VERBAL TENSES

VERB TO BE (AM-ARE-IS)

VERB TO BE (WAS-WERE) PRESENT PERFECT (HAVE-HAS + PAST

PARTICIPLE)

PRESENT SIMPLE (DO-DOES)

PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE
(HAVE-HAS + BEEN + -ING)
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE (TO BE + -ING)

PERFECT MODALS
PAST PROGRESSIVE (TO BE (PAST) + - (COULD-SHOULD-MIGHT + HAVE + PAST
ING) PARTICIPLE)

SIMPLE PAST (DID) PAST PERFECT (HAD + PAST PARTICIPLE)

MODALS PAST PERFECT PROGRESSIVE (HAD +

(CAN-COULD-MAY-MIGHT-SHOULD-OUGHT BEEN + -ING)
TO- WILL-SHALL)

SIMPLE FUTURE (WILL) REPORTED SPEECH

FUTURE CONTINUOUS (TO BE + GOING

TO)
REPORTED QUESTIONS
FUTURE PERFECT (WILL + HAVE +
PAST PARTICIPLE)

ACTIVE / PASSIVE VOICE

FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE ( WILL

+ HAVE + BEEN + -ING)

________________________________________________________________________
VOCABULARIO EXTRA DEL VERBO TO BE DE “SER O ESTAR”
NOTA: ESTAS IMÁGENES CONTIENEN UNA GRAN CANTIDAD DE VOCABULARIO
DEL VERB TO BE, PARA SER APRENDIDO EN UN MEDIANO PLAZO CON LA
FINALIDAD DE TENER MÁS CONOCIMIENTO Y PONER EN PRÁCTICA AL MOMENTO
DE HABLAR, ESCUCHAR, LEER Y ESCRIBIR.
Ana isn’t your mother’s best friend
THEORY
VERB TO BE ( SER O ESTAR ) AM ARE IS

PRONOMBRES PERSONALES CON EL VERBO TO BE (SER O ESTAR)

I YO (LA PRIMERA PERSONA DEL SINGULAR)

YOU TÚ (SEGUNDA PERSONA DEL SINGULAR)
HE ÉL (TERCERA PERSONA DEL SINGULAR)
SHE ELLA (TERCERA PERSONA DEL SINGULAR)
IT ESO/ESTO (TERCERA PERSONA DEL SINGULAR)
WE NOSOTROS (CUARTA PERSONA EL PLURAL)
THEY ELLOS O ELLAS (CUARTA PERSONA EL PLURAL)
YOU USTEDES (CUARTA PERSONA EL PLURAL)

AFFIRMATIVE

I AM (YO SOY o YO ESTOY)

YOU ARE (TÚ ERES o TÚ ESTÁS)
HE IS (ÉL ES o ÉL ESTÁ)
SHE IS (ELLA ES o ELLA ESTÁ)
IT IS (ESO ES o ESO ESTÁ) / uso COSA/ LUGAR/ ANIMAL.
WE ARE (NOSOTROS SOMOS o NOSOTROS ESTAMOS)
-THEY ARE (ELLOS / ELLAS SON o ELLOS/ELLAS ESTÁN)
YOU ARE (USTEDES SON o USTEDES ESTÁN)

NEGATIVE

I AM NOT (YO NO SOY o YO NO ESTOY)

YOU ARE NOT (TÚ NO ERES o TÚ NO ESTÁS)
HE IS NOT (ÉL NO ES o ÉL NO ESTÁ)
SHE IS NOT (ELLA NO ES o ELLA NO ESTÁ)
IT IS NOT (ESO/ESTO NO ES o ESO/ESTO NO ESTÁ)
WE ARE NOT (NOSOTROS NO SOMOS o NOSOTROS NO ESTAMOS)
THEY ARE NOT (ELLOS-AS NO SON o ELLOS-AS NO ESTÁN)
YOU ARE NOT (USTEDES NO SON o USTEDES NO ESTÁN)

NOTA: ARE NOT, pueden contraerlo como AREN’T

IS NOT, pueden contraerlo como ISN’T

PATRONES GRAMATICALES PARA HACER ORACIONES:

AFFIRMATIVE:
SUBJECT + TO BE + COMPLEMENT
I am a nurse
My teacher is young
My sister is pretty
My cat is very cute.
We are very fast.
He is A football player
SHE IS A TEACHER
he is a basketball player
He i s a doctor
My friends are dancers.
MY FATHER IS A TEACHER DAD PAPÁ / DADDY PAPI.
My mom is a doctor. MOTHER MADRE / MOMMY MAMI. / MOM

NEGATIVE:
SUBJECT + TO BE NEGATIVE + COMPLEMENT
My parents aren’t in Cusco
My phone isn’t in my office
The weather is not good today.
The meeting is not interesting
My fiance is not argentinian.
INTERROGATIVE (CLOSED QUESTION) YES / NO QUESTION

TO BE + SUBJECT + COMPLEMENT?
AM I YOUR TEACHER? Yes, you are (my teacher).
ARE YOU PERUVIAN? yes ,I AM / no, i am not peruvian
IS PABLO A DOCTOR? no, he is not. // Yes, he is a
doctor.
IS VERONICA MY SISTER? yes she is. // no, she isn't
IS YOUR ADDRESS PERU AVENUE? yes it is. // No, it is not. (No, it isn’t)
ARE PABLO AND I COUSINS? Yes, we are. // No, we are not.
ARE BRAZIL AND CHILE BIG COUNTRIES? Yes, they are.// No, they aren't
ARE YOU MY STUDENTS? yes, teacher, we are your students.,// no
we are not your students.

INTERROGATIVE (OPEN QUESTION) INFORMATION

PRONOMBRES INTERROGATIVOS:

WHAT = ¿QUÉ? / ¿CUÁL? What WHERE = ¿DÓNDE?

is your name? What is that? WHO = ¿QUIÉN?
HOW = ¿CÓMO? WHY = ¿POR QUÉ?
WHEN = ¿CUÁNDO? BECAUSE = PORQUE (respuesta)

PRONOMBRE INTERROGATIVO + TO BE + SUBJECT + COMPLEMENT?

HOW ARE YOU?
WHAT IS YOUR NAME? MY NAME IS BRAYAN.
WHO IS THAT WITH BRAYAN? THAT’S CAMILA. SHE IS MY
FRIEND
WHERE IS DISNEY? IT is in U.S.A

___________________________________________________________________
PRESENT SIMPLE: Son acciones de hechos rutinarios en el cual se realizan
en el tiempo presente.

I YOU WE THEY
Este tiempo verbal trabaja con dos verbos auxiliares:

DO: I YOU WE THEY

DOES: HE SHE IT

TIPS:
1- Al momento de realizar un pregunta, “NO TIENE SIGNIFICADO COMO AUXILIAR”
2- En respuestas cortas tanto como afirmativo como negativo
3- Cuando trabajan como verbo significa “HACER”

ACTIVIDAD: laundry /londri/ lavanderia

homework /jom uork/ tarea
 house chore /jaus chor/ tareas del hogar

DEPORTE: judo /yurou/ Judo

karate /karari/ karate
taekwondo /teikondu/ taekwondo

AFFIRMATIVE:

SUBJECT + VERB + COMPLEMENT

I WAKE UP VERY EARLY ON THE WEEKENDS

MY BEST FRIENDS AND I HAVE LUNCH IN MY MOM’S HOUSE EVERYDAY
MY BROTHER AND CARLOS DO HOMEWORK IN THE SCHOOL
I have lunch at seven o'clock
My best friends sleep at 9 o'clock
I wake up early every day.
MY MOM AND DAD study maths at 6 o’clock every day.
I do exercises 5 times a week
I study science and technology between 6:00 p.m to 7:00 p.m
I study english between 04:00 p.m and 07:00 p.m
My family AND I have breakfast every day at 08:00 O’ CLOCK
I PLAY FOOTBALL ON the WEEKENDS .
I STUDY ENGLISH from 4 UNTIL 6 PM.

