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 DIGITAL SIGNAL
PROCESSING
Department:

ELECTRONICS AND INSTRUMENTATION ENGINEERING

&
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Batch/Year: 2018-2022 / III YEAR

Created by: Mrs.M.Perarasi /RMK EEE

Date: 25.08.2021
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

S.No Topics Page No

1. Contents 5-6

2. Course Objectives 7

3. Pre Requisites (Course Names with Code) 8

4 Syllabus (With Subject Code, Name, LTPC 9

details)

5 Course outcomes 10

6 CO- PO/PSO Mapping 11

7 Lecture Plan 12

8 Activity based learning 13

9 Lecture Notes 14-64

10 Assignments 65-66

11 Part A Q & A 67-69

12 Part B Qs 70-71

13 Supportive online Certification courses 72

14 Real time Applications in day to day life and to 73

Industry

5
S.No Topics Page No

15 Contents beyond the Syllabus 74

16 Assessment Schedule 78

17 Prescribed Text Books & Reference Books 79

18 Mini Project suggestions 80

6
2. Course Objectives

To impart knowledge about the following topics:

Signals and systems & their mathematical representation.

Discrete time systems.

Transformation techniques & their computation.

Filters and their design for digital implementation.

Programmability digital signal processor & quantization effects.

3. Pre Requisites

SEMESTER COURSE COURSE NAMES

CODE
II MA8251 Engineering Mathematics - II

III IC8451 Control Systems

III EC8395 Communication Engineering

4. Syllabus

EE8591 DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING LTPC 2203

UNIT I INTRODUCTION 6+6
Classification of systems: Continuous, discrete, linear, causal, stability, dynamic,
recursive, time variance; classification of signals: continuous and discrete, energy
and power; mathematical representation of signals; spectral density; sampling
techniques, quantization, quantization error, NY Quist rate, aliasing effect.

UNIT II DISCRETE TIME SYSTEM ANALYSIS 6+6

Z-transform and its properties, inverse z-transforms; difference equation –
Solution by z-transform, application to discrete systems - Stability analysis,
frequency response – Convolution – Discrete Time Fourier transform , magnitude
and phase representation.

UNIT III DISCRETE FOURIER TRANSFORM & COMPUTATION 6+6

Discrete Fourier Transform- properties, magnitude and phase representation -
Computation of DFT using FFT algorithm – DIT &DIF using radix 2 FFT – Butterfly
structure.

UNIT IV DESIGN OF DIGITAL FILTERS 6+6

FIR & IIR filter realization – Parallel & cascade forms. FIR design: Windowing
Techniques –Need and choice of windows – Linear phase characteristics. Ana log
filter design – Butterworth and Chebyshev approximations; IIR Filters, digital
design using impulse invariant and bilinear transformation Warping, pre warping.

UNIT V DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSORS 6+6

Introduction – Architecture – Features – Addressing Formats – Functional modes -
Introduction to Commercial DS Processors.
Total : 60 Hours
5. Course outcomes :

Level of
Course Outcomes
Knowledge

C504.1 Categorize the different types of Signals and Systems. K2

Examine the LTI systems with different inputs using Z

C504.2 K3
transform.

Compare Discrete Fourier transform & Fast Fourier

C504.3 K3
transform.

C504.4 Realize FIR filters using windowing techniques. K3

C504.5 Design IIR Filters using different types of approximation. K3

Summarize the DSP processors and its architectures for

C504.6 K2
different applications.
6. CO- PO/PSO Mapping

Program Specific
Outcomes
Program Outcomes

Cour
Le
se
vel K3,
Out K3 K4 K4 K5 K5, A3 A2 A3 A3 A3 A3 A2 K5 K5 K3 K3
of K6
Com
CO
es

PS PS PS
PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PO PS
O- O- O-
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 03
1 2 4

3 2 1 1 - 1 - - - - - 1 3 2 1 -
C50
K2
4.1
3 2 2 1 - - - - - - - 1 3 2 1 -
C50
K3
4.2
3 2 2 1 - - - - - - - 1 3 2 1 -
C50
K3
4.3
3 2 2 1 - - - - - - - 1 3 2 1 -
C50
K3
4.4
3 2 2 1 - - - - - - - 1 3 2 1 1
C50
K3
4.5
3 2 2 1 - - - - - - - 1 3 2 1 1
C50
K2
4.6
3 2 1 1 - 1 - - - - - 1 3 2 1 1
C504
7. Lecture Plan

UNIT I : CLASSIFICATION OF SYSTEMS

Session Mode of Refere

Topics to be covered
No. Delivery* nce

1 Classification of signals: continuous and discrete PPT 1,2,3

2 Energy and power Signal PPT 2,3,4

3 Mathematical representation of signals PPT 1,2,4

4 Digital signal representation PPT 1,2,4

5 Continuous, discrete, linear, causal, stable Systems PPT 1,2,4

6 Dynamic ,recursive, time variance System PPT 1,2,4,5

7 Dynamic ,recursive, time variance System PPT 1,2,4,5

Mathematical representation of signals; spectral

8 PPT 1,3
density;
Sampling techniques, quantization, quantization
9 PPT 2,3
error, Nyquist rate, aliasing effect.

10 Tutorial Problems PPT 1,2,4,5

11 Tutorial Problems PPT 1,2,4,5

12 Tutorial Problems PPT 1,2,4,5

NPTEL REFERENCES : 1. Prof. S.C. Dutta Roy, IIT Delhi –Video ,2. Prof. Govind Sharma, IIT
Kanpur –Pdf ,3. Prof.T.K.Basu, IIT, Kharagpur -Video
OTHER REFERENCES / WEBSITES :4. J.G. Proakis and D.G. Manolakis, ‘Digital Signal
Processing Principles, Algorithms and Applications’, Pearson Education, . 5. Alan V.
Oppenheim, Ronald W. Schafer and John R. Buck, ‘Discrete – Time Signal Processing’,
Pearson Education,
8. Activity based learning

Technical quiz competitions are organized after covering LTI systems and Fourier
representations.

"Pick-and-speak or sketch" is organized covering signal operations, system

properties, Fourier representation formulae topics.

Learner centric teaching is implemented. These activities help students to interact

freely with faculty which intern enables them to get their doubts cleared. Concept
retention also improves considerably.

Effective Utilization of Mathematical Tool MATLAB tool is used to demonstrate the

concept of representation of real valued and complex valued signals, computing
energy, spectrum of signals, poles & zeros plot, sampling theorem, impulse
response, and frequency response.
UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION

Classification of systems: Continuous, discrete, linear, causal,

stability, dynamic, recursive, time variance.

Classification of signals: continuous and discrete, energy and

power.

Mathematical representation of signals

Spectral density.

Sampling techniques, quantization, quantization error, Nyquist

rate, aliasing effect. 91
9. Lecture Notes : Unit 1 -INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

Any material which carries information is called signal.

