaries, etc. Basically an electrical substation
consists of a number of incoming circuits and outgoing circuits
connected to common bus bar system. Bus bars are conducting bars to
which a number of incoming or outgoing circuits are connected. Each
circuit has certain electrical components such as circuit-breakers.
isolators. Earthing switches. current transformers. voltage transformers
etc. These components are connected in a definite sequence such that a
circuit can be switched off or on during normal operation by
manual or remote command and also automatically during abnormal
conditions such as short-circuit. A substation receives electrical power
from generating station via incoming transmission lines and delivers
Electrical power via the outgoing transmission lines.

FUNCTIONS OF A SUBSTATION
Interconnection: Interconnecting different circuits of varying voltages
or different lines at the same voltage.

Operation: Configuring the electric system in order to direct the power

flow in an optimal manner.

Safety: Insulating those affected parts of the system after an electric

fault, thereby ensuring both the electrical safety and supply.

It must be pointed out that all substations perform these tasks.

Nevertheless, tasks aside, substations may vary in terms of the sizing
of power equipment and their physical makeup, in the size of the plot
of land, insulation distances, availability in the area, etc.
COMPONENT OF A RECIEVING STATION :

 Instrument Transformers
 Current Transformer
 Potential Transformer
 Conductors
 Insulators
 Isolators
 Busbars
 Lightning Arrestors
 Circuit Breakers
 Relays
 Capacitor Banks
 Batteries
 Wave Trapper
 Switchyard
 Metering and Indication Instruments
 Equipment for Carrier Current
 Prevention from Surge Voltage
 The Outgoing Feeders

Instrument Transformers:
The instrument transformer is a static device utilized for reduction
of higher currents and voltages for safe and practical usage which
are measurable with traditional instruments such as digital multi-
meter etc. The value range is from 1A to 5A and voltages such as
110V etc. The transformers are also used for actuation of AC
protective relay through supporting voltage and current.
Instrument transformers are shown in the figure below and its two
types are also discussed underneath.

 Current Transformer:
A current transformer is a gadget utilized for the
transformation of higher value currents into lower
values. It is utilized in an analogous manner to that of
AC instruments, control apparatus, and meters. These
are having lower current ratings and are used for
maintenance and installation of current relays for
protection purpose in substations.
Current transformers are used extensively for measuring
current and monitoring the operation of the power grid.
Along with voltage leads, revenue-grade CTs drive the
electrical utility's watthour meter on virtually every building
with three-phase service, and every residence with greater
than 200 amp service.

The CT is typically described by its current ratio from primary

to secondary. Often, multiple CTs are installed as a "stack"
for various uses. For example, protection devices and
revenue metering may use separate CTs; Depending upon
these cores a current transformer can function in:
• metering of power to track energy use
• monitoring of current flow through a circuit
• relay of power through an energy grid
Potential Transformer:
The potential transformers are similar in characteristics
as current transformers but are utilized for converting
high voltages to lower voltages for protection of relay
system and for lower rating metering of voltage
measurements.Voltage transformers (VT) or potential
transformers (PT) are another type of instrument
transformer, used for metering and protection in high-
voltage circuits. They are designed to present negligible load
to the supply being measured and to have a precise voltage
ratio to accurately step down high voltages so that metering
and protective relay equipment can be operated at a lower
potential. Typically the secondary of a voltage transformer is
rated for 69 V or 120 V at rated primary voltage, to match
the input ratings of protection relays. The transformer
winding high-voltage connection points are typically labeled
as H1, H2 (sometimes H0 if it is internally grounded) and X1, X2
and sometimes an X3 tap may be present. Sometimes a
second isolated winding (Y1, Y2, Y3) may also be available on
the same voltage transformer. The high side (primary) may
be connected phase to ground or phase to phase. The low
side (secondary) is usually phase to ground.
The terminal identifications (H1, X1, Y1, etc.) are often
referred to as polarity. This applies to current transformers
as well. At any instant terminals with the same suffix
numeral have the same polarity and phase. Correct
identification of terminals and wiring is essential for proper
operation of metering and protection relays.