NEGATIVE

SUBJECT + DON’T + VERB + COMPLEMENT

JOSHWA AND PETE DON’T GO TO SLEEP EARLY

ROB AND BOB DON’T CLEAN MY MOM’S HOUSE.
I DON’T DO THE WASHING UP
Carlos and paul don't have breakfast in the school
My brothers don't cook for family
My best friends don’t visit my house.
My dad AND I don't cook for my family.
My sister and I don’t cook in my house.
They don’t have PASTA FOR dinner.
My cousin and I don't play basketball
My dad and my mom don't play soccer in the morning.
My mom and I don't cook at night.
INTERROGATIVE (CLOSED QUESTION) YES/NO QUESTION

DO + SUBJECT + VERB + COMPLEMENT?

DO YOU GO TO SCHOOL BY CAR EVERYDAY? YES, I DO. / NO, I DON’T

DO YOU UNDERSTAND ? YES, I DO / NO, I DON’T
DO YOUR BEST FRIENDS HAVE BREAKFAST AT SCHOOL? YES, THEY DO. / NO, THEY
DON’T
DO YOU STUDY FRENCH IN FRANCE? YES, I DO. / NO, I DON’T
Do you go to the school at 8 o'clock? Yes, I do
Do YOUR father and mother cook for your family? Yes, THEY do
Do you go to my house at five o’clock?

INTERROGATIVE (OPEN QUESTION) INFORMATION

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN + DO + SUBJECT + VERB + COMPLEMENT?

WHAT TIME DO YOU WAKE UP EVERYDAY?: I WAKE UP at seven o’clock.

WHERE DO YOU STUDY? I study in San Jose Obrero school
HOW DO YOUR GRANDPARENTS GO TO WORK? They go to WORK BY car
WHEN DO YOU PRACTICE ENGLISH?: I practice english ON Wednesday and Friday.
WHY DO YOU LIKE ENGLISH? BECAUSE it's funny
When do you have to sleep? I have TO sleep at 8 o'clock
Why do you play football? Because it's hard

HE SHE IT ( PARA ORACIONES

AFIRMATIVAS DEBEMOS USAR
REGLAS A LOS VERBOS QUE
TRABAJAN CON ESTOS PRONOMBRES
ANTES MENCIONADOS )

1- Se le va agregar “ES” a todo verbo que termine en CH-SH-X-SS-O

VERB EXAMPLE:

TEACH MY MOM TEACHES MATH IN MY SCHOOL.

FISH MY BEST FRIEND’S GRANDFATHER FISHES IN THE LAKE EVERY SUNDAY.
FIX MY BROTHER FIXES MY COMPUTER.
KISS MY SISTER KISSES MY DAD ON HIS FOREHEAD.
DOES MY COUSIN MICHAEL DOES HIS HOMEWORK IN MY OFFICE.
GO MY GRANDMOTHER GOES TO CHURCH ON SUNDAYS.

2- Se le va a agregar “IES” a todo verbo que termine en “Y” pero antecede una
consonante:

VERB EXAMPLE:

STUDY MY MOM STUDIES FRENCH IN FRANCE.

FRY MY DAD FRIES FISH IN THE MORNING.
FLY ROBERT FLIES A HELICOPTER.

3- Se le va agregar “S” a todo verbo que termine en “Y” pero antecede una vocal.

VERB EXAMPLE:

PLAY JORDAN PLAYS VIDEO GAMES IN MY HOUSE.

BUY MARTIN BUYS THE NEWSPAPER EVERYDAY.
SAY THE PRESIDENT VIZCARRA SAYS LIES ABOUT THE CORONA.

4- Se le va a agregar “S” al resto de los verbos que no cumplan con las reglas anteriores.

VERB EXAMPLE:

WORK: My brother works in the mall

SWIM: My sister swims in the olympic
SPEAK: My mom speaks 3 languages
READ: My friend reads harry potter
WRITE: My girlfriend writeS novels
LISTEN TO: my father listens to music

AFFIRMATIVE:
SUBJECT + VERB (CON REGLA) + COMPLEMENT
MARIA GOES TO CHURCH WITH MY GRANNY.
MARTIN FISHES IN THE RIVER.
MY DAD STUDIES FRENCH IN CANADA.

NEGATIVE:
SUBJECT + DOESN’T + VERB (SIN REGLA) + COMPLEMENT
MARIA DOESN’T GO TO CHURCH WITH MY GRANNY
THE POPE DOESN’T TRAVEL TO HAITI.
GOOGLE DOESN’T HIRE LATIN PEOPLE.

INTERROGATIVE (CLOSED) YES/NO QUESTION

DOES + SUBJECT + VERB (SIN REGLA) + COMPLEMENT?
DOES YOUR MOM SPEAK ENGLISH? YES, SHE DOES / NO,
SHE DOESN’T.
DOES YOUR GRANNY GO TO CHURCH ON SUNDAYS? YES, SHE DOES / NO,
SHE DOESN’T
DOES YOUR ENGLISH TEACHER WORK IN LIMA? YES, HE DOES / NO, HE
DOESN’T

INTERROGATIVE (OPEN) INFORMATION

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN + DOES + SUBJECT + VERB (SIN REGLA) +
COMPLEMENT?
WHERE DOES YOUR SISTER STUDY
ENGLISH?
- SHE STUDIES ENGLISH IN AUSTRALIA.
HOW DOES YOUR BROTHER GO TO WORK?
- HE GOES TO WORK BY CAR.
WHEN DOES YOUR SISTER PRACTICE
ENGLISH? - SHE PRACTICES ENGLISH EVERYDAY.

_________________________________________________________________________

PRESENT PROGRESSIVE: es una acción donde se refiere la

continuidad de las cosas, EN INGLÉS ESTE TIEMPO ES CON EL USO DEL VERB
TO BE MÁS AGREGANDO -ING A LOS VERBOS, este tiempo verbal tiene 3
usos.

1- CUANDO SE REFIERE A ALGO QUE ESTÁ SUCEDIENDO.

2- CUANDO SE REFIERE A ESTADOS TEMPORARIOS.

3- CUANDO SE REFIERE ARREGLOS A FUTURO.

1 -ING (-ANDO O -ENDO)

AFFIRMATIVE:
SUBJECT + VERB TO BE + V-ING + COMPLEMENT
I am living in Madrid.
Jhon is flying a helicopter now.
Peter and Martha are dancing under the blue and shiny sky.
I am writing this content right now.
NEGATIVE:
SUBJECT + TO BE (-) + VERB -ING + COMPLEMENT
William isn’t running with the trainer.
Pat isn’t buying dinner for us.
Mr. Barrientos is not listening to music in his office now.

