CHAPTER

1 Integrals

Recap Notes
INDEFINITE INTEGRAL h ∫ cot x dx = log|sin x| + C
h Integration is the inverse process of differentiation.
h ∫ sec x dx = log|sec x + tan x| + C
i.e., d F(x) = f (x) ⇒ ∫ f (x) dx = F(x) + C ,
dx x π
= log tan  +  + C
where C is the constant of integration. 2 4
Integrals are also known as antiderivatives. h ∫ cosec x dx = log|cosec x – cot x| + C
Some Standard Integrals x
= log tan + C
2
h ∫ dx = x + C , where ‘ C ’ is the constant of
integration Properties of Indefinite Integral
(i)
n xn+1
∫ f ′(x)dx = f (x) + C
h
∫x dx =
n+1
+ C , where n ≠ –1

h ∫e
x
dx = e x + C
(ii) ∫ f (x)dx = ∫ g(x)dx + C , f and g are indefinite integrals
with the same derivative.
x ax
h ∫ a dx = + C , where a > 0 (iii) ∫ [ f (x) + g(x)] dx = ∫ f (x) dx + ∫ g(x) dx
log e a
1 (iv) k ⋅ f (x) dx = k f (x) dx , k being any real number.
h ∫ dx = log e |x|+ C , where x ≠ 0 ∫ ∫
x
METHODS OF INTEGRATION
h ∫ sinx dx = − cos x + C Integration by Substitution
h ∫ cosx dx = sin x + C h The given integral ∫ f (x) dx can be transformed
2 into another form by changing the independent
h
∫ sec x dx = tan x + C
variable x to t by substituting x = g(t).
2
h
∫ cosec x dx = −cot x + C Integrals Substitution

h ∫ sec x tan x dx = sec x + C ∫ f (ax + b)dx ax + b = t

h ∫ cosec x cot x dx = −cosec x + C ∫ f ( g(x))g′(x)dx g(x) = t

dx f ′(x)
h ∫ = sin −1 x + C = – cos–1x + C, ∫ dx f(x) = t
1−x 2 f (x)
 where |x| < 1
n
h ∫
dx
= tan–1x + C = – cot–1 x + C ∫ ( f (x)) f ′(x)dx f(x) = t
1 + x2
px + q = A(cx + d) + B.
h ∫
1
dx = sec–1 x + C = – cosec–1x + C,
∫ (px + q) cx + d dx
Find A and B by equating
2 px + q
 x x −1 where |x| > 1 or ∫ cx + d
dx coefficients of like powers
h ∫ tan xdx = log|sec x| + C = –log |cos x| + C of x on both sides.
 1 Integrals of Some Particular Functions
∫ (px + q) cx + d
dx or cx + d = t2
1 1 a+x
(i) ∫ a2 − x 2 dx = 2a log a − x +C
1
∫ (px 2 + qx + r ) cx + d
dx
1 x
(ii) ∫ dx = sin −1   + C
2 2 a
1 1 a −x
∫ 2
dx px + q =
t 1
( px + q) cx + dx + e
(iii) ∫ dx = log x + x 2 − a 2 + C
x 2 − a2
1 1
∫ 2 2
dx x=
t
and then c + dt2 = u2
1
( px + q) cx + d (iv) ∫ dx = log x + x 2 + a 2 + C
x + a2
2
px + q (px + q)
∫ ax 2 + bx + c dx or 1 1 x−a
=A
d
(ax 2 + bx + c ) + B
(v)
∫ x 2 − a2 dx = 2a log x + a + C
px + q dx
∫ dx
or 1 1 −1 x
ax 2 + bx + c (vi) ∫ dx = tan +C
x 2 + a2 a a
∫ (px + q) ax 2 + bx + c dx
Integration by Partial Fractions
Integration using Trigonometric Identities h If f ( x ) and g ( x ) are two polynomials such that
h When the integrand consists of trigonometric
deg f(x) ≥ deg g(x), then we divide f(x) by g(x).
functions, we use known identities to convert it into
a form which can be easily integrated. Some of the f (x) Remainder
\ = Quotient +
identities useful for this purpose are given below : g(x) g(x)
x
(i) 2 sin 2   = (1 − cos x) h If f(x) and g(x) are two polynomials such that the
2
degree of f(x) is less than the degree of g(x), then
x
(ii) 2 cos 2   = (1 + cos x) f (x)
2 we can evaluate ∫ dx by decomposing f (x)
g(x) g(x)
(iii) 2 sin x cos y = sin (x + y) + sin (x – y)
into partial fraction.
(iv) 2 cos x sin y = sin (x + y) – sin (x – y)
(v) 2 cos x cos y = cos (x + y) + cos (x – y) Form of the Rational Form of the Partial
(vi) 2 sin x sin y = cos (x – y) – cos (x + y) Function Fraction
h Some Special Substitutions px + q A B
,a ≠ b +
Expression Substitution (x − a)(x − b) x−a x−b
x = a sinq or a cosq px + q A B
a2 − x 2 +
x = a tanq or a cotq (x − a)2 x − a (x − a)2
a2 + x 2 or (a2 + x 2 )
px + q A B C
x = a secq or a cosecq + +
x 2 − a2 (x − a) 3 x − a (x − a) (x − a)3
2