Conductors:
Conductors are the materials which permit flow of electrons
through it. The best conductors are copper and aluminum etc.
The conductors are utilized for transmission of energy from place
to place over substations. The most commonly used conductors for
over head lines are copper, aluminium, A.C.S.R etc.

• Copper is an ideal material for over head lines owing

to its high electrical conductivity and high tensile
strength. However, due to its higher cost and non
availability, it is rarely used for these purposes.

• Aluminum being cheap and light can be used instead

of copper. Due to low tensile strength aluminum
 conductors produce greater sag. This prohibits their
use for large spans and makes them unsuitable for
long distance transmission. In order to increase the
tensile strength, the aluminium conductor is
reinforced with core of galvanized steel wires. The
composite conductor thus obtained is known as steel
cored aluminium and is abbreviated as A.C.S.R

• Steel cored aluminium consists of a central core of

galvanized steel wire surrounded by a number of
aluminium strands. Usually, diameter of both steel
and aluminium wires is the same. The cross section of
the two metals are generally in the ratio of 1:6 but can
be modified to 1:4 in order to get more tensile
strength for the conductor. The result of

this composite conductor is that steel core takes

greater percentage of mechanical strength while
aluminium strands carry the bulk of the current.

Insulators:
The insulators are the materials which do not permit flow of
electrons through it. Insulators are resisting electric property.
There are numerous types of insulators such as shackle, strain
type, suspension type, and stray type etc. Insulators are used in
substations for avoiding contact with humans or short circuit.
TYPES OF INSULATORS:-
The successful operation of overhead line depends to
considerable extent upon proper selection of insulators.
There are several types of insulators but most commonly
used are pin type, suspension type, strain insulator and
shackle insulator.

• Pin type insulator:-

A pin type insulator is secured to the cross sectional arm
on the pole. There is a groove on the upper end of the
insulator for housing the conductor. The conductor passes
through the groove and is bound by the annealed wire of
same material as the conductor. Pin type insulators are used
for transmission and distribution of electric power at
voltages up to 33kv.

Beyond operating voltage of 33kv, the pin type insulator

becomes very bulky and hence uneconomical.

• Suspension type insulator:-

The cost of pin type insulator increases rapidly as working
voltage increases. Therefore, this type of insulator is not
economical beyond 33kv.For high voltages (>33kv), it is a
usual practice to use suspension type insulators. They
consist of a number of porcelain discs connected in series by
metal links in the form of string. The conductor is suspended
at the bottom end of this string while the other of the string
is secured to cross arm of the tower. Each unit or disc is
designed for low voltage, say 11kv.The number of discs in
series would obviously depend up on the working voltage.

• Strain insulators:-
When there is a dead end of the line or there is corner or
sharp curve the line is subjected to greater tension. In
 order to relieve the line of excessive tension, strain
insulators are used. For low voltage, shackle insulators
are used as strain insulators .However, for high voltage
transmission lines, strain insulators consists of an
assembly of suspension insulators. The discs of strain
insulators are used in the vertical planes. When the
tension in line is exceedingly high as at long river spans,
two or more strings are used in parallel.

Isolators:
The isolators in substations are mechanical switches which are
deployed for isolation of circuits when there is an interruption of
current. These are also known with the name of disconnected
switches operation under no-load conditions and are not fortified
with arc-quenching devices. These switches have no specific
current breaking value neither these have current making value.
These are mechanically operated switches.
Busbars:
The busbar is among the most important elements of the substation and is a conductor
which carries current to a point having numerous connections with it. The busbar is a
kind of electrical junction which has outgoing and incoming current paths. Whenever a
fault occurs in the busbar, entire components connected to that specific section should
be tripped for giving thorough isolation in a small time, for instance, 60ms for avoiding
danger rising due to conductor’s heat. These are of different types such as ring bus,
double bus, and single bus etc. A simple bus bar is shown in the figure below which is
considered as one of the most vital electrical substation components.