Common examples of signals are electrocardiogram (ECG) that provides information

about the health of a person’s heart and Electro encephalogram (EEG) signal that
provides information about brain activity.

Other examples are speech signal, AC power supply signal.

A signal can be a function of one (or) more independent variable.

If a signal depends on only one variable, then it is known as one dimensional signal. Ex:
speech signal. If a signal depends on two independent variable, then the signal is said
to be 2–D signal. Ex: picture, X-ray.

CLASSIFICATION OF SIGNALS

1.Continuous-time signal

2. Discrete time signal,

3. Digital Signals

1.Continuous Time Signal:

The signals that are defined for every instant of time are known as continuous time
signal. They are denoted by x (t).

Continuous time signal is one that is defined over a continuous range of time.

Example: A sin (Ωt) and a + bt. This signal is also called analog signal

Fig 1.1 ECG signal

Unit 1 - INTRODUCTION

2.Discrete Time Signal:

The signals that are defined at discrete instant of time are known as discrete
time signals.
The discrete time signals are continuous in amplitude and discrete in time and
they are denoted by x(n).

These signals occurs in the areas such as business, economics, science &
engineering. In business (or) economics, the discrete time variable may be the
day, month or year

Fig 1.2 Pressure signal

Examples are depicted in above figures. Sampling of continuous signal will give
you discrete time signal; denoted by x(nT)= x(t)/t =nT
Where T is called the sampling period and n is an integer ranging from -∞ to
∞ called the time index. The instants at which the signal appears are called
sampling instants. n= 0, + 1, + 2...

3.Digital signals:
Digital signal x(n) is a discrete time signal that can have only a finite number
of different values. A binary signal is a digital signal, whose values are equal
to 1 (or) 0 that is x (n) = 0 (or) 1 for n = …. –2, –1, 0, 1, 2,……. If we use
an analog thermometer to measure temperature then the temperature has
only two digits.

eg.: Analog thermometers 36.3oC ,Digital thermometers 36oC

In this case the temperature value is said to be quantized. Here the value
assumes a finite set of numbers (30,31…38,39 etc.) and hare called
quantization levels. The difference between two adjacent quantization levels is
called quantization step.
Unit 1 - INTRODUCTION
Sampling:

It is a process by which a continuous signal is converted in to a sequence of

discrete samples with each sample representing the amplitude of signal at a
particular instant of time.

Quantization:

It is a process by which each sample produced by the sampling circuit to the

nearest level is selected from finite number of discrete amplitude level.

Example 1:

Sketch the continuous time signal x(t) = 2e-2t for an interval 0<t<2 sample the
continuous time signal with a sampling period of T=0.2s and sketch the discrete
time signal

Solution:

Given
x(t)=2e-2t

x(0)=2

x(0.2)=1.3406

x(0.4)=0.8987

x(0.6)=0.6024

x(0.8)=0.4038

x(1)=0.2707

x(t)= {2, 1.34, 0.89, 0.60, 0.40, 0.27, 0.18, 0.12, 0.08,0.05,0.036 }

Fig1.3 (a) Continuous signal

Unit 1 - INTRODUCTION
Discrete Signal
T = 0.2 sec

x(n) = x(t)| t = nT

x(n) = 2 e-2(0.2n) =2 e-0.4n)

x(0) = 2

x(1) = 1. 34

x(2) = 0.898

x(3) = 0 .6024

x(4) = 0.4038

x(5) = 0. 2706

x(6) = 0.1014

x(7) = 0. 1216

x(8) = 0.0815

x(9) = 0. 0546

x(10) = 0.0366

x(n) = {2,1.34,0.898,0.6024, 0.4038, 0.2706, 0. 1014, 0.1216,0.0815, 0.0546, 0.0366}

Fig 1.3(b) Discrete signal

Unit 1 - INTRODUCTION
Deterministic & Random Signal

It is a signal exhibiting no uncertainty of value at any given instant of time. Its

instantaneous value can be accurately predicate by mathematical equation.

eg: x (n) = 0.1sin (∏n)

Fig 1.4 (a) Deterministic signal

Random signal is a signal characterised by uncertainty before its natural

occurrences.

eg: Noise

Fig1.4 (b) Random signal

Unit 1 - INTRODUCTION

REPRESENTATION OF DISCRETE TIME SIGNALS

1. Graphical representation.

2. Functional Representation.

3. Tabular Representation.

4. Sequence Representation

1. Graphical Representation

Let us consider a signal x(n) with values x(–1) =1; x(0) = 2; x(1) = 2; x(2) = 0.5 &
x(3) = 1.5. This discrete time signal can be represented graphically as follows.

Fig 1.5 Graphical representation of signal

2. Functional Representation:

x(n) = 1 for n=-1

x(n) = { 1 for n=-1

{ 2 for n=0,1
{ 0.5 for n=2
{ 1.5 for n=3
{0 for n=otherwise
Unit 1 - INTRODUCTION
2.Functional Representation:

x(n) = 1 for n=-1

x(n) = { 1 for n=-1
{2 for n=0,1
{ 0.5for n=2
{ 1.5for n=3
{0 for n=otherwise

For same consideration of signals values in in previous section

3.Tabular Representation

same consideration of signals values in in previous section

4.Sequence Representation
A finite duration sequence with time origin (n = 0) indicated by the
symbol is represented as
x(n) = { 1, 2, 3, 0.5, 1,1.5 }

An infinite duration sequence can be represented as

x(n)={0.2, 1,–1, 3 , 2}

An finite duration sequence that satisfies the condition x(n) = 0 for n

< 0 can be represented as

x(n) = { 2,4, 6,8,–1}

ELEMENTARY DISCRETE TIME SIGNALS

1. Unit step sequence.

2. Unit Ramp sequence
3. Unit impulse sequence
4. Exponential sequence.
5. Sinusoidal signal
Unit 1 - INTRODUCTION
1.Unit Step Sequence

Unit step sequence is defined as

u(n) =1 for n>0

=0 for n<0

Graphical representation of u(n) is shown in fig

Fig 1.6 Unit step response

2.Unit Ramp Sequence

It can be defined as

r(n) =n for n>0

=0 for n< 0

Fig1.7 Unit ramp sequence

3.Unit Impulse Sequence

It can be defined as

δ(n)=1 for n=0

=0 for n=0
Unit 1 - INTRODUCTION

Fig 1.8 Unit impulse sequence

4.Exponential Sequence
It can be defined
Case (i) x(n) = an for n when a>1, the sequence exponentially growing
Case (ii) when 0<a<1, the sequence is exponentially decaying

Fig 1.9 Case(i) & Case (ii)

5.Sinusoidal Signal
Discrete time sinusoidal signal is given by x(n)=A cos(ω0n+φ)
Where ω0 - Frequency in rad/sample
Φ - Phase in radians

the energy of signal is infinite and the average power of signal is 1

Fig 1.10 A Sinusoidal sequence

 Unit 1 - INTRODUCTION
Examples:

solution

δ(n-2)=1 when n=2

=0,otherwise
n=2 -> sin 2n => sin2(2)=4

2)

