Engineering Drawing macbv‘17

LEARNING MODULE
IN
ENGINEERING DRAWING

AR. MARIE ANGELI BILBAO-VELASQUEZ, MSEE

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INTRODUCTION
This course deals with the fundamentals of Engineering Drawing. It is designed to build
a strong foundation in the practices and principles of engineering drawing which include:
standard engineering and drafting terminologies, familiarization with equipment,
instrument and materials, the alphabets of lines conventions and the use of various
measure (scales). You will gain practical experience in geometric construction,
dimensioning, pictorial drawings such as isometric drawing, orthographic, and oblique
drawing, projection methods, auxiliary views, sectional views and perspective. Also,
various engineering working drawings such as structural drawing, architectural drawing,
electrical drawing, piping drawing, mechanical drawing, topographical and mapping
drawing will be introduced in this course.
Learning Objectives

At the end of the semester, you should be able to:

1. Learn the importance of engineering drawing, to acquire knowledge and skills for
various areas of Engineering fields;
2. Apply the basic concepts of Technical Drawing and Sketching;
3. Prepare Engineering Working Drawings.

Learning Materials
1. Visual Aids/Power point Presentation
2. Drawing Tools/ Materials
3. Videos related to the subject matter

Definition and Importance of Engineering Drawing

What is Engineering Drawing?
➢ Engineering Drawing is generally a mechanical drawing. It means that the
performance of a drawing is not done by freehand but by using drawing
tools/materials
➢ An Engineering drawing, is a type of technical drawing, is used to fully and clearly
define requirements for engineered items. Engineering drawing produces
engineering drawings. More than merely the drawing of pictures, it is also a
language—a graphical language that communicates ideas and information from
one mind to another. Most especially, it communicates all needed information from
the engineer who designed a part to the workers who will make it.

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Importance of Engineering Drawing

➢ Drawing plays vital role in the engineering and construction works. The drawing
requires no language any one can read it.
➢ Engineering drawings are used to fully and clearly define the requirements of an
engineered item. An Engineering Drawing communicates what is required,
wanted and needed to enable resources to be expended to turn an idea into reality.

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PART 1 Introduction to the Engineering Drawing Tools and Materials.

Learning Outcome:
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. Familiarize the basic drawing instrument
2. Mention types of drawing materials
3. Apply proper drawing tools in the working drawing
4. Understand the importance of the drawing instruments in performing engineering
drawing.

Topic 1-The Drawing Instrument and its Uses

DRAWING PENCIL
Pencil is the basic drawing instrument or
material use for writing or drawing. It
consists of a thin stick of graphite or a
similar substance enclosed in a long thin
piece of wood or fixed in a metal or plastic
case.
• Pencil is used to draw on the paper. Any
type of pencil is not suitable for drawing.
There are some limitations, the drawing appearance should be very neat
and understandable.
• Every line of the drawing should indicate its importance. It depends upon
the hardness of pencil

3 TYPES OR GENERAL CLASSES:

1. SOFT PENCILS- USED FOR LETTERING (2B-7B)

2. MEDIUM PENCILS- USED FOR MOST FINAL LINE (B,H,F,2H,3H)
3. HARD PENCILS-USED FOR LAYOUT WORK (4H-9H)

NOTE: The graphite grading scale of pencil varies on their marks

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a. “B” designate the blackness of the pencil’s mark and indicates a softer lead.
b. “F” designate the fine point of the pencil’s mark
c. “H” designate the hardness of the pencil’s lead
d. “HB” determine the hardness and the darkness of pencils. (This is equivalent
to #2 pencil using the US numbering system and use for standard tests.

Grade of Pencil Hardness of Pencil

9H Hardest

6H, 5H, 4H Extremely Hard

3H Very hard

2H Hard

H Moderately hard

F Firm

HB Medium hard

B Moderately soft and black

2B Soft and black

3B Very soft and black

4B, 5B, 6B Very soft and very black

7B Softest

Out of the above 18 grades of pencils, following grades are used in engineering
drawings.

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Grade of Pencil Used to Draw

3H Construction lines

2H Dimension lines, center lines, sectional lines, hidden lines

H Object lines, lettering

HB Dimensioning, boundary lines

SET SQUARES
Set squares are used to draw lines with an angle
between them. In most of the structures, 30, 45, 60
and 90-degree lines are most common. So, set
squares make the work easier for this type of
drawings.
Generally, set squares are of two types. One is 45
degree set square and another one is called as 30 –
60 degree set square. Both are required in the
drawing. 45 set square has a side of 25 cm while 30-
60 set square has 25 cm length on one side

ARCHITECT’S SCALE

A triangular scale is a ruler that has a 3-lobed

cross-section with 6 different types
of scales on the edges (2 on each face) used
for measuring and preparing scale drawings
such as blueprints and maps. It is also called
an architect's scale.

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FRENCH CURVES
French curves are made of plastic and they
are in irregular shapes. Sometimes the
drawing requires irregular curves or shapes
or arcs which cannot be drawn using
compass. In that case French curves are
suitable.

Generally French curves are more suitable

for small curves and for long curves splines
are used.

