CERTC-DAVAO Algebra 2: Functions

What is Algebra? Continuous Function vs Discontinuous

Function
Algebra (from Arabic "al-jabr", literally meaning "reunion of
broken parts" is one of the broad parts of mathematics, In mathematics, a continuous function is a function for which
together with number theory, geometry and analysis. In its sufficiently small changes in the input result in arbitrarily small
most general form, algebra is the study of mathematical changes in the output. Otherwise, a function is said to be
symbols and the rules for manipulating these symbols; it is a a discontinuous function. A continuous function with a
unifying thread of almost all of mathematics. continuous inverse function is called a homeomorphism.
 x2 x  2


f  x   4 x  2
6  x x  2



DISCONTINUOUS FUNCTION
Removable discontinuity
Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwarizmi lived in Removable discontinuities are so named because one can
Baghdad, around 780 to 850 C "remove" this point of discontinuity by defining an almost
FATHER OF ALGEBRA everywhere identical function F(x) of the form which
necessarily is everywhere-continuous.
Relation and Functions
x2  1
In mathematics, any set of ordered pairs is called a relation. f  x 
x1
A function is a set of ordered pairs in which no two ordered
pairs have the same first coordinate and different second Point discontinuity
coordinates.
 x2 x1
The domain of a function is the set of all the first coordinates 

of the ordered pairs. f  x   0 x1
The range of a function is the set of all the second 2  x
coordinates. x1


If a function is defined by an equation, the variable that Jump discontinuity
represents elements of the domain is the independent
It is caused when the function jumps from one point to another
variable. The variable that represents elements of the range is
in its graph.
the dependent variable.
 x2 x1
How to identify functions? 
1. Points f  x   0 x1
2. Graph  2 x1
3. Mapping  2   x  1
4. Equation Essential discontinuity
Types of Function According to Mapping
It is a discontinuity when at some point in the domain of
1. One-to-one correspondence / Bijection function, both lower and upper limits or any one of them
2. One-to-one function / Injection
does not exist.
3. Onto function / Surjection
4. Invertible   5 
 sin  x  1  x1
Identify the types of function according to mapping   
f  x   0 x1
 1 x1

 x  1

Operations of Functions

Odd vs Even Function 1. Addition (f+g)(x)=f(x)+g(x)

2. Subtraction (f-g)(x)=f(x)-g(x)
Let f(x) be a real-valued function of a real variable. 3. Multiplication (f*g)(x)=f(x)*g(x)
Then f is even if the following equation holds for all x and -x in 4. Division (f/g)(x)=f(x)/g(x)
the domain of f; f(x)=f(-x) or f(x)-f(-x)=0 5. Composite fog(x)=f(g(x))
Let f(x) be a real-valued function of a real variable. 6. Inverse f(x)=y  g(y)=x
Then f is odd if the following equation holds for all x and -x in
the domain of f; -f(x)=f(-x) or f(x)+f(-x)=0

CERTCDAVAO: 0932 328 8053 Prepared by: Engr. George Ezar N. Quiriado, MSEE
 CERTC-DAVAO Algebra 2: Functions

Types of Functions
product of roots:  c
Constant Function
Sum and Product of roots:  b
x  C or y  C
Relationships between roots and coefficients of higher
Linear Function degree polynomials

Sum of roots: a if n  even

ax  by  c  0
y  mx  b Product of roots:  c if n  even

x y
 1 Sum of roots: a if n  odd
a b
Product of roots:  c if n  odd
y  y1  m  x  x 1
General Theorem for Polynomial Function
Quadratic Function
1. The Remainder Theorem
If a polynomial f(x) is divided by, the remainder is f(k).
ax 2  bx  c  0 2. The Factor Theorem:
If is a factor of a polynomial f(x), then, the remainder
The Quadratic Formula: f(k)=0.
3. Number of Zeros of a Polynomial Function

b  b2  4ac A polynomial function P of degree n has at most n zeros,

x where each zero of multiplicity k is counted k times.
2a
If a polynomial function P has (x-r) as a factor exactly k
times, then r is a zero of multiplicity k of the polynomial
The Discriminant: function P.
In the Quadratic Formula, the quantity under the radical sign 4. Conjugate Pair Theorem
b2-4ac is called the discriminant.
If a+bi is a complex zero of a polynomial function with real
Nature of the roots: (by discriminant) coefficients, then the conjugate a-bi is also a complex zero
If, the discriminant; of the polynomial function.
b2-4ac = 0 , then, the roots are real and equal 5. Fundamental Theorem of Algebra
b2-4ac > 0 and
If P is a polynomial function of n> 1 degree with complex
 Perfect square: the roots are real, rational and coefficients, then P has at least one complex zero.
unequal.
 NOT a perfect square: the roots are real, irrational 6. Intermediate Value Theorem
and unequal If P is a polynomial function and P(a) is not equal to P(b)
b2-4ac < 0 , then, the roots are complex conjugate. for a<b, then P takes on every value between P(a) and
P(b) in the interval [a,b].
Relationship between Roots and Coefficients
7. Rational Zero Theorem