a−x a+x x = a cos2q

or px 2 + qx + r A B C
a+x a−x + +
(x − a)(x − b)(x − c ) x−a x−b x−c
x a−x x = a sin2q or a cos2q
or px 2 + qx + r A B C
a−x x + +
2 2
x − a (x − a) (x − b)
(x − a) (x − b)
x a+x x = a tan2q or a cot2q
or
a+x x px 2 + qx + r A Bx + C
+
2 x − a x 2 + bx + c
a−x x−b x = a cos2 q + b sin2 q (x − a)(x + bx + c )
or
x−b a−x where x2 + bx + c can not
or (a − x)(x − b) be factorised further
Integration by Parts h Second Fundamental Theorem : Let f ( x ) be a
h If u and v are two differentiable functions of x, then continuous function in the closed interval [a, b] and
b
du 
∫ (uv) dx = u ⋅ ∫ vdx  − ∫ 
 dx ∫
⋅ vdx  dx .

F(x) be an integral of f(x), then ∫ f (x)dx = F(b) − F(a)
a

In order to choose 1st function, we take the letter EVALUATION OF DEFINITE INTEGRAL BY
which comes first in the word ILATE.
I – Inverse Trigonometric Function
SUBSTITUTION
L – Logarithmic Function h When definite integral is to be found by substitution,
A – Algebraic Function change the lower and upper limits of integration. If
T – Trigonometric Function substitution is t = f(x) and lower limit of integration
E – Exponential Function is a and upper limit is b, then new lower and upper
h Integral of the type limits will be f(a) and f(b) respectively.
x x
∫ e ( f (x) + f ′(x))dx = e f (x) + C
SOME PROPERTIES OF DEFINITE INTEGRALS
INTEGRALS OF SOME MORE TYPES b b

x 2 a2 x
(i) ∫a f (x)dx = ∫a f (t)dt
(i) ∫ a2 − x 2 dx = a − x 2 + sin −1   + C
2 2 a b a
2
(ii) ∫a f (x)dx = −∫b f (x)dx
x 2 2 a 2 2
(ii)
∫ x 2 − a 2 dx = x − a − log x + x − a + C a
2
2 In Particular ∫a f (x)dx = 0
x 2 a2
(iii) ∫ x 2 + a2 dx = x + a 2 + log x + x 2 + a 2 + C b c b
(iii) ∫ f (x)dx =∫ f (x)dx +∫ f (x)dx , where a < c < b
2 2 a a c

b b
DEFINITE INTEGRAL (iv) ∫a f (x)dx = ∫a f (a + b − x)dx
h Let F(x) be integral of f(x), then for any two values of
the independent variable x, say a and b, the difference a a
F(b) – F(a) is called the definite integral of f(x) from (v) ∫0 f (x)dx = ∫0 f (a − x)dx
b
a to b and is denoted by ∫ f (x)dx . 0 , if f (−x) = − f (x)
(vi) ∫ f (x)dx = 
a
a a
 ∫0
−a 2 f (x)dx , if f (−x) = f (x)
Here, x = a is the lower limit and x = b is the upper
limit of the integral. 2a a a
(vii) ∫0 f (x)dx = ∫ f (x)dx + ∫ f (2 a − x)dx
0 0
FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF CALCULUS
2a
 a
h First Fundamental Theorem : Let f(x) be a continuous
f (x)dx =  ∫
2 f (x)dx , if f (2 a − x) = f (x)
(viii) ∫
function in the closed interval [a, b] and let A(x) be 
0
0
the area function. Then A′(x) = f(x), for all x ∈ [a, b]. 0, if f (2 a − x) = − f (x)
 Practice Time
OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs)

1. Evaluate : 2 −2
2 2 (a) + C (b) +C
∫ (3 sin x − 2 cos x + 4 sec x − 5 cosec x ) dx x
cos + sin
x x
cos − sin
x
(a) –3 cosx – 2 sinx + 4 tanx + 5 cotx + C 2 2 2 2
(b) 3 cosx + 2 sinx + 4 tanx + 5 cotx + C −2 2
(c) + C (d) +C
(c) –3 cosx + 2 sinx – 4 tanx – 5 cotx + C x x x x
cos + sin cos − sin
(d) – 3 cosx – 2 sinx – 4 tanx – 5 cotx + C 2 2 2 2
4
x −x 2 (x 2 + x )
2. Evaluate : ∫ (2 + 2 ) dx 7. Evaluate: ∫ dx
2x + 1
1 2
(a) (22x − 2−2x ) + C 57 − 5
2 log 2 (a) 57 − 5 5 (b)
5
1
(b) (22x − 2−2x ) + 2x + C 57 + 5 5 57 − 5 5
2 log 2 (c) (d)
5 5
1
(22x + 2−2x ) + 2x + C
x
(c) 8. Evaluate : 22 2x x
2 log 2 ∫ 2 2 2 dx
1 1 2x 1
(d) (22x + 2−2x ) + C (a) 22
2x
+ C (b) 3 2 + C
2 log 2 (log 2)3 (log 2)
sin2 x − cos2 x
3. Find the value of ∫ dx . 1 2x 1 22
x
sin2 x cos2 x (c) 2 + C (d) 2 +C
(log 2)2 (log 2)4
(a) tanx – cotx + C (b) –tanx + cotx + C
(c) tanx + cotx + C (d) –tanx – cotx +C 9. Evaluate : ∫ 2(x + 3)dx
4
x 2x 23
4. Evaluate : ∫ x 2 + 1 dx (a) + C (b) +C
log 2 log 2
2
1  17  1 5 2( x + 3) 2( x − 3)
(a) log   (b) log   (c) + C (d) + C
2 5 2  17  log 2 log 2
 17  5 10. Evaluate : 3
x cos3 x dx
(c) log   (d)
5
log   ∫ sin
 17 
5. ∫ xe
x2
dx is equal to (a)
−1
32 { −3
2
1
cos 2x + cos 6x + C
6 }
(a) −
ex
2
2

