Drill 1.

A cylindrical drum, 800 mm in diameter and 600 mm high, is filled with fluid whose density
is 640 kg/m3. Determine: (a) the total volume of the fluid in m3; (b) its total mass in kg; (c) its
specific volume in m3/kg; (d) its specific weight in N/m3 if g = 9.75 m/s2.
𝜋 𝜋
Solution: (a) V = Ah = ( 4 d2)h = (4 8002 mm2) (600 mm) (1 m3/10003 mm3) = 0.301593 m3
(b) m = ρV = (640 kg/m3) (0.301593 m3) = 193.019453 kg
(c) ʋ = 1/ρ = V/m = 1 ÷ 640 kg/m = 0.301593 m3 ÷ 193.019453 kg = 1.5625 x 10-3 m3/kg
(d) ɣ = W/V = mg/V = ρg = 640 kg/m3 (9.75 m/s2) = 6240 kg-m/m3-s2 or N/m3
note: kg-m/s2 = newton

Drill 2. Two liquids of different densities, ρ1 = 1500 kg/m3 and ρ2 = 500 kg/m3, are poured together
into a 100-liter tank, filling it. If the resulting density of the mixture is 800 kg/m 3, find the
respective mass of liquid used. Also find the weight of the mixture if g = 9.675 m/s2.
Solution: VT = 100 liters (1 m3/1000 liters) = 0.1 m3
m1 + m2 = mT; ρ1V1 + ρ2V2 = ρTVT
1500 V1 + 500 V2 = 800 (0.1) = 80 
V1 + V2 = VT; V1 + V2 = 0.1
V2 = 0.1 – V1 
Substitute the value of V2 from eq.  to eq. 
1500 V1 + 500 (0.1 – V1) = 80
1000 V1 = 80 – 50
30
V1 = 1000 = 0.03 m3
V2 = 0.1 – 0.03 = 0.07 m3
m1 = ρ1V1 = 1500 kg/m3 (0.03 m3) = 45 kg
m2 = ρ2V2 = 500 kg/m3 (0.07 m3) = 35 kg
WT = mT g = (m1 + m2)g = (45 kg + 35 kg) (9.675 m/s2) = 774 kg-m/s2 = 774 N

Drill 3. Given the barometric pressure of 29.92 inches of mercury, perform the following
conversions: (a) 80 psig to psia and to kPaa; (b) 20 inches of mercury vacuum to psia and to kPaa;
(c) 15 inches of mercury gage to psia and to pascal absolute; (d) 380 mm of mercury gage to psia
and to kPaa.
Solution: atmospheric pressure = barometric pressure
patm = 29.92 in of Hg (14.7 lb/in2 ÷ 760 mm of Hg) (25.4 mm/1 in) = 14.7 lb/in2 or psi
(a) pabs = pgage + patm = 80 lb/in2 gage + 14.7 lb/in2 = 94.7 lb/in2 absolute or psia
pabs = 94.7 lb/in2 abs (1 kg/2.2 lb) (9.807 m/s2) (122 in2/1 ft2) (3.28082 ft2/1 m2)
pabs = 654313 N/m2 abs (1 kN/1000 N) = 654.313 kN/m2 absolute or kPaa
(b) pgage = – pvacuum = – 20 in of Hg (14.7 lb/in2 ÷ 760 mm of Hg) (25.4 mm/1 in)
pgage = – 9.8258 psig
pabs = pgage + patm = – 9.8258 psig + 14.7 psi = 4.8742 psia
pabs = 4.8742 psia(1kg/2.2lb)(9.807m/s2)(122in2/1ft2)(3.28082ft2/1m2)(1kN/1000N)
pabs = 33.6774 kPaa
or
pabs = 4.8742 psia (101.325 kPa/14.7 psi) = 33.6 kPaa
note: value discrepancy is due to rounding-off of figures
 (c) pgage = 15 in of Hg (14.7 psi 760 mm of Hg) (25.4 mm/1 in) = 7.36934 psig
pabs = pgage + patm = 7.36934 psig + 14.7 psi = 22.06934 psia
pabs = 22.06934 psia (101.325 x 103 Pa/14.7 psi) = 152121 Paa
(d) pgage = 380 mm of Hg (14.7 psi/760 mm of Hg) = 7.35 psig
pabs = pgage + patm = 7.35 psig + 14.7 psi = 22.05 psia
pabs = 22.05 psia (101.325 kPa/14.7 psi) = 151.9875 kPaa

Drill 4. A 30 m vertical column of fluid whose density ρ =1878 kg/m3 is located where
g = 9.65 m/s2. Find the pressure at the base in kPa gage.
Solution: pbase = ɣh = ρgh = 1878 kg/m3 (9.65 m/s2) (30 m) = 543681 kg-m/s2-m2 or N/m2
pbase = 543681 N/m2 (1 kN/1000 N) = 543.681 kN/m2 gage or kPa gage.