Solution

δ(n)=1 when n=0

=0, n=0

n= 0 -> e2n

n=0 = e 2(0)

=1

3)

Solution

δ(n+1)=1 when n=-1

n =-1 , x(-1) =0
Unit 1 - INTRODUCTION
 Unit 1 - INTRODUCTION
(i.e) ω0N=2 π m
ω0=2 π (m/N)
N=2 π (m/ωo)
Note: To find N, smallest value of m is chosen that will make N=2 π (m/ωo) as
an integer
The sum of two periodic signals x1(n),x2(n) with the peri0d N1&N2 may or not
be periodic depending on relationship between N1&N2.
If the sum of two signals is to be periodic then the ratio of time periods N1/N2
must be rational number (or) integer, otherwise it is not periodic.
Determine whether (or) not each of the following signals is periodic. If
the signal is periodic, specify its fundamental period.
Problem :
1.x(n)=ej6 π π
Solution
x(n) is periodic if and only if x(n) =x(n+N)
x(n)=ej6πn
=cos6 π n +j sin6 π n
ω=6 π
N=2 π (m/ωo)=2 π(m/6 π )
N=m/3
For m=3,N=1 signal is said to be periodic with the time period 1
2. x(n)=12 cos(20n)
Solution: ω0=20
N=2 π(m/ωo)=2 π(m/20) ; For all the values of m, N is not an integer so signal is a
periodic
3.x(n)=ej2(π/3n)+ej3(π/4n)
Solution: ω01=2 π /3 ; N1=2 π(m/ω01) = 2π(m/(2 π /3)) ; N1=3m,for m=1,N1=3
ω02=3 π /4 ; N2=2π(m/ω02)=2 π(m/(3π/4)) ; Ratio of time period N1/N2=3/8
Unit 1 - INTRODUCTION

8N1=3N2

N1/N2=3/8

3/8

4. Find the fundamental period for

x(n)=cos (π n/2) +sin (n π /8)+3 cos (π n/4 + π /3)

N1=2 π (m/ω01)=2 π(m/(π /2))=4m for m=1
N2=2 π(m/ω02)=2π(m/(π /8))=16m for m=1
N3=2 π(m/ω03)=2 π(m/(π /4))=8m for m=1

Taking least common factor of N1,N2,N3 is 16

So N1/N2,N1/N3=4/16,4/8(Rational Number)

x(n) is periodic is rational number so x(n) is periodic , Numerator < denominator

Unit 1 - INTRODUCTION
Unit 1 - INTRODUCTION
PROBLEM

1.x(n)={-2,1,2,-1,3} find the odd and even components for the sequence

Solution:

x(0)=2,x(1)=-1,x(2)=3,x(-1)=1,x(-2)=-2.
x(n)= x0(n)+xe(n
x0(n)=1/2(x(n)-x(-n))
xe(n)=1/2(x(n)+x(-n))

Odd sequence

x0(0)=1/2(x(0)-x(-0)) =1/2(2-2)=0
x0(1)=1/2(x(1)-x(-1)) =1/2(-1-1)=-1
x0(2)=1/2(x(2)-x(-2)) = 1/2(3-(-2) ) = 5/2
x0(-1)=1/2(x(-1)-x(1)) = 1/2(1-(-1)) = 1
x0(-2)=1/2(x(-2)-x(2)) = 1/2(-2-3) = -5/2
Odd sequence x0(n)={-2.5,1,0,-1,-2.5}

Now even sequence will be

xe(n)=1/2(x(n)+x(-n))

xe(0)=2,xe(1)=0,xe(2)=0.5,xe(-1)=0,xe(-2)=0.5

Even sequence xe(n)={0.5,0,2,0,0.5}

2.Sketch the even and odd signal x(n)=2δ(n+2)-δ(n+1)+2δ(n)+3δ(n-1)+2δ(n-2)

Solution
Unit 1 - INTRODUCTION
δ (n)=1,n=1
=0,n=0

n=-2, x(-2)=2δ(-2+2)-δ(-2+1)+2δ(-2)+3δ(-2-1)+ 2δ(-2-2)

=2δ(0)-δ(-1)+2δ(-2)+3δ(-3)+ 2δ(-4)

X(-2)=2δ(0)
=2(1)=2

n=(-1) x(-1)=-1

n=(0) x(0)=2

n=(1) x(1)=3

n=(2) x(2)=2

Even signal:

n=(-2) xe(-2)=2

n=(-1) xe (-1)=-1

n=(0) xe (0)=2

n=(1) xe (1)=1

n=(2) xe (2)=2

Odd signal:

n=(-2) xo(-2)=0

n=(-1) xo (-1)=-2

n=(0) xo (0)=0

n=(1) xo (1)=2

n=(2) xo (2)=0
Unit 1 - INTRODUCTION
4.Causal and Non Causal Signal

Causal signal does not exists for negative time

Anti causal signal does not exists for positive time.

Signal which exists for both positive and negative is called non causal signal

Examples: x(n)={1,2,3,4,5} for causal signal

x(n)={1,2,3,4,5} for non causal signal

Unit 1 - INTRODUCTION

Operation of Signal

1. Time Shifting

2. Time Reversal

3. Time Scaling

4. Amplitude Scaling

5. Signal addition

6. Signal Multiplication

1.Time Shifting

Time shifting of a signal result in time advance or time delay

y(n)=x(n-k) or y(n) = x(n+k)

K is positive = delay

K is negative = Advance

Example 1: x(n)

x(0)=1,x(1)=2, x(2)=3, x(3)=2, x(4)=1

Unit 1 - INTRODUCTION

x(n-3) = delayed by 3
x(3)=1,x(4)=2, x(5)=3,

x(n+2) =x(-2)=1,x(-1)=2, x(0)=3, x(1)=2,x(2)=1

2.Time Reversal:

It is also called as folding. It is mirror image, folding about origin. Time signal is x(n)
and reversed version is x(-n)

x(n)=x(2)=2,x(3)=2,x(4)=1

x(-n)=x(-2)=2, x(-3)=2,x(-4)=1
Unit 1 - INTRODUCTION

3.Time scaling

Time scaling may be time compression or time expansion.

y(n)=x(an) a is an integer that much times the expansion will be done.

Example

x(n) =x(-3)=4, x(-2)=3, x(-1)=2, x(0)=1, x(1)=2,x(2)=3,x(3)=4

y(n)=x(2n) ,y(0)=x(0) =1 , y(1)=x(2)=3 , y(-1)=x(-2)=3

4 & 5.Signal Addition and signal Multiplication

Signal Addition:

Sum of two signals can be obtained by adding the corresponding sample values.
Similarly for subtraction.