+ C (b)
ex
2
+C
2
(b)
1
32 { −3
2
1
cos 6x + cos 2x + C
6 }
(c)
ex
2
+ C (d) −
ex
2
+C (c) {
1 −3
32 2
1
cos 2x + cos 6x + C
6 }
cos x (d) None of these
6. Evaluate : ∫ dx
3
 x x
cos + sin 11. Evaluate : ∫ (x − 3)(5 − x ) dx
 2 2
 1 1 −1 5 3 1 5 3
(a) ( x − 4 ) ( x − 3)(5 − x ) + cos−1 ( x − 4 ) + C (a) ( e − e ) (b) (e − e )
2 2 4 4
1 1 1 −1 −5 3
(b) ( x − 4 ) ( x − 3)(5 − x ) + sin−1 ( x − 4 ) + C (c) ( e−5 − e3 ) (d) (e − e )
2 2 4 4
2π
1 1 dx
(c) ( x − 3)(5 − x ) + sin−1 ( x − 4 ) + C 18. The value of ∫ esin x + 1 is
2 2
0
(d) None of these π
(a) p (b) 0 (c) 3 p (d)
π/4 2
12. Evaluate : ∫ tan3 x dx
0 19. Evaluate : 10x 9 + 10x log e 10
(a) (1 – log2) (b) (1 + log2) ∫ 10x + x10
dx

1 1 (a) loge(10x – x10) + C

(c) (1 − log 2) (d) (1 + log 2)
2 2 (b) loge(10x + x10) + C
cot x
13. Evaluate : ∫ 3 sin x dx (c) loge(10x + x 9) + C
(d) loge(10x – x 9) + C
−3 −2
(a) 3 +C (b) +C
sin x sin3 x 20. Evaluate : 1
∫ sin x + 3 cos x
dx
(c) 3 (d) None of these
+C
sin1/3 x 1 x π
(a) log tan  +  + C
14. Evaluate : ∫ x 2(ax + b)−2dx 2 2 6

1  b2  1 x
(a)  ax + b − − 2b log( ax + b)  + C (b) log tan + C
a3  ax + b  2 2

1  b2  1 x π
(b) ax + b + − 2b log( ax + b)  + C (c) log tan  −  + C
3 ax + b 2 2 6
a  
1  π
1  b2  (d) log tan  x −  + C
(c)  ax + b + + 2b log( ax + b)  + C 2  6
a3  ax + b 
sec2 x
1  b2  21. Evaluate : ∫ 2 + tan x dx
(d)  ax + b − + 2b log( ax + b)  + C
3 ax + b
a  
(a) log|tanx| + C (b) log|2 – tanx| + C
{ }
1
15. Evaluate : ∫ e x + sin πx dx (c) log|2 + tanx| + C (d) none of these
0
4
dx
2 2 4 2 2 4 22. Evaluate : ∫
(a) e + 1 + + (b)
e −1 − + 1 − 2x − x 2
π π π π
1 1 + x  1
2 2 4 2 2 4 (a) sin −1   + c (b) log(1 + x ) + c
(c) e + 1 − + (d) e −1 + − 2  2 2
π π π π
x −1  1 + x  1 1 + x 
16. Evaluate : ∫ dx (c) sin  + c (d) log  +c
a3 − x 3  2  2  2 
3/ 2 3/ 2
3 x  2 x  (a x + bx )2
(a) sin −1   + c (b) sin −1   +c 23. Evaluate :
2 a 3 a ∫ a x bx
dx
3/ 2 3/ 2
2 x  3 x  x x
(c) cos−1   + c (d) cos−1   +c a b
3 a 2 a    
(a) b + a + 2x + C , a ≠ b
3− 4x 2 a b
17. Evaluate : ∫ e dx log log
0 b a
 1
ex (x + 1)
9. Let I = ∫ 2x
dx 15. Let I = ∫ (x + 2)(x + 3) dx
0 1+ e
(x + 1) A B
Put ex = t ⇒ ex dx = dt Also let, = +
(x + 2)(x + 3) (x + 2) (x + 3)
Also, x = 0 ⇒ t = e0 = 1
⇒ x + 1 = A(x + 3) + B(x + 2) ...(i)
and x = 1 ⇒ t = e1 = e
e
Putting x = –3 in (i), we get
dt e
∴ I=∫ = [tan −1 t]1 = tan −1 e − tan −1 1 –B = –3 + 1 = –2 ⇒ B = 2
( 2)
1 1+t Putting x = –2 in (i), we get
−1  e − 1  A = –2 + 1 = –1
= tan  1 + e  −1 1
\ I = ∫ dx + 2 ∫ dx
4 (x + 2) (x + 3)
10. Let I = ∫ x − 5 dx = –log(x + 2) + 2log (x + 3) + C
1
4
4  x2  16. Let I = ∫ sin −1(2x) dx = ∫ 1 ⋅ sin −1(2x) dx
= −∫ (x − 5) dx =  − + 5x 
 2  Integrating by parts, we get
1 1
16 . 1 1 1 15  1 d 
=− + 5 4 + − 5 = −8 + 20 − 5 + = 7 + = = sin −1(2x)x − ∫  (2x) ⋅ x  dx
2 2 2 2 2  1 − 4x 2 dx 