TECHNICAL PEN

A technical pen is a specialized instrument

used by an engineer, architect, or drafter to
make lines of constant width for architectural,
engineering, or technical drawings.
"Rapidograph" is a trademarked name for one
type of technical pen.

DRAWING TEMPLATES

Templates are nothing but plastic

or wooden boards which contains
spaces of several shapes or
letters. Non-dimensional shapes or
variety font letters are drawn by
using templates which makes
drawing easier and perfect.

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CIRCLE TEMPLATE

Circle Templates are Stencils

with Circle Cutouts used in Drafting
to Draw Circles. A circle
template has labeled cutouts to
quickly add precisely
measured circle and arc elements to
a drawing without the aid of a scaled
ruler or compass.

ERASER

An eraser is an object typically a piece of soft

rubber or plastic, used to rub out something
written, remove the lines or spots which
drawn by mistake or with wrong
measurements. The eraser used should be of
good quality and soft. It should not damage
the paper while erasing.
SAND PAPER
A sand paper is a paper with sand or another
abrasive stuck to it, used for smoothing or
polishing woodwork or other surfaces

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UTILITY CUTTER

A utility knife or Stanley knife is a knife used for

general or utility purposes. The utility knife was
originally a fixed blade knife with a cutting edge
suitable for general work such as cutting hides and
cordage, scraping hides, butchering animals,
cleaning fish, and other tasks.

ERASING SHIELD

An eraser shield is a thin sheet of stainless steel or

plastic with slots and holes of different shapes. They
are designed to allow erasers to be used through
them to erase lines and text without removing lines
close by which do not need to be (or
should not be) erased.

BRUSH

A tool with a handle, consisting of bristles, hair, or

wire set into a block, used for cleaning or scrubbing,
applying a liquid or powder to a surface, arranging
the hair, or other purposes.

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T SQUARE

A T-shaped instrument for drawing or testing

right angles
A T-square is a tool used in technical
drawing, primarily as a guide for drawing
straight horizontal lines on a drafting table. It
can also be used in conjunction with a
set square to draw vertical and angled lines.
Its name is derived from its resemblance to
the letter 'T'.

It made of wood or plastic and in T shape. The

vertical part of T is called as blade and
horizontal part of T is called as head.
The edge of head is uniform level and
attached to the edge of the board. The
working edge is used to draw lines anywhere
on the sheet by moving the instrument top to
bottom.

TRACING PAPER

A tracing paper is a transparent paper

used for tracing maps, drawings, or
designs.

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DRAWING SHEET
Drawing sheet is a white paper on which an
object is drawn which is available in various
sizes. The sheet used for engineering should
be of good quality. It should be white in color
with uniform thickness with must resist the
easy torn of paper. The surface of sheet must
be smooth.

MASKING TAPE

A masking tape is an adhesive tape used in

painting to cover areas on which paint is not
wanted.

PROTRACTOR
Protractor is used to draw and measure
the angles of lines in the drawing. It is
transparent and made of plastic. It is in the
shape of semi-circle, and the edge of
semi-circle part consists reading with one-
degree accuracy. The bottom line joins the
0o to the 180o. The center of this bottom line
is marked as “O” or “C” from which the
angles are measured.

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COMPASS

Compass is used to draw an arc or circle with known

dimensions on engineering drawing. It is generally made of
steel and consists two legs. One leg contains needle at the
bottom and other leg contains a ring in which a pencil is
placed.

The needle tip is placed at the respected point and pencil

tip is adjusted to the height at least 1mm just above the tip
of the needle. The gap is nothing but the paper thickness.

DIVIDER

The divider looks like a compass, but the difference is the

two legs of divider are provided with needles. This is used
to divide a line or curve into equal parts. It is also used to
check the measurements.

FLEXIBLE CURVE

Flexible Curve is a spline, or the more modern term flexible

curve, consists of a long strip fixed in position at a number of
points whose tension creates a smooth curve passing
through those points, for the purpose of transferring
that curve to another material. ... Crosses are marked on the
paper to designate the knots or control points

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PAPER HOLDERS
When the drawing sheet is placed on the board it may
not be in fixed position. To fix the drawing sheet to the
board paper holders are used.
Generally used paper holders are thumb pins, spring clips,
stick tapes etc. Care should be taken while removing the
clips or tapes otherwise the sheet may tore

DRAWING BOARD

Drawing board is generally made of soft wood and it is in

rectangular shape. It is used to support drawing sheet, so,
the size of board is made according the size of the drawing
sheet.
The wood portions are joined by tongue and grove type
joint to prevent cracks. At the edge of board, straight
ebony edge is provided for the T-square usage.

DRAWING TABLE

Drawing Table is a table that has a surface that

can be raised up or down or turned to different
angles and that is used for drawing.

Review Quetion
1. Discuss the different types of drawing instrument/tools/materials
2. Explain its importance and uses.

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Sources

1. https://theconstructor.org/construction/instruments-engineering-drawing/20067/

Activity No1.

