11/12

(Week 2)

SDO Taguig City and Pateros

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Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

This module was collaboratively designed, developed and evaluated by the

Development and Quality Assurance Teams of SDO TAPAT to assist you in helping
the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum while overcoming
their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to manage
their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.

For the learner:

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities for
guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be enabled to
process the contents of the learning resource while being an active learner.

The following are some reminders in using this module:

1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the
module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer Let’s Try before moving on to the other activities
included in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.

We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and
gain deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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 Let’s Learn

In the previous module you have learned that earth has a unique structure
consisting of different layers and interacting subsystems. The lithosphere is the solid
outer section of earth that includes the entire earth’s crust. Likewise, the crust is
composed of earth materials which are considered as the building blocks of life on
earth.

The earth is a large depot of earth materials such as rocks and minerals. These
materials are of great value to improve our lives. This module was designed and
written to help you understand the basic concepts of earth materials that make up
the Earth crust. The activity and lessons will give emphasis on the origin and
environment formation of common minerals and rocks.

The module is divided into two lessons, namely:

 Lesson 1 – Categories of Rock
 Lesson 2 – Minerals Its Physical and Chemical Properties
After going through this module, you are expected to:
1. classify rocks into igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.
2. identify common rock-forming minerals using their physical and chemical
properties.

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 Let’s Try
PRE ASSESSMENT
Directions. Read and analyze each questions. Encircle the letter of the correct
answer.

1. Which of the following is not an igneous rock?

A. Andesite B. Granite C. Halite D. Rhyolite
2. Which of the following minerals is the hardest?
A. Calcite B. Diamond C. Quartz D. Topaz
3. Which property indicates how light is reflected off a surface of a mineral?
A. Cleavage B. Fracture C. Luster D. Streak
4. How does sedimentary rock changes into metamorphic rock?
A. Cooling and crystallization C. Uplift and Transportation
B. Heat and Pressure D. Weathering and Deposition
5. What material is used to form sedimentary rock?
A. Fossils B. Gravel C. Lava D. Magma
6. Which of the following does not describe a mineral?
A. Crystallizes B. Definite Composition C. Organic D. Solid
7. Which of the following is mineral containing iron?
A. Calcite B. Dolomite C. Malachite D. Hematite
8. If a mineral can be scratched with a coin, its hardness number is_______.
A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5
9. What is the particle size of sandstone?
A. Coarse B. Fine C. Medium D. Very fine
10. Which of the following common metamorphic rock has foliated, fine grained
feature?
A. Gneiss B. Limestone C. Marble D. Slate
11. Which igneous rock has dark colored materials?
A. Andesite B. Basalt C. Granite D. Rhyolite
12. Which of the following is the chemical composition of rock salt?
A. CaCO3 B. CaSO4 C. NaCl D. SiO2
13. Which mineral has a glassy property?
A. Halite B. Gypsum C. Silicates D. Talc
14. Which of the following is not an extrusive igneous rock?
A. Andesite B. Basalt C. Diorite D. Rhyolite

15. What physical property is described when a mineral is rubbed across a piece
of porcelain tile and a color in powdered form is left behind?
A. Fracture B. Luster C. Streak D. Transparency

If you want to answer it online, you may visit the link http://bitly.ws/gdEI

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 Lesson

1 Categories of Rock

Rocks are formed from the accumulation of one or more minerals and other
substances that are cemented into solid structure. It is important to study rocks
because understanding the processes that transform them from one type to another
will help us understand more about the earth.

Let’s Recall
RIDDLE on EARTH’s Layer

Direction. Identify which layer of the earth is best described

in each number.

1. I am solid but not continuous. Beware of your footsteps.

You might fall because plates are moving you don’t know.
2. I am less attractive because of my dark color but wait,
there’s more, from 50 kilometers you will explore, a
dense thin layer rock basaltic in nature.
3. I am relatively thicker and denser than the other. You
will be amazed with my coarse textured, light-colored
granitic feature.
4. I am the largest part of Earth’s layer with upper and
lower layers. No one would like to enter because of the
molten rock with high temperature.
5. I am the Earth’s interior, partly solid and partly liquid.
There are much things to be learned about the mysterious
nature of the earth’s center.