INTERROGATIVE: CLOSED QUESTION YES/NO QUESTIONS..

TO BE + SUBJECT + VERB- ING + COMPLEMENT?
Are you listening to me ? YES, I AM / NO, I’M NOT.
Is your best friend preparing ceviche for the guests?
Are your parents visiting Machu Picchu today?

INTERROGATIVE: OPEN QUESTION (INFORMATION)

PRONOMBRE INTERROGATIVO + TO BE + SUBJECT + VERB -ING +
COMPLEMENT?
What are you doing now ? I’M TAKING ENGLISH CLASS.
Where are you studying English ?
Why is your mom painting the house in blue?
How is your best friend going to school?

2- CUANDO SE REFIERE A ESTADOS TEMPORARIOS. -ING (IR

A….)

AFFIRMATIVE:

SUBJECT + TO BE + V- ING + COMPLEMENT

I AM TAKING A KARATE LESSON THESE DAYS.
PABLO AND MARCOS ARE PLANNING TO GO TO MIAMI TODAY.
PAT IS GETTING MARRIED IN JUNE.

3- CUANDO SE REFIERE A FUTURO. -ING (IR A…..)

AFFIRMATIVE:

SUBJECT + TO BE + V-ING + COMPLEMENT ( ADVERBIOS DE TIEMPO

FUTURO)
TOMORROW
THE NEXT WEEK
I AM PREPARING CEVICHE (voy a preparar ceviche en …) THE NEXT WEEKEND
 THE NEXT MONTH
THE NEXT YEAR .

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

Verb to be in past
AFFIRMATIVE
Was: I HE SHE IT
Were: YOU WE THEY

I WAS / YO FUÍ, YO ESTUVE, YO ESTABA

YOU WERE / TÚ ERAS, TÚ ESTUVISTE, TÚ ESTABAS.
HE WAS / ÉL ERA, ÉL ESTUVO, ÉL ESTABA
SHE WAS / ELLA ERA, ELLA ESTUVO, ELLA ESTABA.
IT WAS / ESO ERA, ESO ESTUVO, ESO ESTABA.
WE WERE / NOSOTRAS FUIMOS, NOSOTROS ÉRAMOS, NOSOTROS ESTÁBAMOS.
THEY WERE / ELLOS ERAN, ELLAS ERAN, ELLOS ESTABAN, ELLAS ESTABAN,
ELLAS ESTUVIERON.
YOU WERE / UDS ERAN , FUERON, ESTABAN.

NEGATIVE
wasn’t: I HE SHE IT
weren’t: YOU WE THEY

AFFIRMATIVE

SUBJECT + TO BE (PAST) + COMPLEMENT

THE MATH TEACHER WAS MY NEIGHBOUR 5 YEARS AGO

Brayan was a soccer player 3 years ago
MY dog and my cat were near the pool.

NEGATIVE

SUBJECT + TO BE (-) WASN’T/WEREN’T + COMPLEMENT

THE PRESIDENT VIZCARRA WASN’T IN SPAIN LAST YEAR.

My english books weren’t in your house last weekend.
My dad and my grandfather weren’t in the church with my grandmother.

INTERROGATIVE (CLOSED QUESTION) YES/NO QUESTION

TO BE (+,-) + SUBJECT + COMPLEMENT?

WASN’T GEORGE AT HOME 2 HOURS AGO? YES, HE WAS / NO, HE WASN’T.

Was your best friend in Chiclayo last week? YES, SHE WAS / NO, SHE WASN’T.
WERE YOUR APPLES ON THE TABLE 1 HOUR AGO? YES, THEY WERE / NO,THEY
WEREN'T.

INTERROGATIVE (OPEN QUESTION) INFORMATION

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN + TO BE (+,-) + SUBJECT + COMPLEMENT?

WHERE WERE YOU LAST NIGHT? I WAS IN MY HOUSE.

HOW WAS THE PARTY? IT WAS VERY GOOD.

WHEN WAS YOUR BIRTHDAY PARTY? IT WAS LAST MONTH.

_________________________________________________________________________

EXTRA BONUS

THERE IS // deris// HAY (existencias de las cosas DEL VERBO “HABER”)

(SINGULAR) y este trabaja con el verb to be “IS” // THERE’S

EJEMPLO:

There is a museum in Trujillo.

There is a Mc. Donald 's IN DOWNTOWN.
There is a main square.
There is a computer in my office.

THERE ARE // derar// HAY (existencia de las cosas) (PLURAL) y este

trabaja con el verb to be “ARE”.

EJEMPLO:

There are 4 Italian restaurants in downtown.

There are 2 football clubs in Moche. (RURAL AREA)
There are 3 churches in Arevalo.
There are 2 laptops in my house.
There are 10 african children in my school.

INTERROGATIVE:

HOW MANY /jao meni/ CUÁNTOS-AS?

HOW MANY + PLURAL + ARE THERE (GENERAL) +COMPLEMENT?

HOW MANY EMPLOYEES ARE THERE IN CAPRICIO? THERE ARE 10

HOW MANY CHOCOLATE CAKES ARE THERE IN THE BAR? THERE IS ONLY ONE.

ARE THERE TWO COMPUTERS IN YOUR OFFICE? NO, THERE AREN’T. THERE IS
ONE COMPUTER.

PALABRAS CONTABLES: CARRO-S, ESCUELA-S, PERSONA-S, PIZZA-S,

CHICA-S
PALABRAS INCONTABLES: WATER, COKE, BEANS, BUTTER, SAND, SALT,
PEPPER, SUGAR, AIR, WIND.

HOW MUCH = CUÁNTO

HOW MUCH + SINGULAR NOUN + IS THERE + COMPLEMENT?

HOW MUCH SUGAR IS THERE IN YOUR COFFEE? there is a little.

HOW MUCH CHOCOLATE SYRUP IS THERE IN YOUR ICE CREAM?

MOM, HOW MUCH SUGAR IS THERE LEFT? I’M GOING TO THE SUPERMARKET.
¿Cuánta azúcar queda?

Artículos indefinidos: SINGULAR

A: un - una: SE UTILIZA ANTES DE UN SUSTANTIVO QUE COMIENZA EN

CONSONANTE:
car - house - ball - computer -

a car - a house - a ball - a computer A HOTEL

AN: un - una : SE UTILIZA ANTES DE UN SUSTANTIVO QUE COMIENZA EN

VOCAL:
apple - orange - hour - Iphone
DIPTON SOUND
an apple - an orange - an hour - an Iphone. /// A UNIFORM / A
UNIVERSITY (HOW MUCH DOES A ONE DIRECTION CD COST IN MIAMI?)

ARTICULO DEFINIDO: SINGULAR / PLURAL (GENERALIZATION)

se utiliza cuando se habla de general de las cosas, personas, animales o lugares.

THE: /de/ cuando procede de una consonante

car - party - school - course

THE CAR - THE PARTY - THE SCHOOL - THE COURSE

THE: /di/ cuando procede de una vocal.

apple - orange - hour - Iphone

THE APPLE THE ORANGE THE HOUR THE IPHONE.