Project Title: THE DRAWING TOOLS AND ITS USES

1. Draw at least 10 drawing tools and write its uses in a clean drawing sheet.
2. Follow the given drawing sheet format.

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PART 2 TECHNICAL LETTERING

Learning Objectives: At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. Write letters according to the standard
2. Explain the different line types
3. Mention the application of each line type in technical drawings
Learning Outcome:
1. Determine the importance of lettering in technical drawing
2. Understand types of technical letterings
3. Apply proper use of lettering on technical drawing
Materials needed:
Pencil
Graphing paper
Eraser
Set square /triangle

LETTERING
Technical lettering is the process of forming letters, numerals, and other characters
in technical drawing. It is used to describe, or provide detailed specifications for, an
object.
In the broad sense, lettering is considered as a branch of design. No particular drawing
is complete without necessary descriptions in terms of notes and figured dimensions
With the goals of legibility and uniformity, styles are standardized and is suggested that
guidelines be constructed before lettering is started in order to have and maintain
uniformity in height.
There are four general classifications of a single-stroke lettering; they are

A. Single stroke Vertical Capitals - this type of lettering is generally used for
reference letters and for titles. Its construction is illustrated below in so far as letter
characteristics and the direction of stokes are concerned. You will notice that the
height of the letters are uniformly equal but not its width, the reason being that
letters of the alphabet have its own individual characteristics. Letter W is the

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widest, letter I is narrowest while the rest are considered as having normal width
sizes.

Illustration
VERTICAL CAPITAL LETTERS AND NUMERALS

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A. Vertical Lower-case Letters- the single stroke vertical lower-case are used
extensively in map drawings. The size of the body or bodies of letters is
approximately two-thirds the height of the capital letters. The ascending stems of
lower case letters extend to the height of the capital letters while the descending
stems extend to the same distance as the ascenders.

Illustration:
VERTICAL LOWER-CASE LETTERS

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B. Single-stroke Inclined Capitals – the order and direction of strokes as seen

below is likewise observed in the in the inclined capitals the only marked
differences is that the latter needs slant guidelines to aid the eye in keeping
uniformity in slopes.

Illustration:
INCLINED CAPITAL LETTERS AND NUMERICALS

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C. Single- stroke, Inclined Lower-case Letters – the lower-case letters are

commonly used for notes and statement on drawing. It is constructed the same
way as the lower-case vertical, however, slant guidelines are necessary to keep
slope uniformity

Illustration
INCLINED LOWER-CASE LETTERS

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Activity No:
Practice the following general classification of letters to be done in a graphing paper.
Observe and remember proper drawing in Letters.
#2. VERTICAL CAPITAL LETTERS AND NUMERALS
1.1 in pencil
1.2 in ink
#3. VERTICAL LOWER-CASE LETTERS
2.1 in pencil
2.2 in ink
#4. INCLINED CAPITAL LETTERS AND NUMERICALS
3.1 in pencil
3.2 in ink
#5’ INCLINED LOWER-CASE LETTERS
4.1 in pencil
4.2 in ink

Note: Here is the recommended sequence for making single stroke gothic alphabet.
You may use this as your reference.

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Source:
1.https://www.google.com/search?q=lettering&sxsrf=ALeKk01Yh3aUlihcSvvsOrWVNfP
otsdFxg:1600067558677&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj4-
s2TjOjrAhWiGKYKHUjxBvwQ_AUoAXoECBUQAw&biw=1366&bih=635#imgrc=1_2T5T
QVj9f-2M&imgdii=DzOAPriv1xDhsM
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jAFCq5-Sw8Q&t=20s
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j1aUjbEFXfs
4. powerpoint presentation

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PART 3 THE ALPHABET OF LINES

Learning Outcome;
At the end of this topic, you should be able to:
1. Identify Line types used on Technical Drawing
2. Understand the use of lines on Technical Drawing
3. Perform the proper use of lines on Technical Drawing
Materials needed:
Pencil
Graphing paper
Eraser
Set square /triangle

Lesson 1
WHAT IS ALPHABET OF LINES?
The Alphabet of Lines is a list of line symbols that architects/engineers use in technical
drawings to communicate specific shapes, sizes or surfaces. The lines and symbols used
in the Alphabet of Lines are universal, which means architects/engineers around the world
use and understand them.
Why is it important to recognize the alphabet of lines?
The lines in the Alphabet of Lines are used to describe shape, size, hidden surfaces, interior
detail, and alternate positions of parts. Each conveys a particular meaning on the drawing.

1. Object or Visible line -. is a thick continuous line, used to outline the visible edges or
contours of an object. Object lines are solid heavy lines 7 mm to 9 mm. These lines define
the shape of the object portrayed and are the outermost outline of the object.

2. Hidden line - is a thin but dark and dashed line that indicates the edge of a hidden
surface. . A hidden line, also known as a hidden object line is a medium weight line, made
of short dashes about 1/8” long with 1/16”gaps, to show edges, surfaces and corners
which cannot be seen.

3. Section line - thin light lines usually drawn at 45 degrees to indicate the surface that
has been cut open and exposed.

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4. Center line - a thin dark line that indicates the center of a circle or arc and the center
of a cylinder.

5. Dimension line - a thin dark line with arrowheads on each end that indicates the
direction and size of an object or feature on an object.