Let’s Explore
Directions. Encircle the different terms that you can find in the puzzle below.
These are the terms that you will encounter as you go on with the topic.

M E T A M O R P H I C
I X S E D I M E N T S
G T E X T U R E D A M
N R O C K C O L O R R
E U F O L I A T E D H
O S C L A T I C G N E
U I N T R U S I V E A
S V P R E S S U R E T
S E D I M E N T A R Y

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 Let’s Elaborate

The study of the earth’s natural materials and processes begin with the
investigation of the rocks and minerals. Rocks are found in the lithosphere
particularly in the earth’s crust surface. The study of rocks is called petrology.
Rocks exhibit different properties. It varies in color, maybe dark, light, gray,
brown, reddish, or yellow. It also differs in texture. Some are fine others are rough.
Most rocks are hard, others are brittle. Some rocks are glossy in appearance and
smooth in touch. There are three main groups of rocks according to origin: igneous,
sedimentary, and metamorphic.
Igneous rocks derived its name from Latin “ignis” which means formed by
fire. This type of rock is formed by the cooling and crystallization of hot, molten rock
material called magma. Magma is molten rock generated by partial melting of rocks
in Earth’s mantle which has a very high temperature. Magma is composed mainly of
silicon and oxygen (as silica, SiO2) and lesser amounts of aluminum (Al), iron (Fe),
calcium (Ca), potassium (K), sodium (Na) and magnesium (Mg) (Salandanan 2016).
According to Religioso et al. 2016, igneous rocks are of two kinds: extrusive
and intrusive. Extrusive rock is formed when magma escapes from a volcano and
flows onto the earth’s surface (now called lava), where it cools. It tends to have fine-
grained crystal which can be only seen through a microscope or glassy texture.
Rocks that form below Earth’s surface are intrusive igneous rocks or
plutonic (after Pluto). Deep magma cools very slowly, producing rocks with large
grains or coarse-grained with crystals that can be seen with bare eyes.
Table 2.1 shows the classification of common Igneous rock-based on
texture and color.
Table 2.1.

Igneous Rocks Classified by Composition

Texture/Color Light Medium Dark

(a) (b)

Coarse-grained Granite Diorite Gabbro

(intrusive)

Fine-grained Rhyolite Andesite Basalt

(extrusive) (c) (d)

Figure 2.1 Igneous rocks classified

by composition:(a) granite, (b)
diorite, (c) gabbro, (d) rhyolite, (e)
andesite, and (f) basalt
(e) (f)

Sedimentary rocks were derived from the word sedimentation which means
“settling”. These rocks are formed when weathered products are transported by

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running water and later deposited in the ocean. The sediments undergo lithification
(conversion into rocks) then compacted and cemented.
Sedimentary rocks may be classified into two major groups based on their
sources. Detrimental or clastic sedimentary rocks are composed of weathered
rocks (grain, fragments of preexisting rocks) that are packed together with spaces
between grains. Examples of detrimental are conglomerate and breccia made usually
of gravel sediments with coarse particle size. Sandstone is a detrimental rock with a
medium particle size. Some are fine-grained such as siltstone and shale in which its
grains cannot be distinguished. Chemical or non-clastic sedimentary rocks are
from soluble materials produced largely by chemical weathering. Other non-clastic
sedimentary rocks include those formed by organisms (biochemical rocks) and
those formed from organic material such as coal (Salandanan et.al 2016).
Table 2.2 shows the classification for sedimentary rocks based on their chemical
compositions.

Table 2.2

Classification for sedimentary rocks based

on their chemical compositions.