Busbar in Substation
The Lightning Arresters:
The lightning arresters can be considered as the first ever components of a substation.
These are having a function of protecting equipment of substation from high voltages
and are also limiting the amplitude and duration of the current’s flow. These are
connected amid earth and line i.e. connected in line with equipment in the substation.
These are meant for diversion of current to earth if any current surge appears hence by
protecting insulation as well as conductor from damages. These are of various types
and are distinguished based on duties.

Lightning Arrester
Circuit Breakers:
The circuit breakers are such type of switches utilized for closing or opening circuits at
the time when a fault occurs within the system. The circuit breaker has 2 mobile
contacts which are in OFF condition in normal situations. At the time when any fault
occurs in the system, a relay is sending the tripped command to the circuit breaker
which moves the contacts apart, hence avoiding any damage to the circuitry.
 Circuit Breaker in Substation
Relays:
Relays are a dedicated component of electrical substation equipment for the
protection of system against abnormal situations e.g. faults. Relays are basically
sensing gadgets which are devoted for sensing faults and are determining its location
as well as sending interruption message of tripped command to the specific point of the
circuit. A circuit breaker is falling apart its contacts after getting the command from
relays. These are protecting equipment from other damages as well such as fire, the
risk to human life, and removal of fault from a particular section of the substation.
Following is the substation component diagram is known as a relay.

Relays
Capacitor Banks:
The capacitor bank is defined as a set of numerous identical capacitors which are
connected either in parallel or series inside an enclosure and are utilized for the
correction of power factor as well as protection of circuitry of the substation. These are
acting like the source of reactive power and are thus reducing phase difference amid
current and voltage. These are increasing the capacity of ripple current of supply and
avoid unwanted selves in the substation system. The use of capacitor banks is an
economical technique for power factor maintenance and for correction of problems
related to power lag.

Capacitor Bank in Substation

Batteries:
Some of the important substation parts such as emergency lighting, relay system, and
automated control circuitry are operated through batteries. The size of the battery bank
is depending on the voltage required for operation of the DC circuit respectively. The
storage batteries are of two basic types i.e. acid-alkaline batteries and lead-acid
batteries. The lead acid batteries are of the most common type and used in substations
in abundance as these provide high voltages and are cheaper in cost.

Substation Batteries
Wave Trapper:
The wave trapper is one of the substation components which is placed on the
incoming lines for trapping of high-frequency waves. The high-frequency waves which
are coming from nearby substations or other localities are disturbing the current and
voltages, hence its trapping is of great importance. The wave trapper is basically
tripping high-frequency waves and is then diverting the waves into telecom panel.

Wave Trapper in Substation

Switchyard:
The switchyards, switches, circuit breakers, and transformers for the connection and
disconnection of transformers and circuit breakers. These are also having lighting
arrestors to protect the substation or power station from strokes of natural lighting.

SwitchYard
Metering and Indication Instruments:

There are numerous instruments for metering and indication in each substation such as
watt-meters, voltmeters, ammeters, power factor meters, kWh meters, volt-ampere
meters, and KVARH meters etc. These instruments are installed at different places
within substation for controlling and maintaining values of current and voltages. For
instance, 33/11KV substation equipment will comprise digital multi-meters for various
readings of currents and voltages.

Equipment for Carrier Current:

The equipment of carrier current is installed in the substation for the purpose of
communication, supervisory control, telemetry, and/or relaying etc. Such equipment is
often mounted on a room which is known as carrier room and is connected across the
power circuit of high voltages.

Prevention from Surge Voltage:

The transient of overvoltages substation system is because of inherent and natural
characteristics. There are several reasons for overvoltages which may be caused due to
a sudden alteration in conditions of the system e.g. load rejection, faults, or switching
operations etc. or because of lighting etc. The types of overvoltages can be classified
into two i.e. switching generated or lightning generated. However, the scale of
overvoltages could be over maximum allowable voltage levels, hence these are
required to be protected and reduced for avoiding damage to instruments, equipment,
and lines of a substation. In this way, the performance of the substation system can be
enhanced.

