Transformers

Lecture 14 | ELEN 20013

Kaycee B. Victorio, REE, RME
Department of Engineering Technology | PUP Manila
Discussion Outline
 Ideal Transformer Characteristics
 Transformer Ratings
 Impedance Ratio
 Types and Applications
 Autotransformer
 Transformer Losses and Efficiency
 No-Load Condition
 Coil Polarity
 Homework
 Next on our Flipped Class
 References and Further Readings
Ideal Transformer
Characteristics
 A TRANSFORMER is an electromagnetic
device having two or more stationary coils
coupled through a mutual flux.
 Magnetic coupling is used to transfer
electric energy from one coil to another.
 An ideal transformer is assumed to have:
 An infinitely permeable core with no losses
 Lossless electrical windings
 No leakage fluxes
  Primary coil received energy from an AC source.
 Secondary coil delivers energy to an AC load.
 Transformer action is based on Faraday’s law of
electromagnetic induction, which states, according to which
Ideal a time-varying flux linking a coil induces an emf in it.

Transformer  Low frequency transformer uses magnetic core material

(usually sheet steel).
Characteristics  Higher frequency transformer uses powdered Fe, ceramics,
or nonmagnetic materials as core.
 Some coils are wound on nonmagnetic hollow forms (e.g.
cardboard, plastics) so that the core material is air.
  The rms value of the induced emf in the primary is:
Ideal 𝐸1 =
𝜔𝑁𝑃 𝜙𝑚
= 4.44𝑓𝑁𝑃 𝜙𝑚
2
Transformer  where:
Characteristics  f = ω/2π is the frequency in Hz
 NP = no. of turns on primary
 φm = maximum flux
 1. The primary of a transformer has 200 turns and is excited by 60-
Hz, 200-V source. What is the maximum value of the core flux?
Ideal
Given NP = 200 turns
Transformer f = 60 Hz
Characteristics VP = 200 V
Find φM = ?
Sample Solution ωNP ϕm
E1 = = 4.44fNP ϕm = 200 = 4.44 ∗ 60 ∗ 200 ∗ ϕM
Problems 1 2
φM = 3.754 mWb
 2. A 60-Hz transformer having a 480-turn primary winding takes
80 W in power and 1.4 A in current at an input voltage of 120 V. If
Ideal the primary winding resistance is 0.25 Ω, determine the core
Transformer los, the no-load power factor, and maximum core flux (neglect
primary resistance and reactance drops).
Characteristics 3. An iron-core transformer has 400 primary turns and 100
Sample secondary turns. If the applied primary voltage is 240 Vrms at
60 Hz, find the peak magnetic flux.
Problems 1 4. If a 50-turn transformer winding has 120-Vrms applied voltage,
and if the peak coupling flux is 20 mWb, find the frequency of
the applied voltage.
Ideal Transformer
Characteristics
 The voltage on the coils of a
transformer is directly
proportional to the number of
turns on the coils.
𝑉𝑃 𝑁𝑃
𝑎= =
𝑉𝑆 𝑁𝑆
 where:
 a = turns ratio
 VP = V on primary coil (V)
 VS = V on secondary coil (V)
 NP = no. of turns on primary coil
 NS = no. of turns on secondary coil
Ideal Transformer
Characteristics
 VP/VS is called voltage ratio
 NP/NS is called turns ratio
 When VS > VP, the transformer is a
step-up transformer.
 When VP > VS, the transformer is a
step-down transformer
Ideal Transformer
Characteristics
 The current in the coils of a
transformer is inversely
proportional to the voltage on the
coils.
𝑉𝑃 𝑁𝑃 𝐼𝑠
𝑎= = =
𝑉𝑆 𝑁𝑆 𝐼𝑃
 where:
 IS = I in secondary coil (A)
 IP = I in secondary coil (A)
 1. What is the turns ratio of a transformer that has a 684-turns
primary winding and a 36-turn secondary winding?
Ideal
Given NP = 200 turns
Transformer NS = 36 turns
Characteristics Find a=?
𝑁𝑃 200
Sample Solution
𝑎=
𝑁𝑆
=
36
= 𝟓. 𝟓𝟓𝟔