Composition Rock Name (a) (b)

Figure 2.2
Limestone
Calcite (CaCO3) common
Calcium carbonate sedimentary
Chalk
rocks: (a)
conglomerate,
Halite (NaCl)
Rock Salt (b) halite and
Sodium chloride (c) (c) limestone
Gypsum (CaSO4 2H20)
Calcium sulfate Rock gypsum A metamorphic rock came from
dihydrate a Greek word which means
“change”. It came from pre-existing rock called parent rock. It is formed under the
conditions of heat and pressure (stress). (Dorado et.al 2010). Temperature and
pressure increases as the rocks go deeper the surface of earth. Chemically-active
fluids can also be an agent to catalyze that may change the composition of the rocks.
Metamorphic rocks are classified as: foliated or banded. Non foliated rocks do
not have bending. Table 2.3 shows some metamorphic rocks
Figure 2.3 Common
metamorphic rocks: (a)
slate, (b) marble and (c)
gneiss

(a) (b) (c)

Explore more about the rocks using virtual labs. Go to this link http://bitly.ws/gdDF

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 Table 2.3
Common Metamorphic Rock

Rock Name Description Parent Rock

Slate foliated,fine grained Shale
Granite, volcanic
Gneiss Foliated, medium-to coarsed-grained
rock
Marble Nonfoliated,medium-to coarse-grained limestone

Let’s Dig In
Activity 1
WHERE DO ROCKS BELONG?
Direction. Classify the following rocks in the first box as to igneous,
sedimentary and metamorphic.

Diorite Shale Quartz

Conglomerate Halite Gneiss
Sandstone Basalt Rhyolite
Marble Andesite Granite
Slate Gypsum Schist

Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic

Activity 2: ROCK TEST

Directions. Get three (3) samples of rocks. Examine the rock samples using
the data table of classification.

Fossil
Rock Color Granular Foliated/Not Hard Particle Rock Rock
Layer
Sample Light/Dark Yes/No foliated /Brittle size Name classification
Yes/No

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Activity 3: ROCKlassification
Direction: Classify rock samples as to Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic
rock base on the following features.

Rock Specimen Description

Foliated with banded appearance and made up of
1
granular materials
2 Contains larger rounded particles
3 Composed primarily of calcium carbonate
4 Coarse- grained light colored that contain quartz
5 Fine-grained dark colored that composed of minerals
6 Foliated made up of very fine-grained mica
non-foliated rock that forms through recrystallization
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under conditions of high viscosity and directed pressure
fine-grained non-foliated rock with no specific
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composition
9 rock made up mainly of sand-size weathering debris.
10 light-colored, extremely coarse-grained rock

Guide Questions

1. How do you classify the rock samples above? Explain your basis of
classification?
2. How do you distinguish extrusive igneous rock from intrusive igneous rock?

Let’s Remember

Rocks are classified into three types according to their origin: igneous;
sedimentary and metamorphic. Igneous rock may be characterized by their color and
texture. Meanwhile, sedimentary rocks are classified based on particle size and
chemical composition. Furthermore, metamorphic rocks are classified as foliated or
non-foliated.

Let’s Apply

Directions. Answer the given situations below.

1. Last January 12, 2020, Taal Volcano erupted, ejecting pre-existing solid rocks
fragments. What do you think is the rock classification in this volcanic
eruption? Why?
2. Loofas and body scrubs are known in scrubbing out dirt in skin during
bathing but even before there is lowley panghilod use with the same purpose.
Panghilod is a kind of rock which is flat or oblate in shape, smooth in texture
and handy. What type of rock is more commonly used as panghilod?

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 Lesson

2 Minerals
Minerals as an earth material exhibit characteristic features and have
economic value. Minerals from natural materials are used for various purposes.

Let’s Recall

Direction. Write the missing letters in the boxes to complete the words.

1. An aggregate of one or more minerals

O
2. A molten rock generated by partial melting of rocks in Earth’s mantle.