11. Let I = ∫ ( 1 − sin 2x ) dx 2x
= x sin −1(2x) − ∫ dx
2 2 1 − 4x 2
= ∫ cos x + sin x − 2 sin x cos x dx
dt
= x sin −1(2x) + ∫
= ± ∫ (cos x − sin x) dx 4 t

π π (Putting 1 – 4x2 = t ⇒ –8xdx = dt)
Since, < x < , so we get
4 2 2
= x sin −1(2x) + (t)1/2 + C
∫
I = (sin x − cos x) dx = –(cosx + sinx) + C 4
2 −1 1
cos 2x + 2 sin x = x sin (2x) + 1 − 4x 2 + C
12. Let I = ∫ dx 2
cos 2 x
cos x − sin x + 2 sin 2 x
2 2 17. Let I = ∫ x ⋅ tan −1 x dx
=∫ dx
cos 2 x Integrating by parts, we get
cos 2 x + sin 2 x 1 d 
=∫ dx = ∫ dx I = tan −1 x ∫ xdx − ∫  (tan −1 x)∫ xdx  dx
cos 2 x cos 2 x  dx 
= ∫ sec2 x dx  = tan x + C x2 1 x2
= (tan −1 x) −∫ 2
dx
2 (1 + x ) 2
dx 1 dx
13. Let I = ∫
2∫
=
5 − 4x − 2 x 2 5 x 2 tan −1 x 1  1 
− 2x − x 2 − ∫ 1 −
2 =  dx
2 2  1 + x2 
1 dx 1 dx
2∫ 7
=
2
=
2 ∫ 2 =
x 2 tan −1 x 1 1
− ∫ dx + ∫
1
dx
− 1 − 2x − x  7
2   − (x + 1)
2 2 2 2 1 + x2
2
x 2 tan −1 x x 1
= − + tan −1 x + C
1  x + 1 1  2  2 2 2
= sin −1 +C = sin −1  (x + 1) + C
2  7  2  7  1 x
  = (1 + x 2 )tan −1 x − + C
2  2 2
dx dx 2
1 1 
14. We have, ∫ x 2 + 4x + 8 =∫ x 2 + 4x + 4 + 4 18. Let I = ∫  x − 2x 2  e
2x
dx
1
dx 1 x+2 Putting 2x = y  ⇒ 2dx = dy
=∫ = tan −1  +C
(x + 2)2 + (2)2 2  2 
As x → 1  ⇒  y → 2 and x → 2  ⇒  y → 4
 4 4 = ∫ sin 3x sin x sin 2x dx
1 2 2  y 1 1 y
2 ∫  y y 2  ∫  y − y 2  e
\ I =  −  e dy = dy
2 2  1
2∫
= (cos 2x − cos 4x) sin 2x dx
4
 1 1 1 e2  e2 
=  e y ⋅  = e 4 − e 2 =  − 1  1 1
 y 2 4 2 2 2 = ∫ sin 2x cos 2x dx − ∫ cos 4x sin 2x dx
2 2
1
−1  1 − 2x  1 1
19. Let I = ∫ tan  dx
4∫
 = sin 4x dx − ∫ (sin 6x − sin 2x) dx
0 1 + x − x2  4
1 1 1 1
 (1 − x) − x  = ∫ sin 4x dx − ∫ sin 6x dx + ∫ sin 2x dx
= ∫ tan −1   dx 4 4 4
0  1 + x(1 − x) 
1  − cos 4x (− cos 6x) (− cos 2x) 
= − +  + C
1
−1
I = ∫ [tan (1 − x) − tan −1
x] dx ...(i) 4  4 6 2
0 1  cos 6x cos 4x cos 2x 
= − − +C
1 4  6 4 2 
I = ∫ [tan −1 x − tan −1(1 − x)] dx ...(ii)
0 23. Let I = ∫ ( tan x + cot x ) dx
 a a 
Using property,

∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (a − x)dx 

 sin x
= ∫ +
cos x 
dx = ∫
sin x + cos x
dx
0 0 
 cos x sin x  sin x cos x
Adding (i) and (ii), we get
sin x + cos x sin x + cos x
1 = 2∫ dx = 2 ∫ dx
2 I = ∫ [tan −1(1 − x) − tan −1 x + tan −1 x − tan −1(1 − x)] dx = 0 2 sin x cos x sin 2x + 1 − 1
0 sin x + cos x sin x + cos x
⇒ I = 0 = 2∫ dx = 2 ∫ dx
1 − (1 − sin 2x) 1 − (sin x − cos x)2
 sin x 
0 0 1+ Put sin x – cos x = t ⇒ (cos x + sin x) dx = dt
(1 + tan x)  cos x  dx
20. Let I = ∫ dx = ∫ sin x  dt
− π 1 − tan x)
( −π  1 − \ I = 2 ∫ = 2 sin −1 t + C
4 4
 cos x  1 − t2
0
cos x + sin x = 2 sin −1(sin x − cos x) + C
= ∫ dx
1 1
− π cos x − sin x x+2 (2x + 5) −
24. Let I = ∫ dx = 2 2 dx
4
x 2 + 5x + 6 ∫ 2
Put cosx – sinx = t ⇒ –(sinx + cosx) dx = dt x + 5x + 6
−π 1 1 dx
When x = 0, t = 1, when x = ,t = 2 (x 2 + 5x + 6)−1/2 (2x + 5)dx − ∫
2∫
=
4 2 2
x + 5x + 6
1 2
dt dt 2 Put x2 + 5x + 6 = t ⇒ (2x + 5) dx = dt
∴ I= ∫ −
t
= ∫ t
= [log t]
1
2 1 1 −1/2 1 dx
2∫
⇒ I= t dt − ∫ +C
1 2 5
2 2
= log 2 − log 1 = log 2  1
2 x+ −
 2 2
sin(x − a) sin(x + a − 2 a)
21. Let I = ∫ dx = ∫ dx 2 2
sin(x + a) sin(x + a) 1 t 1/2 1  5  5 1
= − log  x +  +  x +  −   + C
2 1 2  2  2 2
 sin(x + a)cos 2 a − cos(x + a)sin 2 a 
= ∫  dx 2
 sin(x + a)
1 5
cos(x + a) = x 2 + 5x + 6 − log x + + x 2 + 5x + 6 + C
⇒ I = cos 2 a∫ dx − sin 2 a∫ dx 2 2
sin(x + a)
5
5x + 3 ( 2 x + 4) − 7
Put sin (x + a) = t ⇒ cos(x + a)dx = dt 25. Let I = ∫ dx = ∫ 2 dx
dt x 2 + 4x + 10 x 2 + 4x + 10
⇒ I = cos 2 a∫ dx − sin 2 a∫
t 5 2x + 4 dx
2 ∫ x 2 + 4x + 10
= dx − 7 ∫
= x cos 2a – sin 2a log|sin(x + a)| + C 2
x + 4x + 10
22. ∫ sin x sin 2x sin 3x dx = I1 + I2 (say)  ...(1)
 5 2x + 4 1  x  27 1 x− 5
2 ∫ x 2 + 4x + 10
where I 1 = dx =x+ tan −1  log +C
  + ×
4 3 3 4 2 5 x+ 5
Put x2 + 4x + 10 = t ⇒ (2x + 4)dx = dt
1  x  27 x− 5
5 5 t 1/2 =x+ tan −1   + log +C
∴ I 1 = ∫ t −1/2 dt = ⋅ =5 t 4 3  3 8 5 x+ 5
2 2 (1 / 2)
x
= 5 x 2 + 4x + 10 + C 1  ...(2) 28. Let I = ∫ 2
dx
(x + 1)(x − 1)
dx
and I 2 = −7 ∫ x Ax + B C
x 2 + 4x + 10 Let = + ...(1)
2 2 x−1
dx (x + 1)(x − 1) x +1
= −7 ∫ 
(x + 2)2 + ( 6 )2 ⇒ x = (Ax + B)(x –1) + C(x2 + 1) ...(2)
2
...(3) Comparing coefficients of x , x and constant terms, we
= −7 log|x + 2 + x 2 + 4x + 10 |+ C 2 
get
From (1), (2) and (3), we get A + C = 0; B – A = 1; –B + C = 0
I = 5 x 2 + 4x + 10 − 7 log|x + 2 + x 2 + 4x + 10 | + C , Solving these, we get