_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

EXTRA BONUS

QUANTIFIERS:

COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS

SOME: IN SPANISH (algo-alguno) IT IS USED FOR UNCOUNTABLE AND PLURAL

COUNTABLE NOUNS IN AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES AND OFFERS (questions)
FOOD AND DRINKS))

ex:

- I HAVE SOME CASH HERE.

- MY MOM HAS SOME POTATOES IN THAT BOX.
- THERE ARE SOME CHOCOLATE CAKES IN THE BAR.
- WOULD YOU LIKE SOME COFFEE OR TEA?
- DO YOU WANT SOMETHING TO DRINK / EAT?

ANY: IN SPANISH
(algo-nada-ninguno) IT IS USED FOR UNCOUNTABLE AND PLURAL
COUNTABLE NOUNS IN QUESTIONS AND NEGATIVE SENTENCES.

ex:

- DO YOU WANT ANYTHING FROM THE STORE?

- I DON’T HAVE ANY PROBLEM ABOUT IT. / WITH THAT.
- MY FRIENDS DON’T LIKE ANY GIRL FROM THE PARTY.
- DO YOU LIKE ANY OF THESE?

NO: IN SPANISH (NADA-NINGUNO) IT IS USED INSTEAD OF “NOT ANY” WITH

UNCOUNTABLE AND PLURAL COUNTABLE NOUNS IN AFFIRMATIVE
SENTENCES.
ex:

- I HAVE NO IDEA WHAT’S GOING ON HERE.

- YOU HAVE NO CHANCE TO GET IN THERE.
- MY MOM HAS NO OPPORTUNITY TO WORK IN CANADA, SHE DOESN’T SPEAK
FRENCH.
- MY DAD LIKES NO FOOD IN THIS RESTAURANT.

_________________________________________________________________________

COUNTABLE UNCOUNTABLE

HOW MANY...? HOW MUCH…..?

ex.: How many brothers and sisters do you have? How much sugar do you want?

MANY MUCH
ex.: I have many blue and black colors. My cat drinks much milk at night.

A LOT OF (demasiado)…. A LOT OF

ex.: I have a lot of american friends. The soup doesn’t need a lot of salt.

LOTS OF(demasiado)…. LOTS OF…

ex.: Lots of my friends speak english. I don’t need lots of salt for my salad.

(A) FEW (A) LITTLE

ex.: I just need a few for my smoothie. I want a little lemon juice please.

___________________________________________________________________
 EXTRA BONUS (ROUND TWO)

TO HAVE / TENER

HAVE: I - YOU - WE - THEY (AFFIRMATIVE - NEGATIVE -

QUESTIONS)

AFFIRMATIVE:
SUBJECT + HAVE + COMPLEMENT
MY MOM AND DAD HAVE $ 500.00 IN CASH.
MY BEST FRIENDS AND I HAVE NETFLIX ACCOUNTS.
PERU AND ECUADOR HAVE BEAUTIFUL BEACHES.

NEGATIVE:
SUBJECT + DON’T HAVE + COMPLEMENT
I DON’T HAVE A TV.
MY PHONE AND MY LAPTOP DON’T HAVE A CHARGER.
CHINA AND RUSSIA DON’T HAVE SOCIALISM.
THE MAYOR AND HIS SECRETARY DON’T HAVE A RESERVATION IN THIS
RESTAURANT.

QUESTIONS: (HOW MANY / CUÁNTOS-AS…..)

HOW MANY + (PLURAL) + DO + (SUBJECT) + VERB (HAVE) + COMPLEMENT?

HOW MANY PENCILS DO YOU HAVE IN YOUR
BAG?
HOW MANY ROOMS DO THE HILTON HOTELS HAVE?
HOW MANY CITIES DO PERU AND CHILE HAVE?
HOW MANY PEOPLE DO PERU AND ECUADOR HAVE IN 2018?
HOW MANY KEYS DO YOUR CAR AND TRUCK HAVE IN YOUR
HOUSE?

HAS: HE - SHE - IT (cosa-lugar-animal) (HAS

ES SOLO PARA AFFIRMATIVE )
AFFIRMATIVE:
SUBJECT + HAS + COMPLEMENT
PERU HAS BEAUTIFUL MOUNTAINS.
THE NILE RIVER HAS MANY KINDS OF FISH.
MY PHONE HAS FEW APPS.
MY HOUSE HAS 3 BATHROOMS.
MY DOG HAS PUPPIES.
MY KITTY HAS KITTENS.
MY GRANNY HAS MANY BEAUTIFUL DRESSES.
MY GRANDFATHER HAS A TRUCK AND A CAR.
MY DAD HAS A MEMBRESY IN THE COUNTRY CLUB.
MY UNCLE GEORGE HAS MONEY, HE’S RICH.

NEGATIVE:
SUBJECT + DOESN’T HAVE + COMPLEMENT
MY PHONE DOESN’T HAVE CREDITS.
PERU DOESN’T HAVE A HUGE OIL FIELD.
MY NEIGHBORHOOD DOESN’T HAVE A PARK..
MY COFFEE DOESN’T HAVE SUGAR.

QUESTIONS:
HOW MANY + (PLURAL) + DOES + SUBJECT + VERB (HAVE) +
COMPLEMENT?
HOW MANY ROSES DOES YOUR BOUQUET HAVE?
HOW MANY DISHES DOES THE RESTAURANT HAVE ON THE
WEEKENDS?
HOW MANY APPS DOES YOUR PHONE HAVE?

HOW MANY ROOMS DO YOUR HOUSE AND APARTMENT HAVE?

HOW MANY PHONES DO YOUR BEST FRIENDS HAVE?
HOW MANY COMPANIES DO YOUR GRANDPARENTS HAVE IN BOLIVIA?
HOW MANY FRANCHISES DO MC. DONALDS AND BURGER KING HAVE IN THE
WORLD?

(I YOU WE THEY)
2 ORACIONES AFIRMATIVAS
2 ORACIONES NEGATIVAS
3 PREGUNTAS
(HE SHE IT)
2 ORACIONES AFIRMATIVAS
2 ORACIONES NEGATIVAS
3 PREGUNTAS.

_________________________________________________________

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES: son aquellas palabras que te indica lo

poseído de alguien.

PERSONAL PRONOUNS POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE

I MY _______ (poseído) (mi-mis)
YOU YOUR ______ (tu-tus)
HE HIS _______ (su-sus) de él
SHE HER _______ (su-sus) de ella
IT ITS ________ (su-sus) de cos-lug-ani
WE OUR _____ (nuestro-nuestros)
THEY THEIR _____ (su-sus) de ellos-as
YOU YOUR _______ (su-sus-) de usds.

Teacher:
This is MY english dictionary
Those are YOUR best friends
That is HIS car
This is HER mom
That is ITS food
Those are OUR friends
These are THEIR school
This is YOUR virtual board

PRACTICE PLEASE!!!
_________________________________________________________________________
 EXTRA BONUS

THERE WAS: HABÍA

- THE WAS A PHONE ON MY DESK.
- THERE WAS AN APPLE IN THE FRIDGE.
- THERE WASN’T A LITTLE SUGAR IN MY COFFEE.

HOW MANY STUDENTS WERE THERE IN YOUR CLASS?

THERE WAS ONE STUDENT.

THERE WERE: HABÍAN.