M A

3. Rocks that are made of cooled, hardened magma

N U

4. Types of rocks that have been changed by heat and pressure

M R I

5. A rock that it is formed from sediments that have hardened

S T Y

Let’s Explore

Is mineral the same as rock?

How do you distinguish mineral from rock?

rock mineral

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 Let’s Elaborate

Is mineral the same or different from rocks? This is a common question

encountered in studying earth materials. Mineral is the building block of rocks.
According to Dorado et.al 2010 a mineral is a naturally occurring inorganic
crystalline solids with a definite structure and composition.
Where do minerals come from? Minerals are formed when magma cooled and
its atoms lost their energy and move closer together and begin to combine as
compound. In identifying common minerals geologist observed them through their
color or appearance. They also used some of their senses like taste, smell, feel and
hear.

Physical Properties of Minerals

Hardness is the mineral's resistance to scratching. This is measured using

Moh's scale of hardness. The harder the mineral the more it is difficult to scratch.
Another way of identifying hardness is through Field Harness Guide. This is done by
rubbing the mineral against the finger or other tools. Cleavage is the tendency of
the mineral to break along a flat surface. If mineral do not break smoothly it is said
to be fractured. Luster describes the way light is reflected from a mineral surface.
It describes as metallic (e.g. hematite and graphite), pearly(talc) greasy(halite), silky
(gypsum), dull, and glassy (silicates). Color is the easiest to observe like birth stone
and gemstone. If the mineral is in powdered form the one left is called a streak.
Specific gravity describes the mineral’s density as compared to the density of water.
Crystal form describes the orderly internal arrangement of atoms.
Chemical Properties of Minerals
There are ways on how to test the chemical property of minerals. Taste test
using your sense of taste, the common example is the table salt which has a salty
taste and fizz test using carbonate minerals to reacts in hydrochloric acid. Examples
are calcite, dolomite, malachite, and azurite. (Salandan et.al 2016).

Explore more about the minerals using virtual labs. Go to this link http://bitly.ws/gdDs

Let’s Dig In
Activity 1: What are my Properties?

Direction: Supply the needed information to complete the table.

Mineral
Composition Luster Hardness Color Cleavage/Fracture Streak
Name

Graphite
Calcite
Fluorite
Dolomite
Halite

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Activity 2: Mineral Fizz Test
Objective. Find out the effect of acid in mineral
Materials: vinegar, baking soda (sodium bicarbonate), small container.
Procedure:
1. Fill the container half full of vinegar.
2. Put 1 teaspoon of baking soda in the container with vinegar.
3. Observe carefully to the set up.
Guide Question
What happens when you put baking soda in the container with vinegar

Let’s Remember
Mineral in Mind
Minerals are naturally-occurring, inorganic, homogeneous
solids with definite chemical composition and ordered
internal/crystalline structures. Minerals are classified and identified
according to their properties.

Let’s Apply

Direction. Answer the given situation below.

Jadeite is considered the most expensive mineral in the world. What makes
this mineral so expensive? What are the physical properties of this mineral?

Let’s Evaluate

POST ASSESSMENT
Directions: Read and answer the following questions. Encircle the letter of
the correct answer.

1. Which of the following is an example of coarse-grained intrusive igneous rock?

A. Andesite B. Basalt C. Diorite D. Rhyolite

2. Which of the following shows the correct arrangement of minerals based on

Mohs’ Hardness Scale?

A. Apatite, Gypsum, Topaz, Diamond C. Corundum, Quartz, Talc, Diamond

B. Calcite, Fluorite, Quartz, Diamond D. Feldspar, Talc, Topaz, Diamond

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3. Galena is one of the most abundant sulfide minerals, it is 7.5 times heavier
than a comparable volume of water. What physical property best describe
this?

A. Cleavage B. Fracture C. Hardness D. Specific Gravity

4. Which of the following features distinguishes metamorphic rock from other

types of rock?

