Experiment No - 1

PLUGGING MACHINE
Objective:- To plug a core sample from core specimens of different diameters or from blocks
of a similar size.

Apparatus Description:- It consists of:

 1 clamping stand
 1 column
 1 (Spindle – Motor) unit
 1 protective housing
 1 core clamping unit
 1 recycling tank

A swivel joint with a tap allows internal irrigation of the core drill.

A hose fitted with a tap allows external irrigation of the core drill.

The speed can be adjusted by repositioning the belt.

Specifications
Features Values
Drilling capacity (mm) 23
Spindle speeds Variable
Speeds (rd/min) 250-4000
Spindle motor KW .66/1.1
Table surface 300*300
Height (mm) 1800
Weight (kg) 210
Noise level Under 70 db (A)

Operation of machine:-
1. First use:- During the first 10 days high speed should not be uses to allow the grinding
of the spindle and the transmission system.
The spindle speed is adapted with following parameters:
 Material type
 Drill type
  With or without cooling
 Drill diameter
2. Speed selection
 On the panel, select the speed closest to the optimum speed
 Check that the motor is stopped
 Loosen the recessed knob on the lever located to the left of the head
 Slacken the belt released by the knob, pulling the lever back and forth
 Open the cover
 Place the belt by operating the lever backward and forward
 Tighten the knob
 Close the cover
3. Depth limit adjustment
 This is adjusted by the screw under the spindle collar, the position of the index
moves along a scale to give the depth of the hole when the drill is in contact with
the work piece.
 The limit stop is locked by a violin head screw located under the left and edge of
the spindle collar.
4. Spindle Adjustment / Table distances
 Unlock the table
 Adjust height with alu handle located on the side of the table
 Lock the table

Maintenance of machine
1. Core plugging unit
 Keep the unit and the protective housings clean
 Remove debris and core particles
 Remove sludge
 Clean all moving parts, especially the cores chain clamp: disassemble all its
pieces and make it clean and dry after each use to avoid any corrosion
2. Recycling tank
 Change the cooling fluid as soon as it is dirty
 Make sure that the machine is disconnected
 Remove the pump and the wastepipe from the recycling tank
 Empty the tanks
 Clean the tanks and the separators
 Fill the tank with cooling fluid
 Refit the pump and the waste pipe to the recycling tank
Diagram:-

Result:- The diameter of the core sample ………

 Experiment No - 2

TRIM SAW
Introduction:-
Trimming machine is designed to work with all types of cutting wheel (resinous – diamond –
boron carbide). Touching any resinous cutting wheel can be dangerous.

This machine is a bench model designed to produce fast, high quality sliced samples from all
materials without disturbing the structure of the sample.

Apparatus Description:-
Various accessories and adaptations include:

 Cradles or devices for holding the samples.

 Configurations using 2 wheels, which allow parallel-sided sections of continuous length
to be cut in a single operation.

Power supply:- Connect the power cable to the electric supply, having made sure that the machine is
correctly suited to the intended power supply of a single-phase 230 V.

Note: The machine is fitted with a safety cut-out switch, which can be reset, or rewound should
there be no power, as well as a gradual starting device.

Water Supply:- Connect the water hose to the back of the machine behind a shut off tap and
use a free-corrosion additive.

Drainage:-Connect the tank outlet to a sink or to the recycling tank if any.

Cutting Process:-The lever allows the sample bracket to advance and return.

Maintenance:-
No specific maintenance is required. After each use deep the machine as clean as possible,
especially the cores clamp: disassemble all its pieces and make it clean and dry after each use to
avoid any corrosion.

Change the fluid according to the frequency of use.

Diagram:-

Result:- The length of core sample ………….

 Experiment No-3
HELIUM POROSIMETER
Objective:- To find porosity of core sample using Helium Porosimeter.
Definitions:-
Grain volume:- It is the volume of solid in a core sample.

Bulk volume:- It is global volume of the core sample.

Console:- It include plumbing, valves, manometer, pressure and temperature transducer.

Matrix cup cell:- It is to accommodate 1” and 1”½ core sample. Calibrated billets series is
provided to calibrate the apparatus.

Specifications
Working pressure 150 psi

Working temperature Ambient 25° - 40°C

Gas Helium

Connections 1/8” Swagelok type

Transducer Range 16 bar (230 psi)

Diagram:-
Principle
The porosity is defined as the ratio of the pore volume to the bulk volume of the rock sample.