The Outgoing Feeders:

There are numerous outgoing feeders which are connected to that of substations.
Basically, the connection is with a bus of the substation for carrying power from the
substation to service points. The feeders can hug overhead streets, underground,
underneath streets, and are carrying electrical power to that of distribution transformers
at near or farther premises. The isolator in substation and breaker of the feeder are
considered as entities of the substation and are of metal-clad typically. Whenever a fault
is occurring in the feeder, the protection is detecting and the circuit breaker is opened.
After detection of fault through manual or automatic way, there are more than one
attempts for re-energizing the feeder.
THREE PHASE TRANSFORMER

The transformer may be defined as static piece of electrical apparatus which converts
electrical power from one circuit to the other circuits at the same frequency. This
transformation of energy is done due to faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction
through two windings, primary secondary.

Construction:-
It consists of followings parts:
• Conservator: It is a sort of a drum, mounted on a top of the transformer. It is
connected through a pipe to the transformer tank containing oil. This oil expands
and contracts depending upon heat produced & so oil level in the conservator rises
&falls.

2. Breather:
The breather is a box containing calcium chloride or silica gel to absorb moisture of air
entering the conservator.

3. Temperature gauge:
It is also a protecting device fitted to transformer to indicate the temperature of
transformer oil.
4. Explosion vent:
It is also a safety device of a transformer which protects the transformer tank from the
gases induced by any type of short circuit in the transformer.

5. Pipes:
These are fitted for cooling the transformer oil. The hot oil circulates through these
pipes where it becomes cool due to the air touching.

6. Buchholz Relay:
A Buchholz relay is a safety device sensing the accumulation of gas in large oilfilled
transformers, which will alarm on slow accumulation of gas or shut down the
transformer if gas is produced rapidly in the transformer oil. This relay is an actuated
relay which is meant for the protection of oil immersed transformer from insulation
failure, coil heating or any type of internal fault which may cause the heating of coil
beyond the specified temperature. This is situated in the pipe connected between
transformer &conservator.

7. Rod Gap Arrester:

Its function is same as that of a lightening arrester.

8. Fans:
These are meant for extra cooling. When temperature reaches 70°C then they
automatically gets on.

There are several types of cooling methods, they are as follows:

1 Air natural cooling:

In a dry type of self cooled transformers, thenatural circulation of surrounding air is

used for its cooling. This type of cooling is satisfactory for low voltage small

transformers.

2 Air blast cooling:

It is similar to that of dry type self cooled transformers with to addition that
continuous blast of filtered cool air is forced through the core and winding for better
cooling. A fan produces the blast.

3 Oil natural cooling:

Medium and large rating have their winding and core immersed in oil, which act both as
a cooling medium and an insulating medium. The heat produce in the cores and
winding is passed to the oil becomes lighter and rises to the top and place is
taken by cool oil from the bottom of the cooling tank.

4 Oil blast cooling:

In this type of cooling, forced air is directed over cooling elements of
transformers immersed in oil.

.5 Forced oil and forced air flow (OFB) cooling:

Oil is circulated from the top of the transformers tank to a cooling tank to a cooling
plant. Oil is then returned to the bottom of the tank.

6 Forced oil and water (OWF) cooling:

In this type of cooling oil flow with water cooling of the oil in external water
heat exchanger takes place. The water is circulated in cooling tubes in the heat

exchanger.

PROTECTION
Power system protection is a branch of electrical power engineering that deals with the
protection of electrical power systems from faults through the isolation of faulted parts
from the rest of the electrical network. The objective of a protection scheme is to keep
the power system stable by isolating only the components that are under fault, whilst
leaving as much of the network as possible still in operation. Thus, protection schemes
must apply a very pragmatic and pessimistic approach to clearing system faults. For this
reason, the technology and philosophies utilized in protection schemes can often be old
and wellestablished because they must be very reliable.

Protection systems usually comprise five components:

• Current and voltage transformers to step down the high voltages and currents of the
electrical power system to convenient levels for the relays to deal with;

• Relays to sense the fault and initiate a trip, or disconnection, order;

• Circuit breakers to open/close the system based on relay and auto recloser
commands;

• Batteries to provide power in case of power disconnection in the system.