6. Extension line - a thin dark line extending from an object that show the limits of a
dimension line.

7. Leader line - is a line that establishes a connection between a graphical representation

of an item and some text. A leader points to a bit of our drawing and says A leader line
also has a terminator and some text.

8. Cutting-plane line - a thick dark line (thicker than the object line) that indicates where
an object is cut in half to show the inside of the object.

9. Short-break line - a wiggly line the same darkness and thickness as an object line that
is used to indicate that a smaller object is only partially drawn

10. Long-break line - a think dark line with spikes used to indicate a large or long object
is only partially drawn.

11. Phantom lines - are long-short-short-long lines most often used to show the travel or
movement of an object or a part in alternate positions. It can also be used to show
adjacent objects or features.

12. Construction line - is a very light line used to lay out a preliminary shape.

Take note of this:

In the Alphabet of Lines, thick, dark lines represent the outline of an object, showing its
visible surfaces and edges. Thinner construction lines show the placement of construction
layout work. Short dash lines represent nonvisible surfaces. A phantom line is a long line
followed by two short lines. This line shows the alternate position of a moving part.

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ILLUSTRATION

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Review Question
1. Discuss the different types of lines
2. Explain the application of each line types in technical drawing
Activity No. 6
Project title: THE ALPHABET OF LINES
Recognize and interpret different line types, and the need for variation in thickness used
on engineering drawings

SOURCE/S:
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tsrb6P9Bz2Q
2. https://openoregon.pressbooks.pub/blueprint/chapter/unit-1-the-language-of-
lines/#:~:text=Phantom%20lines%20are%20long%2Dshort,show%20adjacent%2
0objects%20or%20features.

Lesson 2
APPLICATION AND DESCRIPTION

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PART 4 DIMENSIONING AND NOTES

Learning Outcome:
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1.Learn the purposes of dimensioning in technical drawing
2.Understand the proper elements in dimensioning and the importance
3. Apply proper dimension and notes in technical drawings

Materials needed:
Pencil
Graphing paper
Eraser
Set square /triangle

Lesson 1 DIMENSIONING
• Any information supplied by the draftsman on the drawing
• Quantity, size, weight, distance of capacity of a substance compare to a
designated between two objects or points.
Purpose of Dimensioning
The purpose of dimensioning is to provide a clear and complete description of an object.A
complete set of dimensions will permit only one interpretation needed to construct the
part. Dimensioning should follow these guidelines.
Accuracy: Correct values must be given.
• Clearness: dimensions must be placed in appropriate positions.
• Completeness: nothing must be left out, and nothing duplicated.
• Readability: the appropriate line quality must be used for legibility.

PARTS OF A DIMENSION

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Source
1. http://www.design-technology.info/IndProd/page9.htm
Definition:
1. Dimension Lines

The dimension line is a fine, dark, solid line with arrowheads on each end. It indicates
direction and extent of a dimension. In machine sketches and drawings, in which
fractions and decimals are used for dimensions, the dimension line is usually broken
near the middle to provide open space for the dimension numerals. In architectural and
structural sketches and drawings, the numerals are usually above an unbroken
dimension line.

Examples showing the difference between Engineering and architectural diminishing.

In either case, the dimension line which is closest to the object should be placed
approximately

1/2″ away. The other dimensions beyond the first dimension (if any) should be
approximately 3/8″ apart. You do not necessarily have to remember this, but you should
remember not to crowd your dimension lines and to keep them a uniform distance apart.

The most important thing is that the drawing needs to be “clean” and dimensions need
to be located in a space where they cannot be confused with a surface they are not
intended to be used for.

Here is how dimension lines should be sketched:

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Example of an inner dimension and an outer dimension.

Note: Dimensions less than six feet (72 in.) are given in inches. Dimensions over six
feet are usually shown in feet and inches. Be sure that it is clear how dimensions are
called out. When calling out dimensions that are over 12”, make sure ALL of
dimensions are called out in total inches or feet inches throughout the entire drawing.
Either 4’-5” or 53”, they both mean the same thing but if there is a mix of dimensioning it
can become easy to look at 4’-8” and see 48”.

2. Extension Lines

Extension lines on a drawing are fine, dark, solid lines that extend outward from a point
on a drawing to which a dimension refers. Usually, the dimension line meets the
extension line at right angles. There should be a gap of about 1 / 16″ where the
extension line would meet the outline of the object, and the extension line should go
beyond the outermost arrowhead approximately 1 /8″. Also, there should be not gaps
where extension lines cross. Notice in this example the larger dimensions are correctly
placed outside, or beyond the shorter dimensions, and that the dimensions are
preferably not drawn on the object itself. Sometimes, however, it is necessary to
dimension on the object.

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Graphic showing the use of extension lines for dimensioning.

It is important to remember to place dimensions on the views, in a two or three view

drawing, where they will be the most easily understood. Avoid dimensioning to a hidden
line and avoid the duplication of dimensions. Use common sense; keep dimensions as
clear and simple as possible. Remember, the person reading your drawing needs to
clearly understand, beyond question, how to proceed. Otherwise, costly time and
material will be wasted.

