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PLANT NUTRITION
LECTURE 1:
INTRODUCTION
“We are made for
loving. If we don’t
love, we will be like
plants without water.”
― Desmond Tutu
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Second-Edition_57063.html
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LEARNING OUTCOMES
Students on completion of this course would be able
1. to identify chemical elements necessary for
plant growth which are called nutrient elements
or nutrients
2. to identify symptoms of nutrient deficiency and
toxicity
3. to explain the mechanism of nutrient uptake
4. to explain the function of nutrient elements in
plant growth and development
5. to estimate the amount of nutrients required for
the optimum of plant growth and development
PRESENTATTION FLOW
Competency
I. INTRODUCTION
Definition
Our Challenge
II. NUTRIENT ELEMENTS
Nutrient Classification
Function Of Nutrients
III. HISTORY OF PLANT NUTRITION
Greek Mythology Records
The Invention of Agriculture
IV. THE LAW OF THE MINIMUM
I. INTRODUCTION
1. Is it important to study plant nutrition ?
a. DEFITION
Plant nutrition is the study of the chemical
elements that are necessary for plant growth and
development.
The study is focused on the relationship between
nutrients and plant growth that includes
the type of nutrients required for the optimum of plant
growth
the mechanism of nutrient uptake
the function of nutrients in plant metabolism, and
the negative effects of nutrient deficiency and toxicity
INTRODUCTION
OUR CHALLENGE
Thomas Malthus (1766 -1834): An Essay on the
Principle of Population (1798)
“Population, when unchecked, increases in a
geometrical ratio, and subsistence increases only in
an arithmetical ratio
Geometric sequence : 2, 4, 8, 16, 32
Arithmetic sequence : 2, 5, 8, 11, 14
This means that population growth would outstrip food
supply, causing great human suffering
In the early 1960s, most nations were self-sufficient
in food
The Green Revolution (high-yield crops and energy
intensive agriculture) brought about remarkable
increases in crop production.
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INTRODUCTION
Today, per capita production has now slowed and
appears to be declining.
How to Feed the World in 2050
By 2050 the world’s population will reach 9.1 billion, 34
percent higher than today. Nearly all of this population
increase will occur in developing countries
Annual cereal production will need to rise to about 3
billion tonnes from 2.1 billion today and annual meat
production will need to rise by over 200 million tonnes
to reach 470 million tonnes
To increase food production, we can
farm more land, or
increase the yield from each unit of land
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Our Challenge
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Rice Production
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Are there other hopes that can be expected to solve the problems
raised by Thomas Malthus?
Food Availability
4 (Precision Agr
Technology)
Quantity
3 (Biotechnology)
2 (Green Revolution
Technology)
1 (Traditional
technology)
Demand
Time
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Potential Yield-limiting factors
CLIMATIC FACTORS SOIL FACTORS CROP FACTORS
Precipitation Organic matter Crop species/variety
Quantity Texture Planting date
Distribution Structure Seedling rate and geometry
Air Temperature Cation exchange capacity Row spacing
Relative Humidity Base saturation Seed quality
Light Slope and Topography Evapotranspiration
Quantity Soil Temperature Water availability
Intensity Soil management factors Nutrition
Duration Tillage Pests
Altitude/Latitude Drainage Insects
Wind Others Diseases
Velocity Depth (root sone) Weeds
Distribution Harvest efficiency
CO2 concentration
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The future lies on increasing yields which
are dependent on
genetic improvement
farm management (water , nutrients etc.)
II. NUTRIENT ELEMENTS
1. Some elements are essential
There are over 100 chemical elements, yet only 17 are
essential for plant growth. To be classified as essential,
the element needs to meet the following criteria:
1. The plant cannot complete its life cycle
(seed to new seed) without it.
2. The element’s function cannot be replaced
by another element.
3. The element is directly involved in the plant’s
growth and reproduction.
4. Most plants need this element to survive
Nutrient Classification
Classification Element Higher Lower
plants plants
N, P, , K, S, + + (except
Macronutrients Mg & Ca Ca for
fungi
Fe, Mn, Zn, + + (except
Micronutrients Cu, B, Mo & B for fungi
Cl
Micronutrients Na, Si, Co +/- +/-
and “beneficial” I&V - +/-
element
The primary nutrients—nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K)
The secondary nutrients—calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and sulfur (S)
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Classification of plant mineral nutrients
according to biochemical function
Group 1 Nutrients that are part of carbon compounds
1. N Constituent of amino acids, amides, proteins, nucleic acids,
nucleoticles, coenzymes, hexosamines, etc.
2. S Component of cysteine, cystine, methionine. Constituent of
lipoic acid, coenzyme A, thiamine pyrophosphate, glutathione,
biotin, 5'-adenylylsulfate, and T-phosphoadenosine.
Group 2 Nutrients that are important in energy storage or structural
integrity
3. P Component of sugar phosphates, nucleic acids, nucleoticles,
coenzymes, phospholipids, phytic acid, etc. Has a key role in
reactions that involve ATP.
4. Si Deposited as amorphous silica in cell walls. Contributes to cell
wall mechanical properties, including rigidity and elasticity.
5. B Complexes with mannitol, mannan, polymannuronic acid, and
other constituents of cell walls. Involved in cell elongation and
nucleic acid metabolism.
Group 3 Nutrients that remain in ionic form
6. K Required as a cofactor for more than 40 enzymes. Principal
cation in establishing cell turgor and maintaining cell
electroneutrality.
7. Ca Constituent of the middle lamella of cell walls. Required as a
cofactor by some enzymes involved in the hydrolysis of ATP and
phospholipids. Acts as a second messenger in metabolic
regulation.