Problems 2
 2. Find the turns ratio of a transformer that transforms the 12,470
V of a power line to the 240 V supplied to a house?
Ideal
3. What are the full-load primary and secondary currents of a
Transformer 25,000/240-V, 50-kVA transformer?
Characteristics 4. A power transformer with a voltage rating of 12,500/240 V has a
primary current rating of 50 A. Find the secondary current
Sample rating.
Problems 2 5. What is the turns ratio of a power transformer that has a 6.25-A
primary current while it has a 50-A secondary current?
Transformer
Ratings
• Transformer capacity
is rated in kVA.
• P in AC circuits
depends on power
factor (pf) and I of the
load, output rating in
kW must specify the
pf.
 1. What is the kilowatt output of a 5-kVA 2400/120-V transformer
serving loads with the following power factors: 100 percent, 80
Transformer percent, 40 percent? What is the rated output current of the
Rating transformer?
Given kVA rating = 5 kVA
Sample VP = 2400 V
Problems 3 Find
VS = 120 V
At pf = 1.00, PO = ?
At pf = 0.80, PO = ?
At pf = 0.40, PO = ?
IL = ?
Solution PO = PS = kvA ∗ pf
PO1 = 5k ∗ 1.00 = 𝟓. 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐤𝐖
PO2 = 5k ∗ 0.80 = 𝟒. 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐤𝐖
PO3 = 5k ∗ 0.40 = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐤𝐖
I L = IS
kVA rating = VS IS = 5k = 120 ∗ IS
IS = 41.667 A
 2. A power transformer with a voltage rating of 12,500/240 V has a
primary current rating of 50 A. Find the transformer kVA rating
Transformer and the secondary current rating.
Rating 3. A power transformer with a 13,200/480-V rating has a full-load
primary current rating of 152 A. Find the transformer kVA rating
Sample and full-loaf secondary current rating?
Problems 3
  Maximum P is transferred from one circuit to another when
impedances of the 2 circuits are equal or matched.
Impedance
 If 2 circuits have unequal impedances, a coupling transformer may
Ratio be used as an impedance-matching device between 2 circuit.
 Transformers can perform any impedance-matching function.
 Turns ratio establishes proper relationship between the ratio of
the primary and secondary winding impedances.
2
𝑁𝑃 𝑍𝑃
= =𝑎
𝑁𝑆 𝑍𝑆
 Where:
 NP = no. of turns on primary
 NS = no. of turns on secondary
 ZP = impedance of primary (Ω)
 ZS = impedance of secondary (Ω)
 1. Find the turns ratio of a transformer used to match a 14,000-Ω
load to a 400-Ω load.
Impedance
Ratio Given ZP = 14000 Ω
ZS = 400 Ω
Sample Find a=?

Problems 4 Solution
a=
NP
2
=
ZP
=
1400
= 𝟏. 𝟖𝟕𝟏
NS ZS 400
 2. Find the turns ratio of a transformer to match a 20-Ω load to a
72,000-Ω load.
Impedance
3. The secondary load of a step-down transformer with a turns-
Ratio ratio of 5:1 is 900 Ω. Find the impedance of the primary.
Sample 4. An iron-core transformer has 1500 primary turns and 500
secondary turns. A 12-Ω resistor is connected across the
Problems 4 secondary winding. Find the resistor voltage when the primary
current is 5 A.
5. The output stage an audio system has an output resistance of 2
kΩ. An output transformer provides resistance matching with a
6-Ω speaker. If this transformer has 400 primary turns, how
many secondary turns does it have?
 Air core transformer
Types and • Uses plastic or air as core,
• Absence of ferromagnetic core reduces losses
Applications: • Suitable for radio frequency current; lightweight
Based on Core
Iron core transformer
• Made of ferromagnetic material to increase magnetic field
• Use for heavy load application with low frequency
• Use for increasing or decreasing AC voltage levels

Ferrite core transformer

• Made of ferrite core and ferrite windings (non-conductive
ceramics with ferromagnetic compounds)
• High current resistivity, low eddy current losses over vast
frequency range, high permeability
 Step Up Transformer

Types and  Increases the voltage,

decreases the current from
Applications: primary to secondary side

Based on  Used in power transmission

over long distance to reduce
Voltage line losses, microwave ovens

Conversion Step Down Transformer

 Decreases the voltage,
increases the current in the
output side
 Used in distribution systems
to lower the voltage from
power lines to standard
consumer voltage, cellphone
chargers
 Power Transformer
Types and • Used in power transmission for efficient transmission
• Operating high above 33 kV and 200 MVA