There are two basic methods of placing dimensions on a sketch. They may be placed
so they read from the bottom of the sketch (unidirectional dimensions) or from the
bottom and right side (aligned dimensions). The unidirectional system is usually best,
because it is more easily read by workmen.

Difference between unidirectional and aligned dimensioning.

When dimensions will not fit in a space in the usual way, other methods are used to
dimension clearly, when those crowded conditions exist.

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Dimension standard and alternative examples.

Angular dimension examples.

3. ARROWHEADS

Arrowheads are placed at each end of dimension lines, on leader lines, etc. Correctly
made, arrows are about 1/8” to 3/16” in length, and are about three times as long as
they are wide. Usually they have a slight barb, much like a fishhook.

To make your drawing look clean, use the same style throughout your drawing or
sketch.

Correct and incorrect arrowhead examples.

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4. DIMENSION NUMERALS

Numerals used to dimension an object are normally about 1/8” in height.

Example of numeral size when dimensioning.

When a dimension includes a fraction, the fraction is approximately 1 / 4″ in height,

making the fractional numbers slightly smaller to allow for space above and below the
fractional line.

Use of fractional numbers in a dimension.

Again, it is particularly important that the numbers and fractions you may put on a
sketch or drawing be legible. Sloppy numbers can cause expensive mistakes.

5. Dimension Text / Numerals

It may seem a bit basic, but a few exercises with the shapes of numbers comes before
dimensioning. The reason for such review is simply that incorrectly or carelessly made
numbers on a drawing or sketch can easily be misinterpreted by someone on the job.
That can be costly.

Therefore, the study of numbers forms is justified.

The number forms presented here have been determined to be the most legible,and are
used by industry nationwide. The United States standardized 1/8” vertical numbers are
correctly formed as follows:

Examples of hand written numbers and fraction

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DIMENSIONING FOR PICTORIAL DRAWINGS

Oblique Dimensioning

Oblique dimensioning is mostly remembering to avoid dimensioning on the object itself

(when possible) and the use of common sense dimensioning principles. It is also usually
best to have dimensions read from the bottom (unidirectional) as shown here.

Example of oblique dimensioning.

Although it is best not to dimension on the view itself, its usually accepted practice to
place diameter and radius dimension on the views if space permits.

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Sometime space and time is limited and you might have to bend the typical rules of
drawing and dimensioning. The most important thing is to keep the drawing clean,
concise, try to not a repeat dimensions but give all required ones.

Isometric Dimensioning

When dimensioning an isometric sketch, it is important to keep dimensions away from

the object itself, and to place the dimension on the same plane as the surface of the
object being dimensioned. You will probably find that to dimension well in isometric will
take some practice.

Example of dimensioning an isometric drawing.

LESSON 2

NOTES IN DIMENSIONING

Notes are used on drawings to provide supplementary information. They should be brief
and carefully worded to avoid being misinterpreted and located on the sketch in an
uncrowded area. The leader lines going to the note should be kept short. Notes are
usually added after a sketch has been dimensioned to avoid interference with
dimensions.

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Example of using notes in dimensioning.

THINGS TO REMEMBER

1. Place notes on an isometric drawing without regard to placing them on the same
plane, as with dimensions. It is easier to do, and easier to read.

Example of placing notes on an isometric drawing.

2. Isometric notes do not have to be on the same plane.

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Isometric dimensioning on more than one plane.

3. Notice in the example above that part of each leader line to the notes are sketched at
an approximate angle of 15, 30, 45, 60 or 75 degrees. This is done to avoid confusion
with other lines. Never draw leader lines entirely horizontal or vertical.

Isometric dimensioning on a drawing with text, numerical, and angular notations.

Source
https://www.google.com/search?sxsrf=ALeKk00PSc_VArhR2pVE5Izq9jKsxZ2YUA:1598533479044&sourc
e=univ&tbm=isch&q=dimensioning+in+drafting&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjh87ehubvrAhUVH3AKHb-
1BmgQsAR6BAgJEAE&biw=1280&bih=657

Activity 7

Project Title: THE DIMENSIONING and NOTES

Dimension this drawing. The dimensions are 3” long, 2 1/8” wide, 1 5/8” high with a 45◦
angle ½” deep. The angle begins as the midpoint of the 3” long dimension.

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Isometric box with a corner section removed.

2. Dimension this drawing. The base is ½” x 1 ½” square. The cylinder is 1” ∅. x 1-1/8”

long. The drilled through hole is ∅5/8”.

Cylindrical part attached to a square block with a hole drilled through the center

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PART 5. THE SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENT

Learning Outcome:
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. Understand the basic of measurement.
2. Learn the purpose of measurement in technical drawing
3. Apply the proper measurement for specific detail of an object

Materials needed:
Pencil
Graphing paper
Eraser
Set square /triangle

WHAT IS A SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENT?