- THERE WERE FIVE PEOPLE IN THE LINE.
- THERE WEREN’T HOMELESS PEOPLE IN MILAN.
- THERE WERE FIVE INFECTED PEOPLE IN THE AREA.

HOW MANY INFECTED PEOPLE WERE THERE IN BRAZIL?

THERE WERE 100.000 INFECTED PEOPLE.

_________________________________________________________________________

SIMPLE PAST: es un tiempo verbal donde se refiere a que las acciones ya se

realizaron en el pasado o tiene también relevancia en el presente. Este tiempo verbal trabaja
con el verbo auxiliar DID y este trabaja con todos los pronombres personales. I YOU HE
SHE IT WE THEY YOU y su forma negativa es DIDN’T /dirent/

TIPS:

-Este verbo auxiliar se encuentra al realizar una pregunta y este indica pasado.

-Al estar en una pregunta como auxiliar (DID) no significa nada sino que indica que la
pregunta está en pasado.

-Para su respuesta corta afirmativa o negativa sería (DID-DIDN’T)

-Cuando trabaja como verbo significa HIZO

Este tiempo verbal trabaja con adverbios de tiempo (en pasado)

-Yesterday / ayer -The day before / ayer

-The day before yesterday / antes de ayer -Last DAY, WEEK, WEEKEND,
MONTH, HOUR, MINUTE, YEAR.
-Last night / anoche
-2 days AGO (hace-tiempo)
-The previous night / anoche
-1 hour ago
-The night before last night / antes de
anoche -5 months ago

-15 years ago

Para el pasado simple trabajan con los verbos:

VERBO REGULARES: son aquellos verbos que su pasado se le agrega “ED” “D”

WorkED

TalkED

WalkED

StoppED

WatchED

WashED

Study StudIED

PlayED

LikeD

VERBOS IRREGULARES: son aquellos verbos que su pasado cambia su escritura o

queda igual.

PRESENT PAST

Buy Bought

Go Went

See Saw /SO/

exceptions:

CUT CUT

LET LET

***Read Read /red/

PRONUNCIACIÓN DEL “ED”

“ED” ( t ) cuando el verbo termine en K, SH, TCH, P, M

Worked /UORT/

Talked /TOT/

Walked /UOT/

Washed /UASHT/

Watched /UATCHT/

Stopped /STOPT/

“ED” ( id ) cuando el verbo termine en T, D, Y

Wanted /UANTID/

Interested /INTERESTID/

STUDY Studied /STARID/

“ED” ( d ) cuando el verbo terminen N, VE, L

Opened /OPEND/

Loved /LOVD/

Believed /BILIVD/

Called /KOLD/
AFFIRMATIVE

SUBJECT + VERB IN PAST + COMPLEMENT

Martin told me what to do

Peter brought pizza for the reunion

My mom had 100 dollar cash

My brother talked with Ana.

Susana traveled to New York.

Martin cooked dinner last night.

My brother ate sandwich yesterday

My girlfriend called me in the morning and said love you <3

My mom bought vegetables.

NEGATIVE

SUBJECT + DIDN’T + VERB IN PRESENT + COMPLEMENT

My best friends and I didn’t choose the right place to go on vacation

Mariana didn’t trust in anybody

My brother didn´t go to school YESTERDAY MORNING.

Carlos and David didn't work last month.

I didn´t travel to Cajamarca.

My dad didn't teach me how to drive.

My brother didn't go to the bank.

My friend didn’t tell me anything about the homework.

INTERROGATIVE (CLOSED) YES/NO QUESTION

DID + SUBJECT + VERB IN PRESENT + COMPLEMENT ?

Didn’t you understand the class?(No entendiste la clase?) Yes, I did. //

No, I didn’t

Did your mom’s best friend speak to the priest in the mass? Yes, she did. / No, she
didn’t

Did Adrian eat breakfast?

Didn't Luis´sister go to the university?

Did your wife hear the story?

Did Herbert do the homework?

Didn’t you buy anything?

Did you drive the car unlicensed?

INTERROGATIVE (OPEN QUESTION) INFORMATION

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN + DID + SUBJECT + VERB IN PRESENT +

COMPLEMENT?

Where did you go last year? I went to the Bahamas

How did your dad do that? He did it well

What did Ron see yesterday? He saw the painting on the wall.

Why did Erick eat Susan´s dinner? He ate it because she didn't arrive.

What did you think about going without me? I thought about going without you because you
are late.

How did you get here? I just walked.

Why didn’t you go to the party? I didn’t want TO.

What did you drink last night? I drank soda.

NOTA: DESPUÉS DE UNA PREPOSICIÓN (ABOUT, BEFORE, AFTER, BY
AND OTHERS) EL VERBO VA CON -ING.
AFTER GOING.

BEFORE EATING

PRESENT PAST
WRITE (escribir) WROTE (escribió)

MISS (extrañar) MISSED (extrañó)

CRY (llorar) CRIED (lloró)

UNDERSTAND (entender) UNDERSTOOD (entendió)

ENJOY (disfrutar) ENJOYED (disfrutó)

STUDY (estudiar) STUDIED (estudió)

FLY (volar) FLEW (voló)

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_________________________________________________________________________
 EXTRA BONUS

INTONATION (QUESTIONS)

CLOSED QUESTION: (RISING) (fuerte al final)

ARE YOU PETER?

DO YOU SPEAK CHINESE?
IS YOUR MOM A DOCTOR?
ARE YOUR FRIENDS IN CLASS TOO?
IS YOUR DAD PREPARING CEVICHE FOR LUNCH?
WAS YOUR BIRTHDAY LAST WEEKEND?

OPEN QUESTION: (FALLING) (neutral)

WHERE ARE YOU FROM?

HOW OLD ARE YOU?
WHERE DO YOU WORK?
HOW DO YOU KNOW ENGLISH?
WHERE WAS YOUR BIRTHDAY PARTY?
WHERE DID YOU GO ON YOUR LAST VACATION?

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

PAST PROGRESSIVE
The past continuous tense, also known as the past progressive tense, refers to a
continuing action or state that was happening at some point in the past. ... It can also be
used to describe something that was happening continuously in the past when another
action interrupted it.

AFFIRMATIVE:

SUBJECT + WAS - WERE + VERB -ING + COMPLEMENT (SIMPLE PAST)

Martin was listening to music WHEN his mom asked him for a favor.
I was taking my english classes online WHEN SUDDENLY the internet stopped working.
Lucia went shopping WHILE I was cleaning the house.
Pablo and Patrick paid by credit card AS I was ordering something else to go.

NEGATIVE:

SUBJECT + WASN’T - WEREN’T + VERB -ING + COMPLEMENT (SIMPLE PAST)

My best friends weren’t reading a book.
My dad wasn’t watching a horror movie.
Monica wasn’t cooking an hour ago.

INTERROGATIVE: (CLOSED QUESTION) YES/NO QUESTION

WAS - WERE + SUBJECT + VERB -ING + COMPLEMENT (SIMPLE PAST) ?

were you studying for the test? YES, I WAS / NO I WASN’T.
Was your mom washing your clothes? YES, SHE WAS / NO, SHE WASN’T.
were your best friends and you sending stickers to your whatsapp class group? YES, WE
WERE / NO, WE WEREN’T.