Sum of roots:   b If P(x)=anxn+…aohas integer coefficients and p/q is a

a rational zero (in simplest form) of P,
p is a factor of the constant term a0
q is a factor of the leading coefficient an
product of roots:   c
a 8. Descartes’ Rule of Signs
The number of positive real roots of a polynomial f(x) =
Polynomial Functions 0 is either equal to the number of variations in sign of f(x)
or less than that number by an even integer.
General Form of Cubic Equation The number of negative real roots of a polynomial f(x) is
either equal to the number of variations in sign of f(-x) or
less than that number by an even integer.
x3  ax 2  bx  c  0
Rational Function
Relationships between roots & Coefficients If P(x) and Q(x) are polynomials, then the function F given by

Sum of roots:  a P  x
F  x 
Q  x

CERTCDAVAO: 0932 328 8053 Prepared by: Engr. George Ezar N. Quiriado, MSEE
 CERTC-DAVAO Algebra 2: Functions

Definition of a Vertical Asymptote Partial Fractions

The line x=a is a vertical asymptote of the graph of a function Case 1: Distinct Linear Factors
F provided
F  x   F  x    P  x A B
 
as x approaches a from either the left or right.  x  1 x  1 x  1 x  2
Theorem on Vertical Asymptotes
Case 2: Repeated Linear Factors
If the real number a is a zero of the denominator Q(x) then the
graph of F(x)=P(x)/Q(x) where P(x) and Q(x) have no common
factors, has the vertical asymptote x=a P  x A B
 
Definition of a Horizontal Asymptote  x  1 2 x  1  x  1 2

The line y=b is a horizontal asymptote of the graph of a

function F provided Case3: Non-repeated Irreducible Quadratic factors

F  x  b as x   or x  
P  x Ax  B C
 
Theorem on Horizontal Asymptotes
 x2  1  x  1 x2  1 x  1
anxn  an1xn1  ...  a0
F x  
bmxm  bm1xm1  ...  b0
Let
Case 4: Repeated Irreducible Quadratic Factors
be a rational function with numerator of degree n and
denominator of degree m. P  x Ax  B Cx  D
 
   
Case 1: If n<m, then the x-axis, which is the line given by y=0 2 x2  1 2
is the horizontal asymptote of the graph of F. x2  1 x2  1

Exponential Function
In mathematics, an exponential function is a function of
the form

y  ax  k

Case 2: If n=m, then the line given by y=an/bm is the LAWS OF EXPONENTS
horizontal asymptote of the graph of F.

xm xn  xm n
xm
 xmn
 xm 
n
 xmn xn

1
x n  x0  1
xn
p
 ax m amxm
 
 m n  mnp
  x  x
Case 3: If n>m, then the graph of F has no horizontal  by n bnyn  
asymptote.

Logarithmic Function

In mathematics, the logarithm is the inverse function to

exponentiation. That means the logarithm of a given number x
is the exponent to which another fixed number, the base b,
must be raised, to produce that number x.

y  loga x  k

CERTCDAVAO: 0932 328 8053 Prepared by: Engr. George Ezar N. Quiriado, MSEE
 CERTC-DAVAO Algebra 2: Functions

Properties of Natural Logarithm Signum Function

ln xy  ln x  ln y lne  1 1 ta

x sgn  t  a    0 t  a
ln  ln x  ln y lnen  n  1 t  a
y 
n
ln xn  nln x eln x  xn

Inequalities
Properties of Common/Briggssian Logarithm
In mathematics, an inequality is a relation that holds between
two values when they are different
log xy  log x  log y Whenever you multiply or divide an inequality by a negative
x loga a  1 number, you must flip the inequality sign.
log  log x  log y
y
log an  nlog a
log xn  nlog x Sample Problems
loga an  n
logM
logN M  loga 1  0 1. Determine if it’s odd or even function
logN
x x
A. f  x   1  2x  2

B. f  x   x  3x  7x
Absolute Value Function 5 3

x 2  4x 3
y  xh k C. f  x   x
Vertex  h,k  2. g is continuous for all real numbers. What is the value
of k?
 x 2  5x  6
Floor & Ceiling Function  for x  3
g x    x  3
 for x  3
 k
y   x  or y   x 
t 1
 
3. If f t  3  t  1 what is f(2)?
Remainder Function x 2 π
In mathematics, the remainder is the amount "left over" after 4. Let f  x   sin x  , g x   2 ,h x   πx  6 k  x   cos  x 
performing some computation
    π 
k  h  g1  f     
    6 
In algebra, the remainder is the polynomial "left over" after Evaluate .
dividing one polynomial by another. The modulo operation is
5. Let f(x)=3x and g(x)=x-1-3. Compute the value of
the operation that produces such a remainder when given a
f 1  g1  1 
1
dividend and divisor.
 
Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss is usually attributed with the 6. Two CERTC reviewees while solving a quadratic equation
invention/discovery of modular arithmetic. In 1796 he did some in x with leading coefficient ‘1’, one copied the constant
work that advanced the field, and in 1801 published the book term incorrectly and got the roots 3 and 2. The other
Disquisitiones Arithmeticae which, amongst other things, copied the constant term correctly -6. What are the correct
introduced congruence modulo and the ≡ symbol. roots of the equation?
7. If a and b are the roots of the equation 4x  13x  7  0 ,
2
Unit Step Function
ab
the value of ab
1 t  a
μ t  a   8. The roots of the equation ax  bx  c  0 are reciprocal
2

0 t  a of each other if

9. The equation  2k  2 x   4  4k  x  k  2  0
2
Dirac Delta Function
has roots, which are reciprocals of each other. Find the
value of k.
 t  a
δ  t  a   10. If α and β are roots of the equation x  px  q  0 , then
2

0 t  a the equation whose roots are αβ+α + β and αβ-α – β

CERTCDAVAO: 0932 328 8053 Prepared by: Engr. George Ezar N. Quiriado, MSEE
 CERTC-DAVAO Algebra 2: Functions

11. Let a, b, c and d be the roots of the equation Take Home Exam
x4  8x3  21x2  148x  160  0
1. Let f:R→R be a function defined by f(x)=x 3, then f is
1 1 1 1
Find the value abc  abd  acd  bcd

12. What is the remainder when 3x  3x  4x  13 is

3 2

divided by x-2?
13. If x-3 is a factor of the polynomial
x  4x  7x  kx  24 , what is the value of k?
4 3 2

Ax3  31x2  Bx  10 is A. Injective C. Surjective

14. If exactly divisible by
B. Bijective D. Invertible *
2x2  9x  5 , then the values of A and B are
3x  1
15. What is the remainder when x  2x  1 is divided by
100 51
2. Solve: 2x  3  3
x2  1 ?
16. Let f(x) be a cubic polynomial. If f(x) is divided by 2x + 3; 10 3 3
the remainder is 4, while if it is divided by 3x + 4, the A.  3  x   2 * C. x   2
remainder is 5. What will be the remainder when f(x) is 10 3 1
divided by 6x2 + 17x + 12? B. x   3 D.  2  x  3
1 3. The function:
17. Resolve  s  5s2  4  into partial fractions
4
, t=a
d(t-a)= 
5x 2  2x  19 0, t=a
18. Resolve  x  3  x  12 into partial fractions Where is a is greater than or equal to zero called
x 1 A. Dirac delta function*
19. Resolve x3  x2  x  1 into partial fractions B. Heaviside step function
C. Volterra function
5x  5 x D. Bessel’s equation
3
20. Solve for x 5 x  3  5  x  4. Given the cubic function f(x)  x , which of the following
4

best describes the function g(x)  (x  9)  10 ?

4
y 2 3x y
21. Solve for x 8  2 & 16  4
x y

A. the same as the graph of f(x)=x 4 shifted right by 9 units

22. Solve for x:  5  5  5  5  5   125
x x x x x 90
50
and up by 10 units
B. the same as the graph of f(x)=x4 shifted left by 9 units
23. If α  β , β  δ , δ  α , then xyz is equal to:
x y z
and up by 10 units
1 xy C. the same as the graph of f(x)=x4 shifted right by 9 units
24. 2  logx  logy  will be equal to log 2  if and down by 10 units
D. the same as the graph of f(x)=x4 shifted left by 9 units
25. Solve the equation: and down by 10 units *
log( x  1)  log( x  1)  2log( x  2)
666
5. Find -49(mod 11)
26. How many digits are there in 999 ? A. 9 C. 5
B. 6* D. 4
27. Solve the inequality 4  2  x  7 6. Which of the following functions satisfies the equation
28. Solve the inequality x  3x  10x f  x  f  x    f  f  x    f  x  for all real values of x?
3 2

3x  1
29. Solve the inequality 2x  3  3 A. f  x   x C. f  x   ln x 
B. f  x   2x D. A and B *
30. Solve the inequality 2x  4  8 2
31. Determine the domain and range of the function x 5x  3
7. Solve the inequality: 1
y  4  3x x 1
A. 2  1,  * C. 1, 
32. Determine the domain and range of the function
B.  , 1 D.  4, 
y  3  9  x2
x  1 x  2
8. The function f(x)  
2x  1 x  2
A. is continuous at x=2 *
C. is not continuous at x=2
B. has point discontinuity
D. none of these