➢ Measurement is a quantity, size, weight, distance of capacity of a substance

compare to a designated between two objects or points

LESSON 1

SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENT

There are two main systems for measuring distances and weight, the Imperial System of
Measurement and the Metric System of Measurement. Most countries use the Metric
System, which uses the measuring units such as meters and grams and adds prefixes
like kilo, milli and centi to count orders of magnitude. In the United States, they use the
older Imperial system, where things are measured in feet, inches and pounds

A. Imperial System

The imperial system is not as common as the metric system worldwide. However, since
the imperial system is the accepted standard in the United States, most steel rulers
feature an imperial graduation in inches. Most commonly, an imperial ruler is 12 inches
long. Each inch is indicated by a numeral, and further divided into increments of 1/12 inch.
In the imperial system, 12 inches is equivalent to 1 ft., a common measurement used for
larger distances. This is the reason for the 12-inch length of the common ruler.

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 Engineering Drawing macbv‘17

Civil Engineer's Scale

Civil engineer scales are used to design large projects such as roads, bridges and water
mains. Depending on the project, 1 inch on the scale can represent 100 feet in real life.
The civil engineer's scale divides 1 inch into equal decimal units of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60
and 80. Plans drawn in 10 scale may show scales such as 1 inch = 10 feet, 1 inch = 100
feet. The 20 scale is used for scales such as 1 inch = 2 feet, 1 inch = 20 feet and 1 inch
= 200 feet. Whether you are using a 10 scale, 20 scale or 50 scale, the values increase
by multiples of 10. So, for example, a 50 scale drawing could use a scale of 1 inch = 5
feet, 1 inch = 50 feet, 1 inch = 500 feet.

The Fractional Breakdown of an Inch – Engineers’ Rule

➢ Does not have the fraction imprinted on them. Only the graduations are shown. If
a rule is divided into 16th’s then every mark is 1/16 an inch

➢ ONE INCH / ONE EIGHT GRADUATION - 1/8th of an inch

➢ ONE INCH / ONE SIXTEENTH GRADUATION - 1/16th of an inch

➢ ONE INCH / ONE THIRTY SECOND GRADUATION - 1/32nd of an inch

Typical scales used in the United States are:

Full scale, with inches divided into sixteenths of an inch

The following scales are generally grouped in pairs using the same dual-numbered index
line (one scale is read from the right, and the other scale is read from the left):
three-inches-to-the-foot one-and-one-half-inch-to-the-foot
(3″=1′-0″) (ratio equivalent 1:4) (1 1⁄2″=1′-0″) (1:8)

one-inch-to-the-foot one-half-inch-to-the-foot
(1″=1′-0″) (1:12) (1⁄2″=1′-0″) (1:24)

three-quarters-inch-to-the-foot three-eighths-inch-to-the-foot
(3⁄4″=1′-0″) (1:16) (3⁄8″=1′-0″) (1:32)

one-quarter-inch-to-the-foot one-eighth-inch-to-the-foot

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 Engineering Drawing macbv‘17

(1⁄4″=1′-0″) (1:48) (1⁄8″=1′-0″) (1:96)

three-sixteenths-inch-to-the-foot three-thirty-seconds-inch-to-the-foot
(3⁄16″=1′-0″) (1:64) (3⁄32″=1′0″) (1:128)

B. Metric System

The metric system allows for easier unit conversion, as each progressive unit of
measurement consists of 10 increments of the next-smallest unit. For example, there are
10 millimeters in a centimeter, 10 centimeters in a decimeter, and so on. Generally, a
metric graduation is included on the opposite side of the ruler from the imperial
graduation, allowing for easy measurement in both units. A typical steel ruler features a
scale of 30 centimeters, each divided into 10 increments of 1 millimeter each.

Metric units

Architect's scale rulers used in Britain and other metric countries are marked
with ratios without reference to a base unit. Therefore, a drawing will indicate both its
scale (ratio) and the unit of measurement being used.

In Britain, and elsewhere, the standard units used on architectural drawings are the (SI)
units millimetres (mm) and metres (m), whereas in France centimetres (cm) and metres
are most often used.

In Britain, for flat rulers, the paired scales often found on architect's scales are:

• 1:1/1:10
• 1:5/1:50
• 1:10/1:100
• 1:20/1:200
• 1:1250/1:2500
For triangular rulers, the paired scales are:
• 1:1/1:10
• 1:2/1:20

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 Engineering Drawing macbv‘17

• 1:5/1:50
• 1:100/1:200
• 1:500/1:1000
• 1:1250/1:2500
Less common scales are:
• 1:25/1:250
• 1:331⁄3
• 2:1
In France, in engineering departments or architectural offices, here are some scales
used :
• 1:100 / 1:300
• 1:200 / 1:400
• 1:250 / 1:50

Architect's Scale

A triangular architect's scale, made of brass

An architect's scale is a specialized ruler designed to facilitate the drafting and measuring
of architectural drawings, such as floor plans and orthographic projections.

Because the scale of such drawings are often smaller than life-size, an architect's scale
features multiple units of length and proportional length increments.

For accuracy and longevity, the material used should be dimensionally stable and
durable. Scales were traditionally made of wood, but today they are usually made of

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 Engineering Drawing macbv‘17

rigid plastic or aluminum. Architect's scales may be flat, with 4 scales, or have a
symmetric 3-lobed cross-section, with 6 scales.