Eg: x1(n)={1,2,3,}; x2(n)={2,3,5,}

Sum= x1(n)+x2(n)= x1(1)+x2(1)= 1+2=3

x1(2)+x2(2)= 2+3=5; x1(3)+x2(3)= 3+5=8

X1(n)+x2(n)={3,5,7}

X1(n)-x2(n)={-1,-1,-2}
Unit 1 - INTRODUCTION
6.Scalar Multiplication:

X1(1)*x2(1)=1*2=2

x1(2)*x2(2)= 2*3=6; x1(3)*x2(3)= 3*5=15

X1(n)*x2(n)={2,6,15}
 Unit 1 - INTRODUCTION
1.2 Systems

A system is defined as a physical device that generates a response (or) output signal
for a given input signal.
x(n) y(n)
System
y(n) = T[x(n)]
A system is defined mathematically as a unique transformation (or) operator that
maps an input sequence x(n) into an output sequence y(n).

A system which operates on a continuous time signal and produces a continuous time
output signal is known as CT system.
y(t) = T[x(t)]

A system which operates on a discrete time signal and produces a discrete time
output signal is known as DT system.
y(n) = T[x(n)]

Classification of Discrete Time systems

Discrete time systems are classified as

1. Static & Dynamic
2. Causal & non-causal
3. Time invariant & time variant
4. Linear & non-linear
5. Stable & unstable

1 Static & Dynamic

A DT system is called static (or) memoryless if its output at any instant n depends on
the input samples at the same time but not on past (or) future samples of the input.
Eg., y(n) = ax(n)
Unit 1 - INTRODUCTION

A DT system is called dynamic (or) to have memory if its output at any instant ‘n’
depends on past (or) future samples of the input.
Eg., y(n) = x(n2) , y(n) = nx(n)+x(n-2)

2 Causal & Non-Causal

A DT system is said to be causal if the output of the system at any time ‘n’ depends
on the present input, past inputs and past outputs but doesn’t future inputs &
outputs.
Eg., y(n) = x(n) – x(n-1)
A DT system is said to be non-causal if the output of the system at any time ‘n’
depends on the future inputs & outputs.
Eg., y(n) = x(n2)+x(n-1)

3 Time invariant & time variant

A DT system is said to time invariant (or) shift invariant if its input-output

characteristics do not change with time.
A DT system is said to time variant (or) shift invariant if its input-output
characteristics change with time.

Steps to determine the time invariance

1. Delay the input signal by ‘k’ units of time, y(n,k).

2. Delay the response of the system by same ‘k’ units of time, y(n-k)
3. Check whether y(n-k) = y(n,k) . If equal, then the system is time invariant ,
otherwise the system is time variant.
Unit 1 - INTRODUCTION
1.Check whether y(n) = x2(n) is time invariant.

I.Delay the input signal by ‘k’ units of time, y(n , k).

y(n,k) = x2(n-k)
II. Delay the response of the system by same ‘k’ units of time, y(n-k)
y(n-k) = x2(n-k)
III. Check for time invariance.
y(n-k) = y(n,k)
So, the given system is time invariant

2. Check whether y(n) = nx(n) is time invariant.

I. Delay the input signal by ‘k’ units of time, y(n,k).
y(n,k) = nx(n-k)
II.Delay the response of the system by same ‘k’ units of time, y(n-k)
Y(n-k) = (n-k)x(n-k)
III Check for time invariance.
y(n-k) ≠ y(n,k)
So, the given system is time variant
4 Linear & Non-linear

A linear system is one that satisfies the superposition principles. The principle of superposition
requires that the response of the system to a weighted sum of the signals is equal to the
corresponding weighted sum of the responses of the system to each of the individual input
signals.
A DT system which does not satisfies the superposition principle is called non-linear system.
Steps to determine the linearity
1.Consider 2 sample signals.
2.Find the linear combination of output signals
3.Find the output for the linear combination of input signals.
4.If both are equal it is linear.
Unit 1 - INTRODUCTION
Check whether the given DT system is linear (or) not
1. y(n) = nx(n)
IConsider 2 sample signal x1(n) & x2(n).
So, y1(n) = T[x1(n)] = n x1(n)
y2(n) = T[x2(n)] = n x2(n)
II. Linear combination of output signals.
a y1(n) + b y2(n) = a[n x1(n)] + b[n x2(n)]
= an x1(n) + bn x2(n)
III. Output for linear combination of input signals.
x3(n) = a x1(n) + b x2(n)
Therefore , y3(n) = T[x3(n)] = n x3(n)
= n[a x1(n) + b x2(n)]
= an x1(n) + bn x2(n)
IV . The linear combination of output signal is equal to the linear combination of input signals.
So, the DT system is said to be linear.

2. y(n) = x2(n)
I.Consider 2 sample signal x1(n) & x2(n).
So, y1(n) = T[x1(n)] = x12(n)
y2(n) = T[x2(n)] = x22(n)

II. Linear combination of output signals.

a y1(n) + b y2(n) = a[x12(n)] + b[x22(n)]
= ax12(n) + b x22(n)
III. Output for linear combination of input signals.
x3(n) = a x1(n) + b x2(n)
Therefore , y3(n) = T[x3(n)] = x32(n)
= [a x1(n) + b x2(n)]2
= a2 x12(n) + b x22(n) + 2 ab x1(n) x2(n)
IV . The linear combination of output signal is not equal to the linear combination of input
signals.
So, the DT system is said to be non-linear.
Unit 1 - INTRODUCTION
Unit 1 - INTRODUCTION
Unit 1 - INTRODUCTION
 Unit 1 - INTRODUCTION
Check whether the given system is static, causal, time invariant , linear and stable or not.
y(n) = Ax2(n)
1. The system is said to be static as the present output depends on present input.

2. The system is said to be causal as the present output depends on present input not on the
future.

3.Time invariance
I. Delay the input signal by ‘k’ units of time, y(n,k).
y(n,k) = Ax2(n-k)
II.Delay the response of the system by same ‘k’ units of time, y(n-k)
y(n-k) = Ax2(n-k)
III Check for time invariance.
y(n-k) = y(n,k)
So, the given system is time invariant
4.Linear
I.Consider 2 sample signal x1(n) & x2(n).
So, y1(n) = T[x1(n)] = Ax12(n)
y2(n) = T[x2(n)] = Ax22(n)
II. Linear combination of output signals.
a y1(n) + b y2(n) = a[Ax12(n)] + b[Ax22(n)]
= aAx12(n) + b Ax22(n)
III. Output for linear combination of input signals.
x3(n) = a x1(n) + b x2(n)
Therefore , y3(n) = T[x3(n)] = Ax32(n)
= A[a x1(n) + b x2(n)]2
= A [ a2x12(n) + b2x22(n) + 2ax1(n) bx2(n)]
IV . The linear combination of output signal is not equal to the linear combination of input
signals.
So, the DT system is said to be non -linear.
Unit 1 - INTRODUCTION
Unit 1 - INTRODUCTION