• Communication channels to allow analysis of current and voltage at remote
terminals of a line and to allow remote tripping of equipment.

For parts of a distribution system, fuses are capable of both sensing and disconnecting
faults.

Failures may occur in each part, such as insulation failure, fallen or broken transmission
lines, incorrect operation of circuit breakers, short circuits and open circuits. Protection
devices are installed with the aims of protection of assets, and ensure continued supply
of energy. The three classes of protective devices are:

Protective devices:

• Protective relay for distribution networks:

• Protective relays control the tripping of the circuit breakers surrounding the faulted
part of the network

• Automatic operation, such as auto-reclosing or system restart

• Monitoring equipment which collects data on the system for post event analysis

While the operating quality of these devices, and especially of the protective relays, is
always critical, different strategies are considered for protecting the different parts of
the system. Very important equipment may have completely redundant and
independent protective systems, while a minor branch distribution line may have very
simple low-cost protection.

Types of protection:
Generator sets – In a power plant, the protective relays are intended to prevent damage
to alternators or of the transformers in case of abnormal conditions of operation, due to
internal failures, as well as insulating failures or regulation malfunctions. Such failures
are unusual, so the protective relays have to operate very rarely. If a protective relay
fails to detect a fault, the damage to the alternator or to the transformer may have
important financial consequences for the repair or replacement of equipment and the
value of the energy that otherwise would have been sold.

• High voltage transmission network – Protection on the transmission and distribution

serves two functions: Protection of plant and protection of the public (including
employees). At a basic level protection looks to disconnect equipment which
experience an overload or a connection to earth. Some items in substations such as
transformers may require additional protection based on temperature or gassing
among others.

• Overload – Overload protection requires a current transformer which simply

measures the current in a circuit. If this current exceeds a pre-determined level, a

circuit breaker or fuse should operate.

• Earth fault – Earth fault protection again requires current transformers and senses
an imbalance in a three-phase circuit. Normally a three-phase circuit is in balance, so
if a single (or multiple) phases are connected to earth an imbalance in current is
detected. If this imbalance exceeds a pre-determined value a circuit breaker should
operate.

• Distance – Distance protection detects both voltage and current. A fault on a circuit
will generally create a sag in the voltage level. If this voltage falls below a pre-
determined level and the current is above a certain level the circuit breaker should
operate. This is useful on long lines where if a fault was experienced at the end of
the line the impedance of the line itself may inhibit the rise in current. Since a
voltage sag is required to trigger the protection the current level can actually be set
below the normal load on the line.

• Back-up – At all times the objective of protection is to remove only the affected
portion of plant and nothing else. Sometimes this does not occur for various reasons
which can include:
• Mechanical failure of a circuit breaker to operate

• Incorrect protection setting

• Relay failures

A failure of primary protection will usually result in the operation of back-up

protection which will generally remove both the affected and unaffected items
of plant to remove the fault.

• Low-voltage networks – The low voltage network generally relies upon fuses or low-

voltage circuit breakers to remove both overload and earth faults.

METERING AND INDICATION EQUIPMENT:

1 RELAY:

In a power system it is inevitable that immediately or later some failure

does occur somewhere in the system. When a failure occurs on any part of
the system, it must be quickly
detected and disconnected from the system. Rapid disconnection of faulted
apparatus limits the amount of damage to it and prevents the effects of fault
from spreading into the system. For high voltage circuits relays are employed to
serve the desired function of automatic protective gear.
The relays detect the fault and supply the information to the circuit breaker.
The electrical quantities which may change under fault condition are voltage,
frequency, current, phase angl
e. When a short circuit occurs at any point on the transmission line the current
flowing in the line increases to the enormous value. This result in a heavy current
flow through the relay coil, causing the relay to operate by closing its
contacts. This in turn closes the trip circuit of the breaker making the circuit
breaker open and isolating the faulty section from the rest of the system. In
this way, the relay ensures the safety of the circuit equipment from the
damage and normal working of the healthy p ortion of the system. Basically
relay work on the following two main operating principles: 1: Electromagnetic
attraction relay
2:Electromagnetic induction relay

2: Relays used in control panel of the substation;

DIFFERENTIAL RELAY:

A differential relay is one that operates when vector difference of the two
or more electrical quantities exceeds a predetermined value. If this differential
quantity is equal or greater than the pickup value, the relay will operate and
open the c ircuit breaker to isolate the faulty section.