where C = C1 + C2 1 1 1
A = − ,C = , B =
2 2 2
sin x − cos x sin x − cos x
26. Let I = ∫ dx =
∫ 1 + sin 2x − 1 dx \ From (1), we get
sin 2x
sin x − cos x 1
=∫ dx x − (x − 1) 1 1
= 2 + ⋅
sin 2 x + cos 2 x + 2 sin x cos x − 1
(x 2 + 1)(x − 1) x2 + 1 2 x−1
sin x − cos x
=∫ ⋅ dx 1 x 1 1 1 1
(sin x + cos x)2 − 1 =− ⋅ 2 + ⋅ + ⋅
2 x + 1 2 x2 + 1 2 x − 1
Put sin x + cos x = t ⇒ (cos x – sin x) dx = dt
1 2x 1 dx 1 dx
4 ∫ x2 + 1
dx + ∫ 2
2 x +1 2∫x−1
−dt ∴ I=− +
∴ I=∫ = − log|t + t 2 − 1|+ C
t2 − 1 1 1 1
(where t = sin x + cos x) ⇒ I = − log|x 2 + 1|+ tan −1 x + log|x − 1|+ C 1
4 2 2
= − log|sin x + cos x + sin 2x |+ C
29. Let I = ∫ e 2 x sin(3x + 1) dx
(x 2 + 1)(x 2 + 4)
27. Let I = ∫ dx
(x 2 + 3)(x 2 − 5)  2x 
= e 2 x ∫ sin(3x + 1) dx − ∫  d(e ) ⋅ sin(3x + 1)dx  dx
Let x2 = t  dx ∫ 
(x 2 + 1)(x 2 + 4) (t + 1)(t + 4)
\ =
= e2 x
[− cos(3x + 1)]
− ∫ 2e 2x ⋅
[ − cos(3x + 1)] dx
(x 2 + 3)(x 2 − 5) (t + 3)(t − 5)
3 3
t 2 + 5t + 4 7t + 19
= = 1+ −e 2 x cos(3x + 1) 2 2x
(t + 3)(t − 5) (t + 3)(t − 5) = + ∫ e cos(3x + 1)dx
3 3
7t + 19 A B
Let = +
(t + 3)(t − 5) t + 3 t − 5 −e 2 x cos(3x + 1) 2  2x
= +  e ∫ cos(3x + 1)dx
⇒ 7t +19 = A(t – 5) + B(t + 3) 3 3
 d  
27 − ∫  (e 2x ) ⋅ ∫ cos(3x + 1)dx  dx 
Putting t = 5, we get B =   dx  
4
1 −e 2x cos(3x + 1) 2 2x
Putting t = – 3, we get A = = + e sin(3x + 1)
4 3 9
t 2 + 5t + 4 1 27 4 2x
9∫
\ = 1+ + − e sin(3x + 1)dx
(t + 3)(t − 5) 4(t + 3) 4(t − 5) 
(x 2 + 1)(x 2 + 4) 1 1 −e 2x cos(3x + 1) 2 2x 4
⇒ I=∫ dx = ∫ dx + + e sin(3x + 1) − I + C 1
4 ∫ (x 2 + 3)
dx =
(x 2 + 3)(x 2 − 5) 3 9 9
27 1 4 −e 2x cos(3x + 1) 2 2x
4 ∫ (x 2 − 5)
+ dx ∴ I+ I= + e sin(3x + 1) + C 1
9 3 9
 5π /4
13I −e 2x cos(3x + 1) 2 2x 
e 2t 
5π /4
e 2t 

⇒ = + e sin(3x + 1) + C 1 − π /2  
9 3 9 =e

 sin t 
2  π/4
− ∫ cos t
2 
dt
 π /4 
9  − e 2x cos(3x + 1) 2 2x 
⇒ I=  + e sin(3x + 1) + C 1 
13  3 9  1  5π π
= e − π/2   e 5π/2 sin − e π/2 sin 
2x 2  4 4
9 2x  2 sin(3x + 1) − 3e cos(3x + 1)  9
= e   + C1 5π /4 5π /4 2t 
13  9  13  e 2t  e
1 2x − cos t  − ∫ sin t dt 
 4  π/4 4 
= e [2 sin(3x + 1) − 3 cos(3x + 1)] + C π /4 
13
 1  −1 5π/2 1 π/2 
where C =
9 = e − π/2   e − e 
C1 2  2 2
13
x cos −1 x 1  1 5π/2 1 π/2   I
− − e − e   −
30. Let I = ∫ dx 4 2 2  4
1 − x2
1 1 [ 2π 1
Put cos–1x = q ⇒ x = cos q ⇒ dx = – sin q dq ⇒ I+ I=− e + 1] + [e 2 π + 1]
4 2 2 4 2
cos θ(θ)
⇒ I=∫ (− sin θ)dθ ⇒ I = − θ cos θdθ
1 − cos 2 θ
∫ ⇒
5
I=
( e 2 π + 1)  1 
− 1 = −
1
[e 2 π + 1]
4 2 2  2  4 2
 d  −1
⇒ −I = θ∫ cos θ dθ − ∫  θ∫ cos θ dθ  dθ ⇒ I= (1 + e 2 π )
 dθ 
5 2
⇒ −I = θ sin θ − ∫ sin θdθ ⇒ – I = q sin q + cos q + C π
x
33. Let I = ∫ dx
⇒ I = −[cos −1 2
x 1 − cos θ + x] + C 1 + sin α sin x
0
π  a a 
2 −1 π−x
\ I = −  1 − x cos x + x  + C ⇒ I=∫ dx  ∵ ∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (a − x)dx 
1 + sin α sin(π − x)  
0 0 0
π /2
2 π π
31. Let I = ∫ x sin x dx
⇒ I=∫
π
dx − ∫
x
dx
0 1 + sin α sin x 1 + sin α sin x
0 0
Integrating by parts, we get
π π
π π
π /2
π /2 ⇒ I=∫ dx − I ⇒ 2 I = ∫ dx
I =  x 2 (− cos x) 0 1 + sin α sin x 1 + sin α sin x
− ∫ 2x(− cos x) dx 0 0
0 π
1
2 π /2 π /2 ⇒ 2 I = π∫ dx
π 1 + sin α sin x
= − .0 + 0 + 2
4 ∫ x cos x dx = 2 ∫ x cos x dx 0
0 0 x
π 1 + tan 2
Again integrating by parts ⇒ 2
2 I = π∫ dx
 x x
 π /2  0 1 + tan 2 + sin α × 2 tan
I = 2 [x sin x]0π/2 − ∫ 1 ⋅ sin x dx   2 2
 0   2 tan A 
∵sin 2 A =
{ }