Problems in Systems :
1.Check whether the system is static,dynamic,causal,non causal,linear,nonlinear,
time variant,time invariant,stable and unstable systems
y (n) = x(4n+1)
i) Static or dynamic
The system is Dynamic
ii) Causal and non causal
y(0) = x(4(0) + 1)
y(-1) = x(4(-1) + 1)
y(1) = x(4(1) + 1)
The System is non causal system.
iii)Linear and Non Linear System
y1(n) = ax1(4n+1)
y2(n) =bx2(4n+1)
y3(n) = ax1(4n+1)+bx2(4n+1)---------1
x(n) replaced by ax1(n) +bx2(n)
y3 (n) = ax1(4n+1) )+bx2(4n+1)-------2 1=2
So it is Linear system.
iv) Time Variant and Invariant System
y(n,k) = x(4n-k+1)---------1
y(n-k) = x(4(n-k)+1)
=x (4n-4k+1)---------2
1 ≠2
The System is time variant
Unit 1 - INTRODUCTION
Unit 1 - INTRODUCTION

3.Check whether the system is static or dynamic, causal or non causal, linear or non
linear, time variant or time invariant and stable or unstable systems

y(n) = x(n) +nx(n+1)

i) Static, dynamic, causal and non causal

y(0) = x(0) +0x(0+1)

y(-1) = x(-1) +(-1)x(-1+1)

y(1) = x(1) +1x(1+1)

The output depends on present and future inputs

The system is dynamic & non causal

ii) Linear and Non Linear System

y1(n) = a(x1(n)+nx1(n+1))

y2 (n) = b(x2(n)+nx2(n+1)

y3 (n) = (ax1(n)+anx1(n+1))+(bx2(n)+bx2(n+1)------1

x(n) replaced by ax1(n) +bx2(n)

y3 (n) = ax1(n)+bx2(n) + anx1(n+1)+bnx2(n+1)--------2

= ax1(n) +anx1(n+1)+bx2(n)+bnx2(n+1)

1=2

The system in linear

Unit 1 - INTRODUCTION
Unit 1 - INTRODUCTION

5.Check whether the system is static,dynamic,causal,non causal,linear,nonlinear,time

variant,time invariant systems.

y(n) = log 10x(n)

Static,dynamic,causal and non causal

y(0) = log 10x(0)

y(1) = log 10x(1)

y(-1)= log 10x(-1)

the output depends on present input only

The system is static & causal system

Linear and Non Linear System

y1(n)= a log 10 x1(n)

y2(n) = b log 10x2(n)

x(n) replaced by ax1(n) +bx2(n)

y3(n) = a log 10x1(n) + b log10x2(n) -----------1

y3(n) =log 10[a1x1(n) + bx2(n)] ---------------2

1≠2

The system is non linear

Unit 1 - INTRODUCTION

Time Variant and Invariant System

y(n,k) = log 10 x(n-k)-------1

y(n-k) = log10x (n-k)--------2

1=2

The time is invariant .

4.Check the system is linear or not

Y(n) = x2(n)

Y3 (n) = ax12(n) + bx22 (n) --------1

x(n) replaced by ax1(n) + bx2(n)

Y31 = [ax1(n) + bx2(n)]2 --------2

1≠2

So the system is non linear system.

Unit 1 - INTRODUCTION

SAMPLING

Statement: A continuous time signal can be represented in its samples and can be
recovered back when sampling frequency fs is greater than or equal to the twice the
highest frequency component of message signal. i. e.

fs≥2fm

Sample and hold

Analog signal is continuous in time and continuous in amplitude.

It means that it carries infinite information of time and infinite information of

amplitude.

It is impossible to digitize an infinite number of points.

The infinite points cannot be processed Analog (continuous-time) signal has some
value defined at every time instant, so it has infinite number of sample points.

by the digital signal (DS) processor or computer, since they require an infinite
amount of memory and infinite amount of processing power for computations.

Sampling is the process to reduce the time information or

sample points.

The first essential step in analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion is to sample an

analog signal.

This step is performed by a sample and hold circuit, which samples at regular
intervals called sampling intervals.

Sampling can take samples at a fixed time interval.

The length of the sampling interval is the same as the sampling period, and the
reciprocal of the sampling period is the sampling frequency fs.
Unit 1 - INTRODUCTION
Unit 1 - INTRODUCTION
Unit 1 - INTRODUCTION

After a brief acquisition time, during which a sample is acquired, the sample and
hold circuit holds the sample steady for the remainder of the sampling interval.

The hold time is needed to allow time for an A/D converter to generate a digital
code that best corresponds to the analog sample.

If x(t) is the input to the sampler, the output is x(nT), where T is called the
sampling interval or sampling period.

After the sampling, the signal is called “discrete time continuous signal” which is
discrete in time and continuous in amplitude.

Nyquist Rate

The minimum rate at which signal can be sampled and still be reconstructed from its
samples is called Nyquist rate fs =2fm

Aliasing Effect

The overlapped region in case of under sampling represents aliasing effect, which
can be removed by

considering fs >2fm

By using anti aliasing filters.

Quantization

The process of converting a discrete-time continuous amplitude signal x(n) into a

discrete-time discrete amplitude signal is known as quantization

Two types of Quantization methods:

Truncation

Rounding
Unit 1 - INTRODUCTION

Truncation

Truncation is a type of quantization where extra bits get ‘truncated.’

Basically, in the truncation process, all bits less significant than the desired LSB
(Least Significant Bit) are discarded.

For example, suppose we wish to truncate the following 8-bit number to 4-bits.

X = 0.01101011 truncates to X = 0.0110

Rounding

Rounding is a quantization method where we ’round-up’ a particular number to the

desired number of bits.

Basically, rounding is the process of reducing the size of a binary number to some
desirable finite size. This is done in such a way that the rounded off number is as
close to the original unquantised number as possible.

Interestingly, the rounding process is a combination of truncation and addition.

In rounding a number to say b-bits, first, the number is truncated to the desired
number of bits. Then depending on the number that existed next to the LSB before
truncation, an addition to the LSB is performed.

If that particular number (previously next to the LSB) was 0, then 0 is added to the
LSB. If that number was 1, then a 1 is added to the LSB.

Consider the same example as above, suppose we wish to truncate the following 8-
bit number to 4-bits.

X = 0.01101011 truncates to X = 0.0110

Unit 1 - INTRODUCTION
Unit 1 - INTRODUCTION

Advantages and Disadvantage of DSP

Advantages of DSP

Greater accuracy

Cheaper

Ease of data storage

Implementation of sophisticated algorithm

Flexibility in configuration

Applicability of VLF signal.

Disadvantages of DSP

System complexity

Bandwidth limited by sampling

Power consumption.

Application of DSP

Tele communication

Consumers electronics

Instrumentation & control

Image processing

Medicine

Speech processing

Seismology

Military
Unit 1 - INTRODUCTION

Block diagram of Digital signal processors

DSP of continuous time signal is nothing but the transformation of continuous

time signal in to a discrete time signal, treating it with a required operation at
discrete domain & then converting back to continuous time domain.

fig 1.13 DSP System

Analog – Digital Conversion

A /D converts introduces the following process.