INTERROGATIVE: (OPEN QUESTION) INFORMATION

P.I + WAS - WERE + SUBJECT + VERB -ING + COMPLEMENT (SIMPLE PAST) ?

what were you doing last night? I WAS WATCHING MOVIES.
how was your mom cooking that fish? SHE WAS BAKING IT.
where were you taking your english classes from? I WAS TAKING THEM ONLINE.

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 EXTRA BONUS

OBJECT PRONOUNS are those pronouns that receive the action in a

sentence. They are me, you, him, her, us, them, and whom. Any noun receiving an action
in the sentence, like these pronouns, is an object and is categorized as an objective case. S
_________________________________________________________________________

NOV. 30 / 21

FUTURE SIMPLE
The simple future is a verb tense that's used to talk about things that haven't happened
yet. ... Use the simple future to talk about an action or condition that will begin and end in the
future. The auxiliary used in this tense is “WILL” and its negation is “WON’T”.

WILL ----- RÁ - RÉ
AFFIRMATIVE:
SUBJECT + WILL + VERB + COMPLEMENT
I’ll (I WLL) go to Canada very soon.
My mom will prepare ceviche for my next birthday party.
My little brother will practice swimming next month.
Gianna will study French in France.

NEGATIVE:
SUBJECT + WILL NOT (WON’T) + VERB + COMPLEMENT
You won’t fly to New York with this aeroline.
It’ll not break down. Stop it. it´ll /iril/
My sister won’t be in Spain in one month.
My parents won’t take my cousin to the airport.
My phone won’t last forever. Buy me a new one.

INTERROGATIVE: (CLOSED QUESTION)

WILL + SUBJECT + VERB + COMPLEMENT?
Will you go to Europe next week? YES, I WILL / NO, I WON’T.
WIll your mom graduate from university soon? YES, SHE WILL / NO, SHE WON’T.
Will your best friend play video games next weekend with you? YES, HE WILL /
NO, HE WON’T.

INTERROGATIVE: (OPEN QUESTION)

P.I + WILL + SUBJECT + VERB + COMPLEMENT?
Where will you go on your next vacation? I’ll go to Barbados or Cancun.
When will your sister start classes in Spain? SHE’LL START NEXT MONTH.
Why will your cousin Clara take your sister’s room? BECAUSE SHE WILL LIVE
WITH US.

___________________________________________________________________
 FUTURE “GOING TO” // IR A….
intending to do something in the future, or being certain or expecting to
happen in the future: It works with the verb “to be”.

AFFIRMATIVE:
SUBJECT + TO BE + GOING TO + VERB + COMPLEMENT
i am going to DANCE reggaeton tomorrow night.
you are going to PRACTICE tennis with me.
My mom is going to BUY ceviche for lunch.
My friend Ricardo is going to PLAY Wii one more time.
My cousin and I are going to ( GO ) the
party tomorrow.

NEGATIVE:
SUBJECT + TO BE (-) + GOING TO + VERB + COMPLEMENT
I am not going to TRAVEL to Madrid next month.
My friends are not going to GO TO my prom party.
We are not going to DO that.
Anna and Rob are not going to SING together.
Peter isn’t going to RESCUE helpless people, he is sick.

INTERROGATIVE: (CLOSED QUESTION)

TO BE + SUBJECT + GOING TO + VERB + COMPLEMENT?
Are you going to the party? YES, I AM / NO, I’M NOT.
Is your mom going to visit your granny next weekend? YES, SHE WILL / NO,
SHE WON’T.
Are your friends going to have a sleepover tonight? YES, THEY ARE / NO,
THEY AREN’T.

INTERROGATIVE: (OPEN QUESTION)

P.I + TO BE + SUBJECT + GOING TO + VERB + COMPLEMENT?
What are you going to do tonight? I’M GOING TO HAVE A SLEEPOVER WITH
MY FELLOWS / DUDE / BUDDY / DOUGH
Where are you going? I’M GOING TO THE RESTAURANT.
Why are you going to leave the party? BECAUSE I AM GOING TO MY BEST
FRIEND’S HOUSE.
___________________________________________________________________

FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE / FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE.

___________________________________________________________________

PRESENT PERFECT: es un tiempo verbal donde la acción ha

culminado en el pasado pero todavía tiene relevancia en el presente.
Para este tiempo en inglés es necesario el uso de los verbos Auxiliares “HAVE” y
“HAS”, tengan en cuenta de que esos verbos auxiliares NO SIGNIFICAN “TENER”

HAVE: I YOU WE THEY

HAS: HE SHE IT

I HAVE: YO HE…… I’VE

YOU HAVE: TU HAS….. YOU’VE
HE HAS: ÉL HA….. HE’S (HE IS XXXXXX HE HAS…..)
SHE HAS: ELLA HA….. SHE’S
IT HAS: ESO HA…. IT’S (IT IS XXXXX IT HAS….)
WE HAVE: NOSOTROS HEMOS…. WE’VE (wiff)
THEY HAVE: ELLOS-AS HAN…… THEY’VE
YOU HAVE: USTEDES HAN…… YOU’VE

NEGACIÓN: HAVEN’T /// HASN’T

ESTE TIEMPO VERBAL TRABAJA CON LOS VERBOS EN PASADO PARTICIPIO, en
español son aquellos terminados en ADO, ECHO, ITO, ICHO, OTO

PRESENTE PASADO PASADO PART.

BORRAR BORRÓ BORRADO.
ESCRIBIR ESCRIBIÓ ESCRITO.
HACER HIZO HECHO.
DECIR DIJO DICHO.
ROMPER ROMPIÓ ROTO.

PRESENT PAST PAST PARTICIPLE

ERASE ERASED ERASED.
WRITE WROTE WRITTEN.
DO DID DONE.
SAY SAID SAID.
BREAK BROKE BROKEN.

JUST: (ACABAR (DE) su uso es después del auxiliar HAVE/HAS

-I have JUST played the guitar.

-My mom has JUST brought the food.

-Brayan has JUST got in the class.

YET: (AÚN/TODAVÍA) su uso en oraciones negativas y/o interrogativa y se ubica al final de

la oración.

-I haven’t done my homework YET.

- My mom hasn’t prepared ceviche for lunch YET.

- Haven’t you done this YET?

ALREADY-/olreri/: (YA) su uso es afirmativo y se ubica después del auxiliar HAVE/HAS

-I have ALREADY done my homework.

- My friends have ALREADY understood this lesson.

- Johana has ALREADY played the guitar.

EVER: Para interrogativo significa (ALGUNA VEZ…..), EVER significa NUNCA en oraciones
negativas ubicado al final de la oración.
EX:
- I HAVEN´T BEEN TO FRANCE EVER,

Cuando es afirmativa también significa nunca, pero se utiliza NEVER..

EX:
- I HAVE NEVER DONE IT

My best friend hasn’t prepared ceviche ever.

Bob hasn’t visited the beach ever because he lives in the mountains.
My dad has never danced reggaeton.
Mr. Smith has never gone to Australia.

This is the worst prank I have ever seen on YouTube.. (JAMÁS) EVER
(SUPERLATIVOS)
Los Juanes is the best JUNGLE food I have ever tried. (JAMÁS)
EVER (SUPERLATIVO)

Have you EVER traveled to Japan before?