Applications: • Huge in size and operate at maximum load with 100% efficiency

Based on its Distribution Transformer

• Used in distribution of electricity for household and commercial uses
Usage • Smaller in size and easy to install; low voltage and below 200 mVA
• efficiency below 70% they never operate in full-load

Isolation Transformer
• Isolating device from the power mains to prevent electric shock
• Made of special insulating material to support high AC voltages
• Suppress any noise or interference

Instrument Transformer
• Use to measure high voltage and current by stepping it down to safe ranges
• Current transformers measures very large current
• Potential transformer measyres high voltages
 Two Winding Transformer
Types and  Has two separate winding for
each phase
Applications:  Has fixed output voltage
Based on based on the turns ratio od
both windings
Windings
Autotransformer
 Has one winding per phase
which is divided into two
parts
 Has three tap points, two of
them are fixed while the third
one is variable tap point
 Can vary output voltage by
moving variable tap point
Types and Dry Type Transformer
Applications:  Cooling medium is air
Based on  Windings ae covered in epoxy
Insulation resin to protect it from
humidity
Used  Use large coils and windings
to compensate high
temperature and ratings
 Not available in ratings above
33 kV
 Regular inspection is required
to maintain working
condition
Types and Oil Immersed Transformer
Applications:  Uses combustible oil for
Based on cooling
 Used in high rating
Insulation transformer in harsh outdoor
Used environments
 Large because of oil tank and
humidity sensors
 Not suitable for indoor
environment because of
flammable liquid
 Single Phase Transformer

Types and  A two winding transformer

 Single phase application like
Applications: microwave oven, cellphone
Based on charger
Three Phase Transformer
Phase
 Has six windings, three are
primary, and other three are
secondary
 Has 12 terminals evenly
divided on both sides
considering star or delta
connection
 Used in power transmission &
distribution for domestic &
commercial uses
 Core Type Transformer
Types and • Designed to have two limbs for the separate windings
• Core is made of L-shaped laminations in square shape
Applications: • Maintenance inspection is more convenient because of
separation
Based on Core
Shell Type Transformer
Design • Made up of E and I-shaped lamination in rectangular shape
• Has three limbs, both windings are placed around the center
limb on top of each other
• Covers most of the area and surrounds the windings

Berry Type Transformer

• A shell type transformer but cylindrical in shape
• Has more than two independent magnetic circuits such that it
has distributed magnetic field
• Core construction is like spokes of a wheel
Autotransformer
 Autotransformer is a special type of power
transformer, consists of only one winding.
 By tapping, or connecting, at points along
the length of the winding, different voltages
may be obtained.
 Simplicity of autotransformer makes it
economical and space-saving.
 It does not provide electrical isolation
between windings.
 1. An autotransformer having 200 turns is connected t a 120-V
line. To obtain 24-V output, find the number of turns of the
Auto- secondary and the turn number at which the transformer
transformer should be tapped, counting from the top.
Given NP = 200 turns
Sample VP = 120 V
Problems 5 VS = 24 V
Find NS = ?
Turn number from top = ?
Solution NP VP
=
NS VS
VS 24
NS = NP = ∗ 200 = 𝟒𝟎 𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐧𝐬
VP 120
Turn number at which the transformer should be tapped at 160.
 2. What is the turns ratio of a two-winding transformer that can be
connect as a autotransformer of 500/350 kV?
Auto-
3. The step-down autotransformer at a power factor of unity is
transformer designed to deliver 240 V to a load of 5 kW, as shown below. The
autotransformer’s primary winding is connected to a 600-V
Sample source. Find the current in the load, the primary winding, and
Problems 5 secondary winding.
Transformer Losses and Efficiency

 Actual transformer have Cu losses and core losses, aside from stray losses and
dielectric losses.
 Copper loss is power lost in the primary and secondary windings due to the ohmic
resistance.
𝐶𝑢 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝐼𝑃2 𝑅𝑃 + 𝐼𝑆2 𝑅𝑆
 where:
 IP = primary current (A)
 IS = secondary current (A)
 RP = resistance of the primary winding (Ω)
 RS = resistance of the secondary winding (Ω)
Transformer Losses and Efficiency

 Core loss is caused by two factors: hysteresis loss and eddy-current loss.
 Hysteresis loss is the energy loss by reversing the magnetic field in the core as the
magnetizing current rises and falls and reverses direction.
 Eddy-current loss is the result of induced currents circulating in the core material.