Sampling

Quantization

Encoding

x(n) – Discrete time signal

xq(n)- Quantized signal

Unit 1 - INTRODUCTION

Encoding

x(n) – Discrete time signal

xq(n- Quantized signal

Fig 1.14 ADC Converter

Sampling

It is the process of converting a continuous time signal into discrete times signal
by taking samples of a continuous time signal at discrete interval of time. The
discrete interval of time is defined by sampling theorem. It is convenient to
represent the sampling operation by a fictitious switch shown is fig. above
9. Lecture Notes : Quiz

QUIZ : Unit 1
1) Which mathematical notation specifies the condition of periodicity for
a continuous time signal?

a. x(t) = x(t +T0)

b. x(n) = x(n+ N)
c. x(t) = e-αt
d. None of the above

ANSWER: (a) x(t) = x(t +T0)

2) A system is said to be shift invariant only if______

a. a shift in the input signal also results in the corresponding shift in the output
b. a shift in the input signal does not exhibit the corresponding shift in the output
c. a shifting level does not vary in an input as well as output
d. a shifting at input does not affect the output

ANSWER: (a) a shift in the input signal also results in the corresponding
shift in the output

3) Which among the following are the stable discrete time systems?

1. y(n) = x(4n)
2. y(n) = x(-n)
3. y(n) = ax(n) + 8
4. y(n) = cos x(n)

a. 1 & 3
b. 2 & 4
c. 1, 3 & 4
d. 1, 2, 3 & 4

ANSWER: (d) 1, 2, 3 & 4

QUIZ : Unit 1 Continue….

4) Recursive Systems are basically characterized by the dependency of its

output on _______

a. Present input
b. Past input
c. Previous outputs
d. All of the above

ANSWER: (d) All of the above

5) Which among the following operations is/are not involved /associated

with the computation process of linear convolution?

a. Folding Operation
b. Shifting Operation
c. Multiplication Operation
d. Integration Operation

ANSWER: (d) Integration Operation

6.The system y(t) = x(t) + 2x(t + 3) is

a.causal system
b.non-causal system
c.partly (a) and partly (b)
d.none of these

Answer:(b)non-causal system

7.A discrete signal is said to be even or symmetric if x(-n) is equal to

a. X(n)
b. 0
c.–x(n)
d –x(-n)

Answer: (a) X(n)

QUIZ : Unit 1 Continue….

8.Which of the following time system operates with a continuous time

signal & produces a continuous time output signal

a. Continuous time system

b. Discrete time system
c. Time invariant system
d. Time variant system

Answer: (a)Continuous time system

9. A system is said to be stable if the bounded input to the system

produces

a. Bounded output
b. Non bounded output
c. Inbound output
d. Outbound output

Answer (a)Bounded output

10. Is y[n] = nu[n] a linear system?

a) Yes
b) No

Answer: (a) Yes

9. Lecture Notes (Links to Videos)

Systems YouTube Link

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xJHJbo3VnmY&list=PLBlnK6fEyqRhG6s3jYIU48C
qsT5cyiDTO&index=83

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mqwUtn5cip8&list=PLBlnK6fEyqRhG6s3jYIU48C
qsT5cyiDTO&index=86

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LezLNMznZm4&list=PLBlnK6fEyqRhG6s3jYIU48
CqsT5cyiDTO&index=89

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wOQDGvCLOs8&list=PLBlnK6fEyqRhG6s3jYIU48
CqsT5cyiDTO&index=93

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ngJ2QWvMPbI&list=PLBlnK6fEyqRhG6s3jYIU48
CqsT5cyiDTO&index=106

Sampling YouTube link

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iQaFDpiNOlA

Nyquist rate YouTube link

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=clDgsheEb9g

Digital signal processing introduction:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6dFnpz_AEyA
10. Assignments

Assignment No.I : Unit 1 INTRODUCTION

Questions :

1.Define ,symmetric and anti symetric, signal,quantization & quantization error, anti-aliasing

effect , Nyquist rate and aliasing effect?

2.Explain the DSP system and Write application, advantage and disadvantage of DSP ?

3. Find out x(n+1) , x(n-2),x(-n) and x(2n) for the given signal x(n) = {1, -1 , 2 , 3 , -2 }

4. Differentiate between Energy and power signal and Check whether the signal are Power
signal or Energy signal. i) Unit step sequence
n
1
ii) x(n) =  u(n)
2
 
n+
iii) x(n) = e
j(
2 4
)


iv ) x(n) = cos( n)
4
v ) x(n)= e 2 n u ( n)

5. Define and Explain the classification of discrete time systems with example and

its Properties?

6.Explain in details about analog to digital conversion with suitable block diagram

and to reconstruct the analog signal ?

7. Check the system defined by the impulse response h[n] = 2 n u[-n] + 2 –n u[n],

h(n) =2nu(-n) , h(n) = sin nπ / 2 , h(n)=(1/2)n u(n) is causal and stable ?

Justify your answer

 Assignment No . I : Unit 1 INTRODUCTION continuation….

8. Find whether the following system are i) Static or Dynamic ii) Linear or Non-
Linear iii) Time-invariant or Time variant iv) Causal or Non causal

1) y(n) = x2(n) + 1 / x2( n-1) 2) T(x(n)) = g(n) X(n)

3) y(n) = n x2(n) 4) T(x(n)) = ex[n] 5) y(n) = x(-n-2) 6) T(x(n)) = a x[n] +b
7) y(n) = x(n)u(n) 8) y(n) = log10 | x(n)| 9) y(n) = x(n) cos won

9. i) Find out y(n) = x(2n+3) and y(n) = x(3n-2) for the signal
 1 n = 1,2
x(n) = 
- 1 n = - 1,-2
 0 otherwise


ii) Plot y(n)= n2 / 2 + |n| ; -2 ≤ n≤ 2 ; = 0 else where

iii) Draw the signal x(n)= u(n) – u(n-3)

10.Test the system is linear, Time variant or not y(n) = cos x(n) , y(n) = | x(n) |

11. Test the system is causal or not y(n) = ½ [ x(n-1) + ], y(n)= x(2n) ,

h(n)= an u(n+2)

12. For each impulse response listed below determine if the corresponding system
i) casual ii) stable : i) h(n)= 2n u(-n) ii) h(n)= sin n(π /2) iii) h(n) = δ(n) +
sin π n iv) h(n) = e 2n u(n-1)

13. Determine whether or not each of the following signal is periodic. If a signal is
periodic specify its fundamentals time period

i) x(t) = 2 cos (3 π t) ii) x(t) = sin(15 π t) + sin (20π t) iii) x(n) = 5 sin (2n)

14.Check if the system described by the difference equation y(n) = ay(n-1)+x(n)

with y(0) =1 is stable.
11. Part A Q & A (with K level and CO)