CERTCDAVAO: 0932 328 8053 Prepared by: Engr. George Ezar N. Quiriado, MSEE
 CERTC-DAVAO Algebra 2: Functions

s 19. Let x, y, and z all exceed 1, and let w be a positive

9. If p  , solve for n. number such that logx w  24 , logy w  40 , and
1  k  n

log  s 
logxyz w  12 . Find logz w
s
A. C. log    log 1 k
log p 1  k   p A. 40 C. 60 *
B. 50 D. 70
s
log  
 sp  p  x 1
B. log  D. *  for x  5

log 1 k  f  x   x  5  2
 1 k  20. Let for x  1 . f is continuous for all
 k

10. Given that P(x) is a polynomial such that
real numbers. Find k
 2
 4 2
P x  1  x  5x  3 , what is P x  1 ?   2
A. 5 C. 4 *
C. x  x  1 x  B. 3 D. 12
2 2
A. x 4  5x2  1 2
21. If f(x)=x2+1, then the value of  f f  (x) is equal to
D. x  x  1 x  2
2 2
B. x 4  x2  3 *
A. x4+2x2+2* C. x4+2x2+2
x  3 x2 B. x4+2x2+1 D. None of these
11. The function f(x)   2 has what type of
x x2 22. Let P be the product of the non-
discontinuity? 4 3 2
real roots of x  4x  6x  4x  2005 . Find P  .
A. Point C. Jump*
B. Essential D. Removable A. 45* C. 25
B. 35 D. 15
12. Let  be defined by a  b  a2  b and be defined 4
23. Suppose a  0 , If x 
a
 4  0 , then the value of
by a b  a  b . What is  a
2
b  b ? a
x 2
2 2 2 2 4
A. b  a  ab  a C. a  2ab  b  b * 1
4 2 2 2 y is
B. a  2b  ab  a D. a  2b  a  b a1
x 
x2  4 2
13. What is the behavior of the graph of y  as x A. 4.5 C. 0.45
x2  4x  4
approaches 2 from the left (values slightly less than 2)? 10 1000
B. * D.
A. y approaches 0 45 45
C. y approaches negative infinity * 24. The polynomial 1  x  x 2  ...  x16  x17 may be written
B. y approaches 1 in the form a0  a1y  a2 y 2  ...  a16 y16  a17 y17 , where
D. y approaches positive infinity
y  x  1 and the ai 's are constants. Find the value of a2.
14. There is a prime number p such that 16p+1 is the cube of
a positive integer. Find p. A. 168 C. 618
A. 167 C. 301 B. 816* D. 186
B. 299 D. 307 * x 1  2
25. Let f  x   x  5 when x is not equal to 5. f is
15. What is the remainder when x2006  x 2005   x  1
2
is
2
continuous for all x>1. Find f(5).
divided by x  1 ?
A. 1/4* C. 1/2
A. 2 C. x+3 *
B. 2/3 D. 1/3
B. 4 D. x+2
16. Let the operation Φ be defined for positive integers a and b  15x
 for x  0
f  x    x 3  3x
by aΦb  ab  b . If xΦ  x  1  323, find xΦ  x  1 26. Let for x  0 . f is continuous for all
 k
A. 324 C. 361 *
B. 325 D. 360 real numbers. Find k
A. 5* C. 4
5x  1 B. 3 D. 12
17. Solve for x: 1
2x 1  x2
27. Determine the range of the function f(x)  .
 1 x2
A.  ,    2,   * C.  ,  
 6 A. [0,1] C. (0,1)
B. (1,¥ ) D. éë1,¥ )
 1 *
B.  ,2    2,   D.  , 
 6 28. If f(x)  x5  cos x , then f(x) is
A. an even function
x x 1 x 2
18. Solve for x: 3 5  6 . B. an odd function
A. 2.1455 C. 2.1544* C. neither even nor odd *
B. 2.1445 D. 2.4154 D. a constant function

CERTCDAVAO: 0932 328 8053 Prepared by: Engr. George Ezar N. Quiriado, MSEE
 CERTC-DAVAO Algebra 2: Functions

α
b  α b
α
29. If α  b , then   equals :
b
b  α
 1
A. α α 
C. α b
α  b
 1
b 
B. α * D. α α
30. Two students solve a quadratic equation in x. One student
made a mistake in the coefficient of the linear term and
found the roots to be 1 and 2, while the other, made a
mistake in the constant term and found the roots to be -1
and 2. What are the roots of the correct quadratic
equation?
2 7
A.  i C. 2  7i
3 3
1 7 3
B.  i* D. 1  i
2 2 2

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CERTCDAVAO: 0932 328 8053 Prepared by: Engr. George Ezar N. Quiriado, MSEE