- Yes, i have BEEN THERE before

- No, I haven’t BEEN THERE ever.
- No, I have never BEEN to Japan.

Have you EVER cheated on your exams?

My mom hasn’t prepared ceviche EVER.

My best friend’s mom hasn’t written a book EVER.

I have NEVER BEEN to New York City.

My brother’s girlfriend has NEVER cheated on him.

BEFORE: (antes) al final de la oración.

I haven’t danced hip hop before.

My mom has posted that picture before.

ALWAYS: (siempre) después del auxiliar HAVE / HAS

I have always wanted to go to Paris

My classmate George has always travelled to Japan on vacation.

HOW LONG: (por cuánto tiempo……) INTERROGATIVE

How long have you been in Miami? I’ve been here for 3 weeks

How long has your mom prepared herself to go out? the whole morning. (toda la
mañana)

FOR: (por) tiempo. MENCIONANDO UN TIEMPO ESPECÍFICO.

I’ve lived in Trujillo for 3 years

My english tutor has taken that forum for three weeks IN A ROW. (seguida-s,
consecutiva-s)

SINCE: /sins/ (desde) tiempo GENERAL

My maths teacher has taught in my school since 2018

My grandparents have lived in Cajamarca since 1989

The principal, from my school, has chosen the best student for a scholarship since 2010.

RECENTLY: /risenli/ (recientemente) después del auxiliar HAVE / HAS

I’ve recently done it.

My mom has recently believed in me.

One of my best friend has recently got in the class.

LATELY: /leili/ (últimamente) al final de la oración.

I have heard about the infected people in the area lately.

Sarah has taken that pill lately

My classmates and I have practiced english together lately.

SO FAR: (hasta acá/ahora) al final de la oración.

I have understood the class so far.

My mom has told me that many times so far.

Brittany hasn’t handed the Natural report so far.

AFFIRMATIVE:
SUBJECT + HAVE / HAS + VERB PAST PART + COMPLEMENT
I’ve heard that you are going to get married.
Martha’s (Martha has) gone to Sao Paulo.

MARTHA’S MY BEST FRIEND

MARTHA’S UNDERSTOOD THE LESSON.

NEGATIVE:
SUBJECT + HAVEN’T / HASN’T + VERB PAST PART + COMPLEMENT.
You haven’t written the essay yet.
My dad hasn’t bought the dinner yet.

INTERROGATIVE: CLOSED QUESTION

HAVE / HAS + SUBJECT + VERB PAS PART + COMPLEMENT?
Have you cleaned your room? YES, I HAVE // NO, I HAVEN’T
Has your grandmother picked her dress from the store? YES, SHE HAS / NO, SHE
HASN’T

INTERROGATIVE: OPEN QUESTION

I.P + HAVE / HAS + SUBJECT + VERB PAS PART + COMPLEMENT?
How long have you lived in Trujillo? I’ve lived here since I was born.
Why have your parents decided to go to China on vacations? BECAUSE THEY HAVE
ALREADY VISITED IT BEFORE.

PAST PARTICIPLE
Gone: /gon/ Ido. CUANDO TODAVÍA SE ENCUENTRAN EN EL LUGAR

Been: /biin/ Estado . CUANDO SE VISITÓ ESE LUGAR Y YA NO ESTAS

AHI.

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_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

PAST PERFECT SIMPLE este tiempo verbal se refiere a una acción

que indica la anterioridad de una acción pasada, y trabaja en conjunto con el
pasado simple y esto a su vez con cláusulas de tiempo (WHEN, AFTER,
BEFORE). En este tiempo verbal trabaja con el auxiliar “HAD” y con todos
los pronombres personales; su negación “HADN’T”. VERB PAST PARTICIPLE

AFFIRMATIVE:

SUBJECT + HAD + VERB PAST PARTICIPLE. + COMPLEMENT

I had understood the class WHEN the teacher EXPLAINED about math.
My mom had bought some fresh fruits AFTER my dad brought her favorite ones. (mi
mamá había comprado algunas frutas frescas después que mi papá trajera sus favoritas.)
My dog had gone out before my brother looked for his leash, and he ran away.
My teacher had told me that my score was excellent when I won the science competition.
The students had STARTED the ONLINE class when the dog started to bark and the
teacher got angry.
NEGATIVE:

SUBJECT + HADN’T + VERB PAST PART. + COMPLEMENT

I hadn’t taken my mom to the supermarket before my dad took the car first.

Maria hadn’t cleaned her house when her parents arrived.

I hadn't finished the exercise when the time got over.

INTERROGATIVE: (CLOSED QUESTION)

HAD + SUBJECT + VERB PAST PART + COMPLEMENTE?

Had your parents looked for your report card at school because you failed?

Had Luke read Maria's book when she went to the library?

Had my dad looked for the remote control after the TV show finished?

INTERROGATIVE (OPEN QUESTION)

P.I + HAD + SUBJECT + VERB PAST PART + COMPLEMENT?

Why had you brought your guitar to the party IF you knew there was going to be a
LIVE SHOW?

Where had Sara bought her new bag when she went to Italy?

Why had they studied for ANother exam if everybody haD aN exam formulary?

MY CLASSMATES TOOK OTHER EXAMS BUT / INSTEAD OF THIS.

I WANT TO GO TO OTHER COUNTRIES.

MY MOM CHOSE OTHER BUT THIS ONE.

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

REPORTED SPEECH:
Cuando se trata de REQUEST/peticiones se utiliza ASKED
______ TO (PIDIO ____ QUE-....) PLEASE…..
Ex.:

ORACIÓN DIRECTA ORACIÓN REPORTADA

-Gabriel, give me the book, please Peter asked GABRIEL to give

. him the book

-”Please, lend me some money”, said Patricia Patricia asked MONICA to lend
her some money

-”Pass me the dictionary, please”, said the teacher The teacher asked MATIAS to
pass her the dictionary
Cuando se trata de COMMANDS/órdenes (afirmativa) se utiliza
TOLD ______ TO (DIJO _______ QUE)
Ex.:

ORACIONES DIRECTAS ORACIONES REPORTADAS

-”Vanesaa, open your book”, said the teacher The teacher told VANESSA to
open her book

-”Sit down, Brayan” said the teacher The teacher told BRAYAN to
sit down

-”John, turn your phone off”, said the teacher The teacher told JOHN to turn
his phone off

Cuando se trata de COMMANDS/órdenes (negativa) se utiliza TOLD

______ NOT TO (DIJO ______ QUE NO..)
Ex.:

ORACIONES DIRECTAS ORACIONES REPORTADAS

-”Valentino, don’t use your phone in class”, said the teacher The teacher told

VALENTINO not to
use his phone in class

-”Sabrina, don’t eat snacks in class”, said the teacher The teacher told
SABRINA not to eat
snacks in class.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-”Johana, bring me some fruits from the market please”

-”Peter, Don’t go there” .

-”Mom, stop doing that” .

-”Gianlucca, lend me $ 100.00 cash, please”

:_________________________________________________________________________
JULY 17 / 21
REPORTED SPEECH (questions)

MARTIN: “WHERE ARE YOU GOING?”

“ARE YOU GOING THERE ALONE?”
-

LAURA: “WHY DID YOU BUY THE CAKE?”