8. Mg Required by many enzymes involved in phosphate transfer.
Constituent of the chlorophyll molecule.
9. Cl Required for the photosynthetic reactions involved in 02
evolution.
10. Mn Required for activity of some clehydrogenases, decarboxylases,
kinases, oxidases, and peroxidases. Involved with other cation-
activated enzymes and photosynthetic 02 evolution.
11. Na Involved with the regeneration of phosphoenolpyruvate in C4
and plants. Substitutes for potassium in some functions.
Group 4 Nutrients that are involved in redox reactions
12. Fe Constituent of cytochromes and nonheme iron proteins
involved in photosynthesis, N2 fixation, and respiration.
13. Zn Constituent of alcohol dehydrogenase, glutamic
dehydrogenase, carbonic anhydrase, etc.
14. Cu Component of ascorbic acid oxidase, tyrosinase,
monoamine oxiclase, uricase, cytochrome oxidase,
phenolase, laccase, and plastocyanin.
15. Ni Constituent of urease. In N2-fixing bacteria, constituent of
hydrogenases.
16. Mo Constituent of nitrogenase, nitrate reductase, and
xanthine clehydrogenase.
Function Of Nutrients
1. Carbon
Carbon is what most of the plant is made of. It forms the
backbone of many plant biomolecules, including starches and
cellulose. Carbon is fixed through photosynthesis from the
carbon dioxide in the air and is a part of the carbohydrates that
store energy in the plant.
2. Hydrogen
Hydrogen also is necessary for building sugars and building the
plant. It is obtained from air and liquid water.
3. Oxygen
Oxygen is necessary for cellular respiration. Cellular respiration
is the process of generating energy-rich adenosine triphosphate
(ATP) via the consumption of sugars made in photosynthesis. It
is obtained from the air.
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4. Phosphorus
Phosphorus is important in plant bioenergetics. As a
component of ATP, phosphorus is needed for the
conversion of light energy to chemical energy (ATP)
during photosynthesis.
Phosphorus can also be used to modify the activity of various
enzymes by phosphorylation, and can be used for cell
signalling. Since ATP can be used for the biosynthesis of
many plant biomolecules, phosphorus is important for plant
growth and flower/seed formation.
5. Potassium
Potassium regulates the opening and closing of the
stoma by a potassium ion pump. Since stomata are
important in water regulation, potassium reduces
water loss from the leaves and increases drought
tolerance. Potassium deficiency may cause necrosis
or interveinal chlorosis. mtom
6. Nitrogen
Nitrogen is an essential component of all proteins, and as a
part of DNA, it is essential for growth and reproduction as
well. Nitrogen deficiency most often results in stunting.
7. Sulphur
Sulphur is another important component of amino acids and
proteins, and is therefore important in plant growth.
8. Calcium
Calcium a part of cell walls, and regulates transport of other
nutrients into the plant. Calcium deficiency results in stunting.
9. Magnesium
Magnesium is an important part of chlorophyll, a critical plant
pigment in photosynthesis. It is important in the production of
ATP through its role as an enzyme cofactor.
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There are many other biological roles for magnesium.
Magnesium deficiency can result in interveinal chlorosis.
10. Iron
Iron is necessary for photosynthesis and is present
as an enzyme cofactor in plants. Iron deficiency can
result in interveinal chlorosis and necrosis.
11. Molybdenum
Molybdenum is a cofactor to enzymes important in
building amino acids.
12. Boron
Boron is important in sugar transport, cell division,
and synthesizing certain enzymes. Boron deficiency
causes necrosis in young leaves and stunting.
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13. Copper
Copper is important for photosynthesis. Symptoms
for copper deficiency include chlorosis.
14. Manganese
Manganese is necessary for building the
chloroplasts. Manganese deficiency may result in
coloration abnormalities, such as discolored spots
on the foliage.
15. Zinc
Zinc is required in a large number enzymes and
plays an essential role in DNA transcription. A
typical symptom of zinc deficiency is the stunted
growth of leaves, commonly known as "little leaf"
and is caused by the oxidative degredation of the
growth hormone auxin
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16. Nickel
Nickel is required in nitrogen metabolism, however the
requirement is vague in all but a very few select plants.
Main References
Marschner, H.,1986. Mineral Nutrition in Higher Plants.
Academic Press, London
Wild, A.,1973. Russel’s Soil Condition and Plant
Growth. Longman Scientific & Technical
Jones, Jr., J.B., Wolf, B. and Mills, H.A., 1991. Plant
Analysis Handbook. Micro-Macro Publishing, Inc., USA.
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Chemical forms in solution absorbed by
plants
Cations (positively Annions (negatively
charged ions) charged ions)
• NH4+ (Ammonium) • PO43-, HPO42- &
• K + (Potassium) H2PO4- (Phosphorus)
• Ca2+ (Calcium) • NO3- (Nittrate)
• Mg2+ (Magnesium) • SO42- (Sulfur)
• Fe2+ & Fe3+ (Iron) • BO32- (Boron)
• Mn2+ (Manganese) • MoO42- (Molybdenum)
• Zn2+ (Zinc) • Cl- (Chlorine)
• Cu2+ (Copper)
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Some elements are essential
There are over 100 chemical elements, yet only 17 are
essential for plant growth. To be classified as essential,
the element needs to meet the following criteria:
1. The plant cannot complete its life cycle
(seed to new seed) without it.
2. The element’s function cannot be replaced
by another element.
3. The element is directly involved in the plant’s
growth and reproduction.
4. Most plants need this element to survive
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