Continuous Variables, pt.

 2
Weekly Savings
A B C D
0.909 -95.249 -95.249 -195.2
1.496 -75.119 -75.119 -175.1
2.024 -61.774 -61.774 -161.8
2.405 -46.180 -46.180 -146.2
3.272 -39.818 -39.818 -139.8
4.769 -37.617 -37.617 -137.6
5.578 -22.619 -22.619 -122.6
6.647 -16.224 -16.224 -116.2
7.927 -6.186 -6.186 -106.2
10.859 -4.291 -4.291 -104.3
12.035 -3.251 -3.251 -103.3
13.924 -2.036 -2.036 -102.0
14.074 -1.523 -1.523 -101.5
14.227 0.577 0.577 -99.4
14.580 8.376 8.376 -91.6
16.234 10.078 10.078 -89.9
18.852 13.598 13.598 -86.4
19.980 16.915 16.915 -83.1
 A B C D
24.440 17.470 17.470 -82.5
25.109 18.648 18.648 -81.4
25.676 20.098 20.098 -79.9
25.867 24.333 24.333 24.3
26.000 28.198 28.198 28.2
28.535 31.104 31.104 31.1
29.543 31.805 31.805 31.8
30.478 32.744 32.744 32.7
30.648 35.035 35.035 35.0
39.095 37.773 37.773 37.8
40.210 40.510 40.510 40.5
47.266 40.707 40.707 40.7
51.398 41.001 41.001 41.0
52.306 45.793 457.933 45.8
57.083 48.475 484.753 48.5
58.269 49.300 493.004 49.3
65.167 49.784 497.842 49.8
65.548 52.184 521.844 52.2
73.493 52.619 526.191 52.6
73.726 54.153 541.527 54.2
 A B C D
74.934 55.683 556.831 55.7
82.537 59.798 597.985 59.8
85.918 62.602 626.023 62.6
92.275 65.141 651.414 65.1
95.689 65.371 653.706 65.4
104.578 70.356 703.560 70.4
124.599 76.699 766.989 76.7
192.962 78.215 782.148 78.2
194.340 103.500 1034.998 103.5
199.995 109.222 1092.217 109.2
249.964 119.499 1194.992 119.5
302.121 128.147 1281.472 128.1
350.536 139.366 1393.657 139.4
416.852 163.109 1631.089 163.1
Histograms
Boxplots
Boxplot (Person “D”)
## min lower-hinge median upper-hinge max

## -195.2 -100.5 33.9 57.7 163.1

Boxplot with outliers (Person “C”)
## min lower-hinge median upper-hinge max

## -95.249 -0.473 33.889 577.408 1631.089

What does it take to be an outlier?
What does it take to be an outlier?

https://www.explainxkcd.com/wiki/index.php/539:_Boyfriend
What does it take to be an outlier?

Source: http://www.boxofficemojo.com/weekend/chart/
What does it take to be an outlier?
What does it take to be an outlier?

“H-spread” or fourth spread (upper hinge - lower hinge)

What does it take to be an outlier?

fences:

1.5 x hinge or fourth spread above upper-hinge

1.5 x hinge or fourth spread below lower-hinge

Fences

fences:

1.5 x hinge or fourth spread above upper-hinge

1.5 x hinge or fourth spread below lower-hinge

Tukey’s original boxplot
Quartiles
## [1] 0.703 0.923 1.005 1.168 1.609 1.808 1.843 1.903 2.147 2.368

## [11] 3.303 4.674 4.755 5.735 9.110 13.127 13.203 15.861 18.238 31.003

## min lower-hinge median upper-hinge max

## 0.703 1.709 2.835 11.118 31.003

## 0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

## 0.703 1.758 2.835 10.114 31.003

See: ?quantile for different methods

Sometimes boxplots are drawn using the IQR (interquartile range) instead of hinge spread
base R vs. ggplot2

ggplot(mtcars, aes(y = mpg)) +

boxplot(mtcars$mpg) geom_boxplot() +

theme_grey(14)
boxplot stats

# ggplot2

# base R
g <- ggplot(mtcars, aes(y = mpg)) +

boxplot.stats(mtcars$mpg) geom_boxplot()

ggplot_build(g)$data[[1]][,1:6]

## $stats

## [1] 10.4 15.3 19.2 22.8 33.9

##
ymin lower middle upper ymax outliers
## $n

## [1] 32
10.4 15.4 19.2 22.8 32.4 33.9
##

## $conf

## [1] 17.1 21.3

quantile(mtcars$mpg)
##

## $out

## numeric(0) ## 0% 25% 50% 75% 100%

## 10.4 15.4 19.2 22.8 33.9

Multiple boxplots
Multiple boxplots

COUNTRY CONTINENT TFR

Afghanistan Asia 5.27
Timor-Leste Asia 5.30
COUNTRY CONTINENT TFR
Australia Oceania 1.92
Reorder by median
Variable width boxplots
+ geom_boxplot(varwidth = TRUE)

width of boxes is proportional to √n

‾

(Counts are 52, 9, 12, 43, 21, 42)

Not for discrete data

Source: R likert::pisaitems dataset

Multiple density histograms, ordered by median
Boxplots vs. histograms
Density histogram
Density curve
+ geom_density()
Density curve
Density curve
Density curve
Density curve: varying smoothing bandwidths
Density curve: varying smoothing bandwidths (ggvis)
0.000035

0.000030

0.000025

0.000020
density

0.000015

0.000010

0.000005

0.000000

-20,000 0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000

GDP

See also: http://ggvis.rstudio.com/0.1/quick-examples.html#histograms

x-axis limits
g1 <- ggplot(world, aes(GDP, y = ..density..)) +

geom_histogram(color = "grey50", fill = NA, boundary = 0) +

geom_density(color = "red")

g2 <- ggplot(world, aes(GDP, y = ..density..)) +

geom_histogram(color = "grey50", fill = NA, boundary = 0) +

geom_density(color = "red") +

scale_x_continuous(limits = c(-10000, 125000))

gridExtra::grid.arrange(g1, g2, nrow = 1)

Density curves
Density curves
Violin plots
Violin plots, change bandwidth
Boxplot vs. violin plot
Ridgeline plot

Source: https://eagereyes.org/blog/2017/joy-plots

Additional resources:

http://blog.revolutionanalytics.com/2017/07/joyplots.html
https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/sa-visual/pop-culture-pulsar-origin-story-of-joy-division-s-
unknown-pleasures-album-cover-video/
Ridgeline plot inspiration
Jocelyn Bell discovers first radio pulsars, 1967
Ridgeline plot
Ridgeline plot, change scale
Histogram vs. ridgeline
Ridgeline vs. boxplot

Source: https://twitter.com/lenkiefer/status/916823350726610946
ggridges package
CRAN https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=ggridges

Github https://github.com/clauswilke/ggridges

Package vignette(s) https://cran.r-

project.org/web/packages/ggridges/vignettes/introduction.html

https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/ggridges/vignettes/gallery.html

Package manual https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/ggridges/ggridges.pdf