ACTIVITY 8

Project Title: THE FRACTIONAL BREAKDOWN OF AN INCH

INSTRUCTION. Draw the fractional breakdown of an inch. Make sure that each
graduation will follow accurately

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 Engineering Drawing macbv‘17

PART 6. TYPES OF ENGINEERING DRAWING

Learning Outcome
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:
1. Understand different types of Pictorial Drawing
2. Identify the fundamentals of orthographic projection
3. Draw different types of Pictorial Drawing

Materials needed:
Pencil
Graphing paper
Eraser
Set square /triangle

LESSON 1
PICTORIAL DRAWING
What is Pictorial Drawing?
• A Pictorial drawing is a 3D representation of an object. It can be an Isometric
drawing, an Oblique or Perspective.
• A view of an object (actual or imagined) as it would be seen by an observer who
looks at the object either in a chosen direction or from a selected point of
view. Pictorial sketches often are more readily made and more clearly
understood than are front, top, and side views of an object.
Source
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2IwNX_0tDUI
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vy8CBG1ztrw
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2IwNX_0tDUI
4. https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Pictorial+drawing#:~:text=A%20view
%20of%20an%20object,side%20views%20of%20an%20object.

Kinds of Pictorial Drawing

1. ISOMETRIC.
What is isometric drawing?

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 Engineering Drawing macbv‘17

• An isometric drawing is a 3D representation of an object, room, building or design

on a 2D surface. One of the defining characteristics of an isometric drawing,
compared to other types of 3D representation, is that the final image is not
distorted. This is due to the fact that the foreshortening of the axes is equal. The
word isometric comes from Greek to mean 'equal measure'.
• In an isometric drawing, the object appears as if it is being viewed from above from
one corner, with the axes being set out from this corner point. Isometric drawings
begin with one vertical line along which two points are defined. Any lines set out
from these points should be constructed at an angle of 30 degrees.

Source:
1. https://www.creativebloq.com/features/isometric-
drawing#:~:text=An%20isometric%20drawing%20is%20a,in%20a%20non%2Ddi
storted%20image.
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KAx390oVKuo&t=202s
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uWYl51QJ0Zw

2. OBLIQUE
What is Oblique Drawing?
• Oblique drawing is a projective drawing of which the frontal lines are given in true
proportions and relations and all others at suitable angles other than 90 degrees
without regard to the rules of linear perspective.

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 Engineering Drawing macbv‘17

Source
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vy8CBG1ztrw
2. https://www.merriam-
webster.com/dictionary/oblique%20drawing#:~:text=%3A%20a%20projective%2
0drawing%20of%20which,the%20rules%20of%20linear%20perspective
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dKZfQw6kd7g
4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RkheWIH_odM
5. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ug-OFLTv_GY

What are the Types of Oblique Drawing?

Following are the two types of oblique projection according to construction.
1. Cavalier Oblique Drawing:
Mostly this type of drawing is constructed in Oblique Projection. In this drawing,
one axis is horizontal, and the other is vertical while the third axis is at 45° to the
horizontal line.

2. Cabinet Oblique Drawing:

In this drawing, one axis is horizontal, and the other is vertical while the third axis
is from 30° to 60° to the horizontal line.

Such drawing resembles much with the actual image.

The dimensions on the horizontal and vertical axes are given from the actual scale,
whereas the scale on the inclined plane is 1/2 or 2/3 of the actual scale.

Source
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jIZN9pOtfIM

44
 Engineering Drawing macbv‘17

3. PERSPECTIVE
What is a Perspective Drawing?
• Perspective is what gives a three-dimensional feeling to a flat image such as
a drawing or a painting. In art, it is a system of representing the way that objects
appear to get smaller and closer together the farther away they are from the viewer.
• Perspective is key to almost any drawing or sketch as well as many paintings. It is
one of the fundamentals that you need to understand in order to create realistic
and believable scenes.
Source
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1ViVkHMfidk

Three types of Perspective Drawing?

There are typically three types of perspective drawing: one-point perspective, two-
point perspective, and three-point perspective.

One-point Perspective:
• One-point perspective is often used for compositions that look at objects from the
front.

45
 Engineering Drawing macbv‘17

• Lines extending from the foreground to the background gather (converge) at one
point. The point of convergence is called the “vanishing point”.
The vanishing point will always be on the horizontal line, or “eye level” of the
scene, which represents the height of the eye or camera of the observer.

Source
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fU8so10cXUo

Two-point Perspective:
• Two-point perspective is used for compositions that look at objects at an angle.
As it is close to what the human eye normally sees, it is the most used
perspective when drawing manga backgrounds and illustrations.

46
 Engineering Drawing macbv‘17

In one-point perspective, lines converged on one point from the background to the
foreground. In two-point perspective, in addition to depth, lines representing width also
converge.
As seen in the example below, two lines going in different directions converge on their
respective vanishing point.
Hence the name “two-point perspective”. Even in two-point perspective, vanishing
points are on the eye level.

Source
1. https://tips.clip-studio.com/en-us/articles/807
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M6MOIP_mLsc
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rCanYY7eLeA

47
 Engineering Drawing macbv‘17

Three-point Perspective:
• Three-point perspective is used for drawing compositions that are looking up at a
large object or looking down from a high place.