Pore volume
Porosity = Bulk volume ----------------------- (1)

Pore volume and grain volume can be determined as follows:

Boyle – Mariotte’s law is used to determine grain and pore volume from the expansion of a
known mass of helium into a matrix cup.

(Pref ∗Vref )
Tref
= ¿ ¿ ……Boyle-Mariotte’s law…….(2)
Where:

Pref = Reference pressure (initial pressure)

Vref = Reference volume (initial volume)

Tref = Reference absolute temperature (initial temperature)

Pexp = Expanded Pressure (final pressure)

Vexp = Expanded volume (final volume)

 Texp = Expanded Absolute temperature (final temperature)

The reference cell is pressured to 100 Psig. Vref = Volume of the reference cell and associated
piping volume.

At a given moment, the valve HV02 (Matrix Cup) is opened to “Expand” and then the gas
expands into the matrix cup containing the sample to analyze.

We assume that the temperature remains constant during a series of measurements: Texp = Tref
to simplify the Boyle-Mariotte’s law.

The gas expands in the volume Vref and the volume of the matrix cup, reduced by the volume of
the solid (Vgrain):

Vgrain = Vref + (Vmatrix – Vbillate – Vexp )…………… (3)

Pore volume = Bulk volume – Grain volume ……………… (4)

(Bulk volume – Grain volume)
Porosity = …………………... (5)
Bulk volume

Pref and Pexp are measured with the Porosimeter. Vref, Vmatrix and Vdead are determined
using the calibration method provided with the machine.

Procedure:-
 Connect the console to suitable helium facility, rating up to 150 psi approximately and to
the matrix cup.
 Switch on the console.
 Proceed to the following instructions only after a successful tightness test.
 Wait for half an hour to get transducer stability.
 Reset the control valve on the console.
 Set at 110~120 psi at your facility (cylinder).
 Check that HV01(He) is open and HV02(Matrix Cup) is switched to “Exhaust”
 Adjust the control valve until getting 100.0 psi sharp on the application display.
 In case pressure is too high
a. Close HV01 (He).
b. Switch HV02(Matrix Cup) to expand for 1 minute.
c. Turn the control valve anticlockwise
d. Open HV01 (He).
e. Adjust the control valve to get 100.0 psi sharp
 Watch 2~3 minutes to check that the pressure is ok.
  Turn HV02 (Matrix cup) to Expand.
 Once pressure is stabilized (after one minute) note the pore pressure.

Shut off procedure

 Bleed off the pressure of Helium at the gas supply.
 Close HV01 (He).
 Switch HV02 (Matrix Cup) to exhaust.
 Set back the billets in the solid case.

Result:- The Pore Volume, Grain Volume and porosity of given core sample are ………

Precautions:-
 The tightness test was recently performed and found OK.
 The console must be switched at least on one hour before doing any experiment to get
pressure transducer stability.
 The control valve is set to get 100 psi as sharp as possible at the application display.
 Experiment No – 4

LIQUID PERMEAMETER
Objective:- To find the permeability of given core sample using Liquid Permeameter.
Apparatus Description:- The liquid Permeameter is an instrument dedicated for routine
core analysis. Two pressure control valves of respective range of 0-30 and 0-100 psig are used to
sense gas pressure in a vessel initially filled water (brine). The gas pressure transfers water into
sample at constant pressure. The flow out is determined by measuring time to fill a graduated
flask. After reporting sample diameter and length, the flow measured and the upstream pressure
in a template XLS file, the permeability is calculated from Darcy’s law.

Specifications:-
Features Values
Max pressure 100 psig (line pressure)
300 psig (confining pressure)
Operating temperature Room temperature 18-28’ C
Connection ¼” and 1/8” SWAGELOK type
Sample size Diameter 1”- 1”1/2, Length 1”-3”

Theory:- Permeability can be calculated by Darcy’s Law, which for liquids under steady
state conditions of viscous or laminar flow may be expressed as:

µQL
K= AΔP
Where,
K = liquid permeability (D standing for Darcies)
µ = viscosity of saturating liquid (Cp)
Q = liquid flow rate (ml/s)
L = length of right cylinder porous medium (cm)
A = cross sectional area of cylinder (cm²)
ΔP = pressure differential across cylinder (Atm)

Calculation
  Core dimension: Note length (cm) and cross sectional area (cm2) of core sample.
 Viscosity: default value for test brine is set to 1.
 Flow rate: Q (ml/s) is calculated time to fill the flask volume.
 Differential pressure ΔP (psid) is obtained from direct reading at the console of
upstream pressure P1 because outlet pressure is atmospheric :
ΔP = P₁ - P₂ (atm) = P₁ (atm)
The unit conversion (psi to Atm) is automatically made in XLS report.