 Cu loss in both windings are measures by wattmeter; wattmeter is placed in the

primary circuit while secondary is short-circuited.
 The voltage applied to the primary is increased until the rated full-load current is
flowing in the short-circuited secondary.
 Core loss may be determined by wattmeter in the primary circuit by applying rate
voltage to the primary with the secondary circuit open.
Transformer Losses and Efficiency

 Transformer efficiency is the ratio of the PO of the secondary winding to the PI of the
primary winding.
𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑆 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝑆 𝐼𝑆 𝑝𝑓
𝜂= = = =
𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑃 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 + 𝐶𝑢 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 + 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑉𝑆 𝐼𝑆 𝑝𝑓 + 𝐶𝑢 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠 + 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
 where
 η = transformer efficiency VS = voltage on the secondary (V)
 PS = PO from secondary (W) IS = current in the secondary (A)
 PP = PI from primary (W) pf = power factor of the load
Transformer
Losses and
Efficiency

 Ideal transformer delivers 100% efficiency.

 Due to core (Fe) and Cu losses, even the best transformer is less than
100% efficient.
 1. A 10:1 step down 5-kVA transformer has a full-load secondary
current rating of 50 A. A short-circuit test for copper load gives a
Transformer wattmeter reading of 100 W. If the resistance of the primary
Losses and winding is 0.6 Ω, find the resistance of the secondary winding
and the power loss in the secondary.
Efficiency Given a = 10:1
Sample kVA rating = 5 kVA
IS = 50 A
Problems 6 Cu loss = 100 W
RP = 0.6 Ω
Find RS = ?
PLoss = ?
Solution NP IS
a= =
NS IP
NS 1
IP = I = ∗ 50 = 𝟓. 𝟎𝟎𝟎 𝐀
NP S 10
Cu loss = IP2 R P + IS2 R S = 100 = 52 ∗ 0.6 + 502 ∗ R S
RS = 0.034 Ω
 2. An open-circuit test for core loss in the 5-kVA transformer if item
1 gives a reading of 70 W. If the pf of the load is 85 percent, find
Transformer the efficiency of the transformer at full load.
Losses and 3. What is the efficiency of a transformer if it draws 900 W and
delivers 600 W?
Efficiency
4. A transformer is 90 percent efficient. If it delivers 198 W from a
Sample 110-V line, find the power input and the primary current.
Problems 6 5. A transformer draws 160 W from a 120-V line and delivers 24 V
at 5A. Find its efficiency.
  If the secondary winding of a transformer is left open-circuited,
the IP is very low and is referred to as the no-load current (INL).
No-Load
 INL, also knows as the exciting current, produces the magnetic flux
Condition and supplies the hysteresis and eddy-current losses in the core.
 INL or IO consist of two components: magnetizing current IM and
the core-loss current IW.
Coil Polarity
 The symbol for a transformer gives no indication of the
phase of the voltage across the secondary since the phase
of that voltage depends on the direction of the windings
around the core (Fleming’s right-hand rule).
 Polarity dots are used to indicate the phase or primary
and secondary signals.
 Voltages are either in phase or 180o out of phase with
respect to the primary voltage.
  For your Problem Set No. 5, answer all even questions and
problems at the end of Chapter 2 Transformers of the book
Homework Electric Machinery Fundamentals (5ed) by Stephen Chapman.
 Deadline of submission of Problem Set No. 5 will be a week after
the flipped class. Submission must be done online through our FB
Group.
  Next discussion will be about Lecture 15 AC Generators and
Motors.
Next on our
Flipped Class
Transformers
Lecture 14 | ELEN 20013
Kaycee B. Victorio, REE, RME
Department of Engineering Technology | PUP Manila
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 Chapman, SJ (2012). Electric Machinery Fundamentals (5ed).
McGraw-Hill.
 Gussow, M (1983). Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of Basic
Electricity. The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
 Nasar, SA (1981). Schaum’s Outline of Theory and Problems of
Electric Machines and Electromechanics, 2ed. The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc.
 Siskind, CS (1979). Electrical Machines: Direct and Alternating Current
(2ed). McGraw-Hill, Inc.
 All images and illustrations, unless otherwise stated, are taken from
the internet and not property of the author.