OVER CURRENT RELAY:

This type of relay works when current in the circuit exceeds the predetermined
value. The actuating source is the current in the circuit supplied to the relay
from a current transformer.
These relay are used on A.C. circuit only and can operate for
fault f low in the either direction.
This relay operates when phase to phase fault occurs.

AUXILIARY RELAY :

An auxiliary relay is used to indicate the fault by glowing bulb alert the employee.

DIGITAL Relay:
In utility and industrial electric power transmission and distribution systems, a
digital protective relay is a computer-based system with software-based protection
algorithms for the detection of electrical faults.[1] Such relays are also termed as
microprocessor type protective relays. They are functional replacements for
electro-mechanical protective relays and may include many protection functions in
one unit, as well as providing metering, communication, and self-test functions.
The digital protective relay is a protective relay that uses a microprocessor to
analyze power system voltages, currents or other process quantities for the
purpose of detection of faults in an electric power system or industrial process
system. A digital protective relay may also be called a "numeric protective relay".
Types:
• Overload protection relay:-
Electric motors need overcurrent protection to prevent damage from over-
loading the motor, or to protect against short circuits in connecting cables or
internal faults in the motor windings. One type of electric motor overload
protection relay is operated by a heating element in series with the electric
motor. The heat generated by the motor current heats a bimetallic strip or
melts solder, releasing a spring to operate contacts. Where the overload relay is
exposed to the same environment as the motor, a useful though crude
compensation for motor ambient temperature is provided.

• Over current relay:-

An "overcurrent relay" is a type of protective relay which operates when the
load current exceeds a preset value. The ANSI device number is 50 for an
instantaneous over current (IOC), 51 for a time over current (TOC). In a typical
application the overcurrent relay is connected to a current transformer and
calibrated to operate at or above a specific current level. When the relay
operates, one or more contacts will operate and energize to trip (open) a circuit
breaker.

• Distance relay:-
The most common form of protection on high voltage transmission systems is
distance relay protection. Power lines have set impedance per kilometer and
using this value and comparing voltage and current the distance to a fault can
be determined. The ANSI standard device number for a distance relay is 21.

• Buchholz relay:-
A Buchholz relay is a safety device sensing the accumulation of gas in large
oilfilled transformers, which will alarm on slow accumulation of gas or shut
down the transformer if gas is produced rapidly in the transformer oil.

• Earth fault relay:-

It is a relay which detects faults between metal and earth. Whenever there is
snap in the transmission line and the transmission line falls on to the earth
which results in the fault called earth fault. This type of fault is detected by

earth fault relay.

AHMADNAGAR RECIEVING STATION

Specifications

 33KV/11KV substation
 Two 6.3KV transformers
 Impedance voltage 7.31%
 No load loss of transformer is 6KW
 Load loss is 39KW
 On load gear rated current as 75A
 VCB as primary circuit breaker
 11KV incomer with CT ratio as 750/5A
 PTR as 11KV/110V
 Insulation level as 38KV/95KVP
 With normal current as 1250A
 Two outgoing feeders
 One with CT ratio as 300/5A other as 360/5A
 One station auxiliary with CTR as 150/5A
 Using Siemen Company relay for each feeder
 33KV Transf panel
 Control and relay panel having both digital as well as
analog relays
 Digital relay of Ashida company
 Has 3 O/C +EF with CT as 1/5A
 Station Having average load of 250A
 Having energy meters of L&T company
 Feeder VCB’s spring charge as well as manual charge

Protection System
NEW PROJECT AT RANGILL