π π  1 + tan 2 A 
=2 ⋅ 1 − 0 − [− cos x]π0 /2 = 2  + (0 − 1) = π − 2
2 2  x
π
π sec2
∴ I= ∫ 2 dx
π
π 2  2x x
32. Let I = ∫ e 2x ⋅ sin  + x  dx 0 1 + tan
 2
+ sin α × 2 tan
2
4 
0 x 2x
π π Let tan = t ⇒ sec dx = 2dt
Put + x = t ⇒ x = t − ⇒ dx = dt 2 2
4 4
Also, when x → 0, t → tan 0 = 0;
π 5π
When x = 0, t = and when x = p, t = π
4 4 when x → p, t → tan = ∞
2
5π /4 2  t − π  5π /4 ∞
\

4

\ π 2dt
sin t dt = e − π/2 e 2t sin t dt
∫ ∫ 2 ∫ t 2 + 2t sin α + 1
I= e I=
π /4 π /4 0
 ∞ Adding (1) and (2), we get
⇒ 1
I = π∫ dt π π
(t + sin α)2 + cos 2 α 3 3
0
cos x + sin x
∞
2I = ∫ cos x + sin x
dx = ∫ dx
⇒ π   t + sin α   π π
I= tan −1 
cos α   cos α   0 6 6
π /3 π π π π
π  −1 −1 π π  ⇒ 2I = [ x ] =  −  = ⇒ 2I =
⇒ I=  tan ∞ − tan (tan α) ⇒ I =  − α  π /6 3 6 6 6
cos α cos α  2 π
⇒ I=
4 12
34. Let I = ∫ (|x − 1|+|x − 2|+|x − 4|) dx 6x + 7 6x + 7
1 36. Let I = ∫ dx = ∫ dx
(x − 5)(x − 4) 2
x − 9x + 20
Also, let f(x) = |x – 1| + |x – 2| + |x – 4|
d 
We have three critical points x = 1, 2, 4. Let 6x + 7 = A  (x 2 − 9x + 20) + B
 dx 
(x − 1) − (x − 2) − (x − 4), if 1 ≤ x < 2
f (x) =  \ 6x + 7 = A[2x – 9] + B
(x − 1) + (x − 2) − (x − 4), if 2 ≤ x < 4 Equating the coefficients of like terms from both sides,
−x + 5, if 1 ≤ x < 2 we get
∴ f (x) =  2A = 6 and – 9A + B = 7
x + 1, if 2 ≤ x < 4
4 2 4 ⇒ A = 3 and
∴ I = ∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (x)dx +∫ f (x)dx – 9(3) + B = 7 ⇒ B = 7 + 27 = 34
1 1 2 3(2x − 9) 34
2 4 2 4 ∴ I=∫ dx + ∫ dx
 x2   x2  2
x − 9x + 20 2
x − 9x + 20
= ∫ (−x + 5) dx + ∫ (x + 1) dx =  − + 5x  +  + x 
1 2
 2 1  2 2 Put x2 – 9x + 20 = t in first integral
 4   1   16  4  3 dx
=  − + 10  −  − + 5  +  + 4  −  + 2  ∴ I=∫ dt + 34∫
 2   2   2  2 
t  9
2
81
9 9 23 x− + 20 −
= 8− + 12 − 4 = 16 − =  2 4
2 2 2
dx
π = 3∫ t −1/2 dt + 34∫
2
3  9 1
35. Let I = dx x− −
∫ (1 + tan x )
 2 4
π
6 t 1/2 dx
π π =3 + 34∫
1/2 9
2 2
3
dx 3
cos x  1
x− −
⇒ I= ∫ sin x 
= ∫ cos x + sin x
dx ...(1)  2 2
π π
 1 + 
6 cos x  6 2 2
 9  9 1
π
π π  = 6 t + 34 log  x −  +  x −  −   +C
cos + −x  2  2 2
3 3 6 
⇒ I= ∫ π π π π
dx
 9
π cos