A. Contains fossil B. Foliated C. Layered D. No fossil and foliation

5. Which of the following is the chief component of rock salt?

A. Calcite B. Halite C. Gypsum D. Quartz

6. Which of the following is the reason why sugar is it not considered a mineral?

A. crystallize B. inorganic C. natural D. organic

7. Which of the following sedimentary rocks is composed of rounded coarse

particles?

A. Breccia B. Conglomerate C. Shale D. Siltstone

8. Which property of mineral best described in the statement muscovite allows

the light to pass and see objects through?

A. Luster B. Opaque C. Translucent D. Transparent

9. Luster is a property of mineral which describes the:

A. way light reflected from the mineral surface

B. diffraction of light within the mineral surface
C. absorption of light within the mineral surface
D. emission of light after light absorption from the mineral surface

10. Which of the following is NOT an example of chemically precipitated

sedimentary rock?

A. Gypsum B. Halite C. Limestone D. Sandstone

11. Which of the following is the main composition of a glass?

A. CaCO3 B. CaCO4 C. NaCl D. SiO2

12. Which of the following is used to describe the characteristics of igneous rock?

A. Color and texture C. Particle size and mineral

B. Foliated and non-foliated D. Texture and fossil

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 13. How did a volcanic glass rhyolite obtain its glassy with crystal orientation?

A. It was cooled fast C. It was cooled slowly

B. It was cooled rapidly D. It was cooled slowly then rapid

14. Which physical property of mineral describe the orderly geometric spatial
arrangement of atoms in the internal structure of a mineral.

A. Cleavage B. Crystal form C. Fracture D. Specific Gravity

15. Which of the following parent rock marble is formed from metamorphic rocks?

A. Granite B. Limestone C. Sandstone D. Shale

If you want to answer it online, you may visit the link http://bitly.ws/gdEJ

Let’s Extend

Activity 1. Basis of Classification

Directions. Identify the rock which does not belong to the group. Write your
basis of classification.
Rocks Basis of Classification
Granite Diorite Rhyolite Gabrro
Basalt Brecca Conglomerate Sandstone
Calcite Quartz Andesite Gypsum
Slate Marble Gneiss Schist
Andesite Basalt Rhyolite Diorite

Activity 2. My Birth Stone

Directions. Get a picture of your birth stone. Search for its physical properties
using the given template.

Birthstone Name
Color:
Hardness
Luster
Cleavage

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References
Papa,Rey Donne S.,Briones, Jonathan Carlo A., Papa, Donna May DC., and
Tordesillas, Dino T. Earth and Life Science Knowing and Understanding
Nature. Abiva Publishing House, Inc. 2016

Petersen,James F. et.al. Earth and Life Science: Rex Book Store Inc.2016

Refran, James Cesar,Tolentino, Pamela Louise M. Earth Science: Vibal Group Inc.
2016
Religioso, Teresita F.,and Vengco, Lilia G. Earth and Life Science: Phonix Publishing
House. 2016

Salandanan, Gloria G.,Faltado, Ruben E., and Lopez, Merle B. Earth and Life
Sciences for Senior High School:LORIMAR Publishing Inc.2016

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 Development Team of the Module
Writer: JOHN KEENETH M. FERRERA
Editors:
Content Evaluator: MARIA CONCEPCION A. VILLAROSA
Language Evaluator: CHERRY Q. LOZANTA
Reviewer: RENAVIL SARIL
Illustrator: VICTOR G. TALEON
Layout Artist: CHERRY G. IGNACIO
Management Team: DR. MARGARITO B. MATERUM, SDS
DR. GEORGE P. TIZON, SGOD Chief
DR. ELLERY QUINTIA, CID Chief
DR. MARIVIC T. ALMO, EPS-Science
QUINN NORMAN O. ARREZA J.D.-SHS FOCAL
DR DAISY L. MATAAC, EPS – LRMS/ALS

For inquiries, please write or call:

Schools Division of Taguig city and Pateros Upper Bicutan Taguig City

Telefax: 8384251

Email Address: [email protected]

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