In two-point perspective, lines representing depth and width converge on two separate
vanishing points.
In three-point perspective, lines representing height stretch toward a third vanishing point.
For compositions that are looking up, the height vanishing point is above the object.

Source
1. https://www.liveabout.com/perspective-drawing-definition-1123070
2. https://tips.clip-studio.com/en-us/articles/807
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rjblc49F6lI
4. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9QOb02bgOPw

Lesson 2.
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
At the end of the lesson, you should be able to;
1. Apply techniques in projecting orthographic views
2. Illustrate in drawings the different orthographic and auxiliary views

What is an Orthographic Projection?

48
 Engineering Drawing macbv‘17

• Orthographic projection is a means of representing three-dimensional objects in

two dimensions. It is a form of parallel projection, in which all the projection lines
are orthogonal to the projection plane, resulting in every plane of the scene
appearing in affine transformation on the viewing surface

Source
1. https://www.google.com/search?q=orthographic+drawing&bih=657&biw=1280
&hl=en&sxsrf=ALeKk00ifD_ffrAqL9c3VcQAvWj56ZcJjQ:1598452764577&tbm
=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&fir=DmalFwyDPaGbUM%252C7CDSUoaJ_8VGPM
%252C_&vet=1&usg=AI4_-
kSGFA8IdT8AwbC3BGlH7v0bKcwKdg&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjD5-
PJjLnrAhWZ7WEKHYlCD8YQ_h0wAHoECAgQBA#imgrc=DmalFwyDPaGbU
M

• An Orthographic drawing is a 2-D representation of a 3-D object. The 2-D

drawing represents different sides of an object.

49
 Engineering Drawing macbv‘17

The Six Principal Views

The 6 principal views are created by looking at the object (straight on) in the directions
indicated.

Source
1. https://static.sdcpublications.com/multimedia/9781630570521-
sample/ege/ortho/ortho_page1.htm
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1sjaelzuGAk&t=66s
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Aw5XrYFk8Y

Steps used to create an orthographic projection

50
 Engineering Drawing macbv‘17

1. The following steps take you through the creation of an orthographic

projection.
2. Choose a front view. This is the view that shows the most about the object.
3. Decide how many views are needed to completely describe the object. If you
are unable to determine which views will be needed, draw the standard views
(front, top and right side).
4. Draw the visible features of the front view.
5. Draw projectors off of the front view horizontally and vertically in order to
create the boundaries for the top and right side views.
6. Draw the top view. Use the vertical projectors to fill in the visible and hidden
features.
7. Project from the top view back to the front view. Use the vertical projectors to
fill in any missing visible or hidden features in the front view.
8. Draw a 45° projector off of the upper right corner of the box that encloses the
front view.
9. From the top view, draw projectors over to the 45° line and down in order to
create the boundaries of the right side view.
10. Draw the right side view.
11. Project back to the top and front view from the right side view as needed.
12. Draw center lines where necessary.

Source
1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2CUtdPGgCIc

Review Question
1. What are the types of Pictorial Drawing?
2. What is the difference between isometric drawing and the oblique drawing?
3. What is Perspective Drawing?
4. What are the three Types of Perspective?

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 Engineering Drawing macbv‘17

Lesson 3
Working Drawings
What is a Working Drawing?
• The term working drawing is used to describe the complete set of drawing
information needed for the manufacture and assembly of a product based on its
design.
• The purpose of the assembly drawing is to show how the different components fit
together to form the product.
• Working drawing is a scale drawing of an object to be made or structure to be built
intended for direct use by the workman
• An accurately measured and detailed drawing of a structure, machine, etc., or of
any part of one, used as a guide to workers in constructing it.
Source
1. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/working%20drawing
2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FZiFAAvsJqc
3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DCmZzuFfIhw

What are the Types of Working Drawing?

They may include architectural drawings, structural drawings, civil drawings, mechanical
drawings, electrical drawings, and so on. Traditionally, working drawings consist of two-
dimensional orthogonal projections of the building or component they are describing, such
as plans, sections and elevations

Sample of Construction drawing

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 Engineering Drawing macbv‘17

Source
1. https://www.google.com/search?q=working+drawing+examples&sa=X&sxsrf=AL
eKk01wnGVrbFyAPCWqjZ6eFpgdLurVcQ:1598451234252&tbm=isch&source=iu
&ictx=1&fir=V28-
EzmFlVnEoM%252CRB4ImHalHWsmSM%252C_&vet=1&usg=AI4_-
kSSZyFoFTfmb7qEjBx77bczVzVXEA&ved=2ahUKEwj4nIjwhrnrAhUmCqYKHQV
6CUoQ9QF6BAgKEBk&biw=1280&bih=657#imgrc=I9aqL_hcGUpp7M

Sample of Structural Steel Shop Drawing

Source
1. https://www.google.com/search?q=design+structural+drawings+examples&tbm=i
sch&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjhjbz6irnrAhUNCpQKHVJmCuoQrNwCKAB6B
QgBEOMB&biw=1263&bih=657#imgrc=UNiAh72lF357hM

ACTIVITY 9
Project Title: THE ISOMETRIC AND OBLIQUE DRAWING
ACTIVITY 10
Project Title: THE ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION/DRAWING

53