Sl. Part-A Question K CO

No
Level Level

Define Signal.
1 A Signal is defined as any physical quantity that varies with K1 CO1
time, space or any other independent variables.
Define a system.
2 A System is a physical device (i.e., hardware) or algorithm K1 CO1
(i.e., software)
What are the steps involved in digital signal
processing?
Converting the analog signal to digital signal, this is
3 performed by A/D converter Processing Digital signal by K2 CO1
digital system.
Converting the digital signal to analog signal, this is
performed by D/A converter
Give some applications of DSP?
Speech processing – Speech compression & decompression
for voice storage system
4 K2 CO1
Communication – Elimination of noise by filtering and echo
cancellation. Bio-Medical – Spectrum analysis of ECG, EEG
etc
Write the classifications of DT Signals.
5 Energy & Power signals , Periodic & A periodic signals, Even K2 CO1
& Odd signals.
What is an Energy and Power signal?
Energy signal:
A finite energy signal is periodic sequence, which has a
6 K2 CO1
finite energy but zero average power.
Power signal:An Infinite energy signal with finite average
power is called a power signal.
What is Discrete Time Systems?
The function of discrete time systems is to process a given
input sequence to generate output sequence. In practical
7 K2 CO1
discrete time systems, all signals are digital signals, and
operations on such signals also lead to digital signals. Such
discrete time systems are called digital filter.
11. Part A Q & A (with K level and CO)

Sl. Part-A Question K CO

No
Level Level
What is an Energy and Power signal?
Energy signal:
A finite energy signal is periodic sequence, which has a
8 K2 CO1
finite energy but zero average power.
Power signal:An Infinite energy signal with finite average
power is called a power signal.
What is Discrete Time Systems?
The function of discrete time systems is to process a given
input sequence to generate output sequence. In practical
9 K2 CO1
discrete time systems, all signals are digital signals, and
operations on such signals also lead to digital signals. Such
discrete time systems are called digital filter.
Write the Various classifications of Discrete-Time
systems.
Linear & Non linear system
10 K2 CO1
Causal & Non Causal system
Stable & Un stable system
Static & Dynamic systems
Define Linear system
A system is said to be linear system if it satisfies Super
11 position principle. Let us consider x1(n) & x2(n) be the two K1 CO1
input sequences & y1(n) & y2(n) are the responses
respectively, T[ax1(n) + bx2(n)] = a y1(n) + by2(n)
Define Static & Dynamic systems
When the output of the system depends only upon the
12 present input sample, then it is called static system, K1 CO1
otherwise if the system depends pa t values of input then it
is called dynamic system.
Define causal system.
When the output of the system depends only upon the
13 present and past input sample, then it is called causal K1 CO1
system, otherwise if the system depends on future values
of input then it is called non-causal system.
11. Part A Q & A (with K level and CO)

Sl. Part-A Question K CO

No
Level Level
Define Shift-Invariant system.
If y(n) is the response to an inp t x(n), then the response
14 to an input X(n) = x(n-m) then y(n) = y(n-m) K1 CO1
When the system satisfies above condition then it is said to
shift in variant, otherwise . it is Invariant.
Define impulse nd unit step signal.
Impulse signal (n):
The impulse signal is defined as a signal having unit
magnitude at n = 0 and zero for other values of n. ∂(n)=
15 K1 CO1
1; n = 0
Unit step signal u(n):
The unit step signal is defined as a signal having unit
magnitude for all values of n, u(n) = 1; n ≥ 0
What are FIR and IIR systems?
The impulse response of a system consist of infinite
16 number of samples are called IIR system & the impulse K2 CO1
response of a system consist of finite number
of samples are called FIR system.
What are the basic elements used to construct the
block diagram of discrete time system?
17 The basic elements used to construct the block diagram of K2 CO1
discrete time Systems are Adder, Constant multiplier &Unit
delay element.
12. Part B Qs (with K level and CO)

Sl.No Part-B Question K CO

Level Level

1 Determine whether the following signals are energy or

power or neither energy nor power signals. (i) K2 CO1
x1(n)=(1/2)n u(n) (6) (ii) x2(n)=sin(nπ/6) (7)

2 A discrete time systems can be (i) Static or dynamic (ii)

Linear or non Linear (iii) Time invariant or time varying
(iv) Stable or unstable . Examine the following
K3 CO1
systems with respect to the properties above
(i) y (n) =x (n) + n x (n+1) (6)
(ii) y(n)=x(n) cos x(n) (7)

3 (i) Given y[n] =x [n2], Determine whether the system

is linear, time invariant, memory less and causal. (4)
(ii) Determine whether the following is an energy signal K3 CO1
or power signal. (9)
(1) x (n) = 6cos (π/2) n (2) x (n) = 3[0.5]n u(n)

4 (i) Given y[n] =x [n2 ], Determine whether the system

is linear, time invariant, memory less and causal. (4)
(ii) Determine whether the following is an energy signal K3 CO1
or power signal. (9)
(1) x (n) = 6cos (π/2) n (2) x (n) = 3[0.5]n u(n)

5 (i) Check whether the following are periodic

(1) x(n ) =cos(3πn) (2) x (n) =sin (3n). (4)
(ii) Check whether the following are energy or power K3 CO1
signals.
(1) x(n) = (1/2)nu(n) (2) x(n) = A ejwn (9)
12. Part B Qs (with K level and CO)

Sl.No Part-B Question K CO

Level Level

6 (i)Define Nyquist rate? Explain its significance while

sampling the analog signals. (7)
(ii)What is meant by quantization and quantization K1 CO1
error (6)

7 (i) State and prove sampling theorem. (5)

(ii) What is meant by aliasing? Explain with necessary K3 CO1

illustrations (8)

9 Explain with suitable block diagram in detail about the

analog to digital conversion and to reconstruct the K2 CO1
analog signal (13)

10 i)What is Nyquist rate? Explain its significance while

sampling the analog signals. (7) K1 CO1
ii)Briefly explain quantization. (6)

11 Determine whether the following signals are energy or

power or neither energy nor power signals.
K3 CO1
(i) x1(n)=(1/2)n u(n) (6)
(ii) x2(n)=sin(nπ/6) (7)
13. Supportive online Certification courses (NPTEL,
Swayam, Coursera, Udemy, etc.,)

Certification course for Unit 1 : Introduction

ONLINE COURSE NPTEL : Digital Signal Processing:

https://swayam.gov.in/nd1_noc19_ee50/preview
By Prof.C.S. Ramalingam | IIT Madras

This course will introduce you to the basics of discrete-time sequences, z-

transform, frequency response of discrete-time systems, sampling, and the DFT.
INTENDED AUDIENCE: UG students in ECE/EEE PREREQUISITES: Networks and
Systems INDUSTRY SUPPORT: Jasmine InfoTech

Signal processing problems, solved in MATLAB and in Python

https://www.udemy.com/course/signal-processing/

ONLINE COURSE COURSERA

1)Digital Signal Processing 1: Basic Concepts and Algorithms:

https://www.coursera.org/learn/dsp1

2) Digital Signal Processing

https://online.stanford.edu/courses/ee264-digital-signal-processing
EE264 : Stanford School of Engineering
14. Real time Applications in day to day life and to
Industry

1. Telecommunication. Echo cancellation in telephone networks, Telephone dialing

application, Modems, Line repeaters, Channel multiplexing, Data encryption,
Video conferencing, Cellular phone, FAX.