Procedure
1. Connect to main supply and power up the instrument at main switch on the rear panel.
The pressure transducers require an “warm up” period of about one hour before use.
2. Switch the source value ON / OFF to OFF position.
3. Ensure that regulators are fully turned anticlockwise initially.
4. Connect two regulated nitrogen supply to the appropriate ports on the rear of the
instrument , i.e. confining pressure supply at valve PRESSURE / VENT (1/8” OD) and
core nitrogen supply at valve ON/OFF (1/8 “ OD).
5. Initialize the system by filling the dead volume with brine by proceeding without
core in place at first step (confining pressure should NOT be applied).
6. Load the core holder.
7. Regulate confining pressure supply to desired value without exceeding 400 psi. Regulate
core nitrogen supply without exceeding 100 psi.
8. Turn confining valve PRESSURE / VENT to PRESSURE. Gas at desired pressure is now
applied to the core holder sleeve. This pressure is now displayed on confining pressure
gauge.

Diagram:-
Result:- The permeability of given core sample is …………….. Darcy.
 Experiment No – 6

ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES SYSTEM ATMOSPHERIC

Objective:- To find resistivity, formation factor and cementation exponent of core sample.

Theory:- Almost all water in the pores contain some sodium chloride solution (and other
salts) and therefore the current carrying ions (each has an electrical charge) of salt dissolved in
water. In other words, the conductivity is measured in proportion to the concentration of salt in
water. The lithology also affects the formation resistivity. Carbonates in general give higher
resistivities than clastic rocks, primarily due to the geometry of the pores. For carbonates the
water still much more circuitous routes and therefore reduces the conductivity. This equipment
allows measuring resistivities of very tortuous rocks easily.

Phenomenon involved:- In brine, the electrical conduction relies on the transport of ions,
predominantly sodium, Na+ , and chloride, Cl- , ions. The core samples saturated or partially
saturated with brine are conductive through the connate brine.

a) In rock with open, well connected pore paths filled with brine, ion flow occurs easily
and resistivity (Rw) is low.
b) Rocks with sinuous, constricted pore paths hinder ion transport and have higher
resistivity.

Resistivity (Ro):- We set a controlled intensity I across the sample tight between two circular
pads (silver coated). The generator can be set at various frequencies. The resulting voltage V
measured leads to resistance R and resistivity Ro determined from the Ohm relation. This can be
expressed as:

A
R₀ = R. L = VI * AL
Where, R is the core resistance (Ohm or Ω)
A is the core cross section (m²)
L is the core length (m)
V is the potential (Volt) between the 2 electrodes
I is the current (Amp) going through the core

Formation Factor (Fr):- For a given rock sample, there is a constant ratio between the
resistivity Ro, of the rock 100% saturated with a conducting brine, and resistivity Rw, of this
brine. This constant which was first introduced by Gus Archie (Archie, 1942) and is called the
Formation Factor (Fr). This can be expressed as:

Ro
Fr = Rw
Where, R₀ is the core resistivity (Ohm.m or Ω.m ) at 100% brine saturation
Rw is the brine resistivity (Ohm.m or Ω.m)

Cementation Exponent (m):- Almost all saturation computation methods rely on work
originally done by Gus Archie (Archie, 1940). Archie found from laboratory studies that, in
shale free, water filled rock, the Formation Factor (F) was a constant also defined by:

Fr = a.Φ-m
Where, A is the Archie’s coefficient (unit less)
Φ is the core porosity (unit less)
M is the cementation exponent (unit less)

For a tank of water, Ro = Rw. Therefore Fr = 1.

Since porosity is equal to 1, then a must also be 1 and m can have any value.

If porosity is zero, Fr is infinite and both a and m can have any value.

However, for real rocks, both a and m vary with grain size, sorting, and rock texture. The normal
range for a is 0.5 to 1.5 and for m is 1.7 to about 3.2. Finally, a is commonly taken equal to 1
and m can be expressed as:

m = -[ Ln(Fr)/Ln(Φ)]
Diagam:-