“DID YOU LIKE IT?”
-

FABIO: “HOW WAS THE PARTY?”

“WERE THERE MANY PEOPLE THERE?”
-

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

VOZ PASIVA // PASSIVE VOICE: es una construcción verbal

(estructurada) donde el objeto indirecto (de la voz activa) pasa a ser el sujeto.

- MARIA JUEGA BASKETBALL (CON SU HERMANO

(CON)-QUIÉN) EN LA LOZA ( DONDE) TODOS LOS DÍAS (CUÁNDO)

OBJETO INDIRECTO + TO BE (IS - ARE) + VERB. PAS. PART. + BY (por) + S

(PRON. OBJETO).
 - BASKETBALL IS PLAYED WITH HER
BROTHER IN THE COURT EVERYDAY BY HER. (MY SISTER) (el basketball es
jugado con su hermano EN LA LOZA TODOS LOS DÍAS por ella.

ACTIVE QUESTION: CLOSED QUESTION!

DOES MARIA PLAY BASKETBALL WITH HER BROTHER IN THE COURT EVERYDAY?

PASSIVE QUESTION:
IS BASKETBALL PLAYED WITH HER BROTHER IN THE COURT EVERYDAY BY
HER?
NOTA: si la voz activa esta en el tiempo
ACTIVA PASIVA

PRESENTE SIMPLE to be (is-are) + pas. part.

I READ A BOOK A BOOK IS READ BY ME

PASADO SIMPLE to be (was-were) + pas. part

MY MOM WROTE A LETTER A LETTER WAS WRITTEN BY HER (MY MOM)

PRESENT CONTINUOUS to be (is-are) + BEING (siendo) + pas. part.

I AM PLAYING VIDEO GAMES VIDEO GAMES ARE BEING PLAYED BY ME

PASADO CONTINUO to be (was-were) + BEING + pas. part.

MY DAD WAS WATCHING A MOVIE A MOVIE WAS BEING WATCHED BY HIM

(MY DAD)

PRESENT PERFECTO have-has + BEEN (sido) + pas. part.

THE TEACHER HAS EXPLAINED THE GRAMMAR THE GRAMMAR HAS BEEN
EXPLAINED BY HIM (THE TEACHER)

FUTURE SIMPLE will + be + pas. part.

I WILL STUDY MATH MATH WILL BE STUDIED BY ME.

Examples:
PRESENT SIMPLE:

I BUY DIFFERENT MAGAZINES AT THE STORE BY THE WEEKEND

- Different magazines are bought at the store by the weekend by me

ONE OF YOUR BEST FRIEND INVITE HER BOYFRIEND TO THE WEDDING

? : DOES ONE OF YOUR BEST FRIEND INVITE HER BOYFRIEND TO THE WEDDING?

Passive voice: HER BOYFRIEND IS INVITED TO THE WEDDING BY ONE OF YOUR

BEST FRIEND

Passive voice?: IS HER BOYFRIEND INVITED TO THE WEDDING BY ONE OF YOUR

BEST FRIEND?

PRESENT CONTINUOUS:

IS ONE OF YOUR BEST FRIEND INVITING HER BOYFRIEND TO THE WEDDING?

PAST SIMPLE:

DID ONE OF YOUR BEST FRIEND INVITE HER BOYFRIEND TO THE WEDDING?

PAST CONTINUOUS:

WAS ONE OF YOUR BEST FRIEND INVITING HER BOYFRIEND TO THE WEDDING?

PRESENT PERFECT::

HAS ONE OF YOUR BEST FRIEND INVITED HER BOYFRIEND TO THE WEDDING?

PAST PERFECT::

HAD ONE OF YOUR BEST FRIEND INVITED HER BOYFRIEND TO THE WEDDING?

FUTURE SIMPLE:
WILL ONE OF YOUR BEST FRIEND INVITE HER BOYFRIEND TO THE WEDDING?

FUTURE CONTINUOUS:

IS ONE OF YOUR BEST FRIEND GOING TO INVITE HER BOYFRIEND TO THE

WEDDING?

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*****TOEFL TIPS:

SPEAKING SECTION:

STATEMENT // INTRODUCTORY SENTENCE // SUPPORTED IDEAS //

RECOMMENDATIONS OR CONCLUSION

“State whether you agree or disagree with the following statement. Then
explain your reasons using specific details in your argument. Teachers
should assign daily homework to students.”

I agree with the idea of giving children homework on a daily basis. I feel this
way for two reasons.

First of all, I think that it will help children to retain what they learn for a much
longer period of time. The only real way for kids to absorb a lesson is to
actually go home and repeat it as much as they possibly can. And in the long
run this kind of thing will lead to a lot more academic success.

Secondly, I believe that homework can actually give children an opportunity

to bond with their parents. For example, I got a lot of daily homework when I
was in elementary school. And I’d go home and do it with my mom and dad,
and I’d ask them questions whenever I was having trouble. And in time we
actually became really close.
______________________________________________________________
“Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Children
should help their parents with household chores as soon as they are old
enough. Use details and examples in your response.”

I think it’s a great idea for kids to do household chores as soon as they’re old
enough.

First of all, this can teach children some really valuable skills that will come in
handy later in life. For instance, I was responsible for cooking breakfast for
my little brother every day before we went to school when we were both kids.
As a result, when I went away to college as a teenager I stayed really healthy
because I could cook my own meals instead of always going out for fast food
like my friends and classmates.

Secondly, parents and children can do household chores together and this
gives them a chance to bond. You know, as they work on things like cleaning
dishes or cooking food they can chat, and the kids might open up about what’s
going on in their lives.

______________________________________________________________

READING TECHNIQUES: 5 HACKS

1) SKIM THE PASSAGE

In the TOEFL Reading section skim the passage before reading the questions, do not read it in
detail. This gives you a general idea what the passage is about without wasting time. After that,
read the questions carefully. Since you skimmed the passage before you know where you can
find the information, you Locate the information and read this part in greater detail to answer
the questions.

2) DON’T CHANGE YOUR ANSWER

After having finished the TOEFL Reading section do not go back and change an answer to a
question without reading the relevant part of the passage again. You picked that answer for a
reason and even if you are unsure whether it is correct do not change it without checking the
passage. There is a chance that the answer is correct and thus you may change a correct
answer into a wrong answer. That would be a pity!
3) DETAIL QUESTIONS
Detail questions in the TOEFL are particularly tricky! They often confuse information or change
it in a slight way which makes it very difficult to recognize that. When answering a detailed
question make sure you read the question carefully, then go to the relevant part of the passage
and pay attention to the information that is given. The information in the text must exactly
match the information given in the answer you choose.

4) CHECK YOUR WATCH

In the TOEFL Reading section time management is particularly important. The texts are long
and complicated and while you must read some parts in greater detail you also need to pay
attention that you do not spend too much time on a question so that there is still time left for
the following questions. During your preparation for the TOEFL practice time management
especially for the Reading section. You should know exactly how much time you will spend on a
passage.

5) CHOOSE AN ANSWER
If you do not know the answer to a question, choose an answer that you think might be correct
and go on. You can always go back and change that answer, provided you have enough time to
read the passage again. If you do not answer a question and if you do not have time to go back
when finishing the TOEFL Reading section, you may waste points because there is always the
chance that your answer is correct.

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