Drill 5. A fluid moves in a steady flow manner between two sections in a flow line. At section 1:
A1 = 1 ft2, v1 = 1000 ft/min, ʋ1 = 4 ft3/lb. At section 2: A2 = 2 ft2, ρ2 = 0.2 lb/ft3. Calculate: (a) the
flow rate in lb/hr; (b) the velocity at section 2 in ft/s and in m/s.
Solution: (a) m1 = m2; A1 v1/ʋ1 = A2 v2 ρ2
m1 = m2 = A1 v1/ʋ1 = 1 ft2 (1000 ft/min) ÷ 4 ft3/lb = 250 lb/min
m1 = m2 = 250 lb/min (60 min/1 hr) = 15000 lb/hr
(b) m2 = m1 = A2 v2 ρ2
v2 = m2 ÷ (A2 ρ2) = 250 lb/min ÷ [(2 ft2) (0.2 lb/ft3)] = 625 ft/min
v2 = 625 ft/min (1 min/60 s) = 10.4167 ft/s
v2 = 10.4167 ft/s (1 m/3.2808 ft) = 3.17504 m/s
note: for steady flow problems, unless otherwise specified the letter symbol m is for
mass flow rate.

Drill 6. 10 kg/s of fluid flows through a pipe at a velocity of 2 m/s. The density of fluid is 330 kg/m3.
(a) What diameter of passage way is required to accommodate this flow? (b) At a point in the flow
stream, the fluid is to increase its velocity to 3 m/s, what must be the diameter of the conduit?
Assuming there is no change in density.
1
Solution: (a) A1 = m1/(v1 ρ1) = 10 kg/s ÷ [2 m/s (330 kg/m3)] = 66 m2
𝜋 1
A1 = d12= m2
4 66
2 4 4 1
d1 = 𝜋 A1 = 𝜋 (66 m2) = 0.019292 m2
d1 = (0.019292 m2)1/2 = 0.138894 m (100 cm/1 m)
d1 = 13.8894 cm
(b) m1 = m2
A1 v1 ρ1 = A2 v2 ρ2 but ρ1 = ρ2
𝜋 𝜋
(4 d12) v1 = ( 4 d22) v2
2
d22 = d12 v1/v2 = (13.8894 cm)2 (3) = 128.6103 cm2
d2 = (128.6103 cm2)1/2 = 11.34065 cm
Drill 7. (Board Problem) Derive the temperature conversion formulae from oF to oC and from oC to
o
F. Use the known values of 32oF and 0oC for freezing points of water, and 212oF and 100oC for
the boiling points of water.
Solution:

By Ratio and Proportion

Drill 8. Convert the following: (a) 50 oC to oF; (b) –40 oF to oC; (c) 555 oK to oR ; (d) 1000 oR to oK
Solution: Let tF be the temperature in oF; tR be the temperature in oR
tC be the temperature in oC; tK be the temperature in oK
9
(a) oF = 5 oC + 32
9
tF = 5 (50) + 32 = 122 oF
5
(b) oC = 9 (oF – 32)
5
tC = (–40 – 32) = –40 oC
9
(c) oK = oC + 273
o
C = oK – 273
tC = 555 – 273 = 282 oC
9
tF = (282) + 32 = 539.6 oF
5
o
R = oF + 460
tR = 539.6 + 460 = 999.6 oR
(d) oR = oF + 460
o
F = oR – 460
tF = 1000 – 460 = 540 oF
5
tC = 9 (540 – 32) = 282.2222 oC
 tK = 282.2222 +273 = 555.2222 oK

Drill 9. A Fahrenheit and a Celsius thermometer are both immersed in a fluid. If the two numerical
readings are identical, what is the fluid temperature expressed in oK and in oR?
Solution: tF = tC
o 9
F = 5 oC + 32
9
tF = 5 tC + 32 but tF = tC
9
tF = 5 tF + 32
9
(1 – ) tF = 32
5
–0.8 tF = 32
32
tF = tC = −0.8 = –40 oF = –40 oC (see Drill 8.b)
o
K = oC + 273
tK = –40 + 273 = 233 oK
o
R = oF + 460
tR = –40 + 460 = 420 oR