2. Consumer Electronics. Digital Audio/TV, electronic music synthesizer, educational

toys, FM stereo applications, sound recording applications

3. Instrumentation and Control. Spectrum analysis, Digital filter, PLL, function

generator, Servo control, process control.

4. Image Processing. Image compression, Image analysis and recognition.

5. Medicine. Medical diagnostic instrumentation such as Computerized Tomography,

X-ray scanning, Magnetic resonance imaging, Spectrum analysis of ECG and EEG
signals to detect the various disorders in heart and brain, Patient monitoring.

6. Speech Processing. Speech analysis methods are used in automatic speech

recognition, speaker verification and speaker identification. Speech synthesis
techniques include conversion of written text into speech.

7. Seismology. DSP techniques are employed in the geophysical exploration for oil
and gas. Detection of underground nuclear explosion and earthquake monitoring.

8. Military. Radar signal processing, Sonar signal processing, Navigation, secure

communications
15.Contents beyond the Syllabus ( COE related Value
added courses)

Types of sampling which is used in ADC

Sampling is the process of converting analog signal into a discrete signal or

making an analog or continuous signal to occur at a particular interval of time,
this phenomena is known as sampling.

SAMPLING THEOREM:-

Sampling theorem states that a band limited signal having

no frequency components higher than fm hertz can be sampled if its sampling
freq is equal to or greater than Nyquist rate.

Fig 1:Analog Signal Representation

Sampling Types

Their are basically three types of Sampling, namely:

1. Natural Sampling
2. Flat top Sampling
3. Ideal Sampling

1. Natural Sampling:

Natural Sampling is a practical method of sampling in which pulse have finite

width equal to τ. Sampling is done in accordance with the carrier signal which is
digital in nature.
Contents beyond the Syllabus

Fig 2: Natural Sampled Waveform

Fig 3: Functional Diagram of Natural Sampler

With the help of functional diagram of a Natural sampler, a sampled signal g(t) is
obtained by multiplication of sampling function c(t) and the input signal x(t).

Spectrum of Natural Sampled Signal is given by:

G(f) = Aτ/ Ts .[ Σ sin c(n fs.τ) X(f-n fs)]

2. Flat Top Sampling:

Flat top sampling is like natural sampling i.e; practical in nature. In comparison to
natural sampling flat top sampling can be easily obtained. In this sampling
techniques, the top of the samples remains constant and is equal to the
instantaneous value of the message signal x(t) at the start of sampling process.
Sample and hold circuit are used in this type of sampling
Contents beyond the Syllabus

Fig 2: Block Diagram and Waveform

Figure(a), shows functional diagram of a sample hold circuit which is used to

generate fat top samples.

Figure(b), shows the general waveform of the flat top samples. It can be
observed that only starting edge of the pulse represent the instantaneous value of
the message signal x(t).

Spectrum of Flat top Sampled Signal is given by:

G(f) = fs .[ Σ X(f-n fs). H(f)]

3. Ideal Sampling:

Fig 3: Ideal Sampling Wave form

Contents beyond the Syllabus

Ideal Sampling is also known as Instantaneous sampling or Impulse Sampling.

Train of impulse is used as a carrier signal for ideal sampling. In this sampling
technique the sampling function is a train of impulses and the principle used is
known as multiplication principle.

Here,
Figure (a), represent message signal or input signal or signal to be sampled.
Figure (b), represent the sampling function.
Figure (c), represent the resultant signal.

Spectrum of Ideal Sampled Signal is given by: G(f) = fs .[ Σ X(f-n fs)]

NYQUIST RATE:

Nyquist rate is the rate at which sampling of a signal is done so that overlapping
of frequency does not take place. When the sampling rate become exactly equal
to 2fm samples per second, then the specific rate is known as Nyquist rate. It is
also know aas the minimum sampling rate and given by: fs =2fm

Effect of Under sampling: ALIASING

It is the effect in which overlapping of a frequency components takes place at the

frequency higher than Nyquist rate. Signal loss may occur due to aliasing effect.
We can say that aliasing is the phenomena in which a high frequency component
in the frequency spectrum of a signal takes

identity of a lower frequency component in the same spectrum of the sampled

signal.

Because of overlapping due to process of aliasing, sometimes it is not possible to

overcome the sampled signal x(t) from the sampled signal g(t) by applying the
process of low pass filtering since the spectral components in the overlap regions
hence this causes the signal to destroy.
16. Assessment Schedule ( Proposed Date & Actual
Date)

S.N ASSESSMENT COMPONENTS for Unit 1

Schedule
o
First topic Test in Tutorial Hour :Classification of After Fourth Hour
1
signal Completion
Second topic Test in Tutorial Hour :Classification of After Eighth Hour
2
signal Completion
After Sixth Hour
3 Assignment will be done at Home
Completion
After Ninth Hour
4 Unit Test will conducted in Tutorial Hour
Completion
After Ninth Hour
5 Mini Project will be conducted during Lab Hours
Completion
As per Academic
6 First Internal Assessment
Calendar
17. Prescribed Text Books & Reference Books

TEXT BOOKS:

1. J.G. Proakis and D.G. Manolakis, ‘Digital Signal Processing Principles, Algorithms

and Applications’, Pearson Education, New Delhi, PHI. 2003.

2. S.K. Mitra, ‘Digital Signal Processing – A Computer Based Approach’, McGraw Hill

Edu, 2013.

3. Lonnie C.Ludeman ,”Fundamentals of Digital Signal Processing”,Wiley,2013

REFERENCES

1. Poorna Chandra S, Sasikala. B ,Digital Signal Processing, Vijay Nicole/TMH,2013.

2. Robert Schilling & Sandra L.Harris, Introduction to Digital Signal Processing using

Matlab”, Cengage Learning,2014.

3. B.P.Lathi, ‘Principles of Signal Processing and Linear Systems’, Oxford University

Press, 2010 3. Taan S. ElAli, ‘Discrete Systems and Digital Signal Processing with

Mat Lab’, CRC Press, 2009.

4. SenM.kuo, woonseng…s.gan, “Digital Signal Processors, Architecture,

Implementations & Applications, Pearson,2013

5. DimitrisG.Manolakis, Vinay K. Ingle, applied Digital Signal

Processing,Cambridge,2012
18. Mini Project suggestions

Mini Project suggestion for Unit 1:

Activity based learning: for sampling theorem concepts, can assign activity based
learning by taking potentiometer & decade resistance box, Temperature sensor
with resolution for ADC with the help of arduino Borad. This will make the
students to understand about Sampling, Quantisation and ADC & DAC

Plotting the Different types of Signal using Matlab and signal processing tool box.
This will make the students to learn Matlab software.
 Thank you

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