+ − x + sin + −x
 = 6 x 2 − 9x + 20 + 34 log  x −  + x 2 − 9x + 20 + C
3 6  3 6   2
6

 b b  x2 + 1
37. Let I = ∫ dx
∵

∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (a + b − x)dx 
 (x − 1)2 (x + 3)
a a
x2 + 1 A B C
π Let = + +
π  (x − 1)2 (x + 3) x − 1 (x − 1)2 x + 3
3 cos −x
2 
⇒ I= ∫ π  π 
dx
⇒ x2 +1 = A(x – 1)(x + 3) + B(x + 3) + C(x –1)2 ...(1)
π cos − x + sin −x
6 2  2  1
Put x = 1 in (1), we get B =
2
π
3 Put x = –3 in (1), we get C = 5
sin x 8
⇒ I= ∫ sin x + cos x
dx ...(2)
3
π Put x = 0 in (1), we get A =
6 8
 x2 + 1 3 1 1 1 5 1 π/4 0
∴ = ⋅ + ⋅ + ⋅ dt
(x − 1)2 (x + 3) 8 x − 1 2 (x − 1)2 8 x + 3
∴ ∫ ( tan x + cot x ) dx = 2 ∫
0 −1 1 − t2
Integrating both sides, we get 0
= 2  sin −1 t  = 2 [sin −1 0 − sin −1 (−1)]
x2 + 13 dx 1 dx −1
I=∫ 2
dx = ∫ + ∫
(x − 1) (x + 3) 8 (x − 1) 2 (x − 1)2 π
= 2 ⋅ sin −1 1 = 2 ⋅ = R.H.S.
5 dx 2
+ ∫ π
8 x+3 x dx ...(1)
3 1 1 5 40. Let I = ∫
2 2 2 2
= log|x − 1|− ⋅ + log|x + 3|+C 1 0 a cos x + b sin x 
8 2 (x − 1) 8
−1 −1 π
x − cos x (π − x)dx
38. Let I = sin ⇒ I=∫
∫ sin −1 x + cos−1 x dx, x ∈[0,1] 2 2 2 2
0 a cos ( π − x) + b sin ( π − x)
π  a a 
We know that sin −1 x + cos −1 x =
2 Using

∫ f (x)dx = ∫ f (a − x)dx 
0 0 
π
⇒ sin −1 x = − cos −1 x π
2 (π − x)dx
⇒ I=∫ 2 2 2 2 ...(2)
π
− 2 cos −1 x 0 a cos x + b sin x 
2 4
∴ I=∫ dx = ∫ 1 ⋅ dx − ∫ 1 ⋅ cos −1 x dx Adding (1) and (2), we get
π /2 π
π
π dx
4 −1 1  I= ∫
= x −  x ⋅ cos −1 x − ∫ x ⋅ ⋅ dx + C 2 a cos x + b 2 sin 2 x
2 2
π 1 − x 2 x  0
2
Put x = sin q ⇒ dx = 2 sin q cos q dq 1
Let f (x) =
a cos x + b 2 sin 2 x
2 2

4 2 sin 2 θ 1
∴ I = x − x cos −1 x − ∫ ⋅ 2 sin θ cos θ dθ + C ⇒ f ( π − x) =
π π 1 − sin 2 θ
a cos (π − x) + b 2 sin 2 (π − x)
2 2

4 2 sin θ
= x − x cos −1 x− ∫ ⋅ 2 sin θ cos θ dθ + C 1
π π cos θ ⇒ f ( π − x) = = f (x)
a2 cos 2 x + b 2 sin 2 x
4 2
= x − x cos −1 x − ∫ (1 − cos 2θ) dθ + C  2a a 
π π  using ∫ f (x)dx = 2 ∫ f (x) dx , if f (2 a − x) = f (x)
4 2 sin 2θ   
= x − x cos −1 x − θ − +C 0 0
π π 2  π /2
π 
dx
4
= x − x cos −1
2
x − [ θ − sin θ cos θ] + C
∴ I= 2
2 ∫ 2 2 
a cos x + b sin x  2 2
π π 0

4 2 π /2
= x − x cos −1 x − [ sin −1 x − x 1 − x ] + C sec2 xdx
π π
⇒ I=π ∫ a2 + b 2 tan 2 x
0
π /4
Put tan x = t ⇒ sec2xdx = dt.
39. L.H.S. = ∫ ( tan x + cot x ) dx
Also when x = 0 ⇒ t = tan 0 = 0.
0
π /4 π /4 π π
 sin x cos x  sin x + cos x And when x = ⇒ t = tan = ∞
= ∫  +  dx = ∫ dx
2 2
cos x sin x 0
sin x cos x
0
∞ ∞
π /4 /4
π/ \ I = dt π dt
(sin x + cos x) sin x + cos x ∫ a 2 + b 2t 2 ⇒ I = b 2 ∫  a  2
= 2 ∫ 2 sin x cos x
dx = 2 ∫ dx 0 0 + t2
0 0 1 − (sin x − cos x)2 b
π /4 ∞
π b bt 
sin x + cos x ⇒ I = tan −1   
= 2 ∫ dx
b 2  a  a 0
1 − (sin x − cos x)2
0
Let sin x – cos x = t, then (cos x + sin x) dx = dt π π2
Also, x = 0 ⇒ t = – 1 and x = p/4 ⇒ t = 0.
= I=
ab
[ tan −1 ∞ − tan −1 0 ] =
2 ab