A PROPOSAL STUDY ON THE CONSTRUCTION OF AN AUTOMATED PEOPLE MOVER

(APM) INSIDE THE NEW MANILA INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT (NMIA)

A Thesis Presented to the

Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Strand of

San Beda University Integrated Basic Education Department -

Senior High School Unit

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements in Practical Research II

and Capstone Project

Submitted to:

Michael Angelo B. De La Cruz, LPT

PR2 and Capstone Project Teacher and Research Adviser

Submitted by:

Mary Justinne O. Bonalos

Diego N. Castil

Leopoldo A. De Castro III

Mckyle Shane P. Faustino

Blyte A. Tagudin

12 - STEM 1, St. Hildegard of Bingen

May 2021
 CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND

Introduction

According to Manila-airport (n.d.), the Ninoy Aquino International

Airport (NAIA) is one of the two serving international airports in the

Philippines. According to Poon (2019), the traffic congestion in Metro

Manila is unmanageable, and the country loses USD 2.4 million per year.

The traffic congestion in Metro Manila has been affecting the travel

efficiency of passengers moving to different terminals. According to

Manila-airport (n.d.), NAIA offers various modes of transportation such

as the Airport shuttle, busses, jeepneys, and taxis. All modes must go

with the traffic congestion within the airport area, causing hassle and

inefficient travel for the passengers. The construction of the New

Manila International Airport (NMIA) will be a step into the future for

the aviation industry of the Philippines. An airport of such size and

modernization should provide an efficient mode of transportation within

the airport. The group proposes using the APM as the primary mode of

transportation in NMIA.

According to the Guidebook for Planning and Implementing Automated

People Mover Systems at Airports (2010), Automated People Mover (APM)

are fully automated systems that operate on a fixed guideway. These

systems are commonly found in airports and have various technologies

that come with them, such as Automated Guideway Transit (AGT) and low-

speed Magnetic Levitation (Maglev). The APM is fully automated that

discards the possibilities of congestions than the ordinary transits.

Moreover, the APM provides a safe, reliable, and efficient travel

experience for passengers. It will be a way for passengers to travel

from different infrastructures within the airport with ease.

Statement of the Problem

In proposing the construction of an Automated People Mover (APM)

for the New Manila International Airport (NMIA) that would aid the

passengers, airport personnel, and airline staff traveling within the

perimeters of the airport, there are the problems needed to be answered:

1. What are the advantages and disadvantages of constructing an APM in

NMIA?

2. How will the proposed APM in NMIA be beneficial for the travel

efficiency of passengers and tourists?

3. Which is the most efficient and cheapest mode of transportation used

at the airport in terms of cost per kilometer?

Hypothesis

The researchers will not be able to determine the advantages and

disadvantages of constructing an Automated People Mover (APM) in New

Manila International Airport (NMIA). The proposal of an APM inside the

NMIA will not benefit the travel efficiency of passengers and tourists

in the airport. Lastly, the researchers will not be able to determine

the mode of transportation that would be most beneficial for the users.

Objectives of the Study

The study aims to propose the construction of an Automated People

Mover (APM) to enhance the experience of the people that would be

traveling in the New Manila International Airport (NMIA). The study

aims to achieve the following objectives:

• To evaluate the proposal on the construction of an APM inside the

NMIA with the help of different respondents such as professionals

and future users to gather the possible advantages, disadvantages,

and benefits of an APM.

• To propose the operation of an APM in NMIA based on the published

master floorplan of the airport and to create a line route that

will serve as a reference for the calculations of the different

modes of transportation with regards to the cost per kilometer.

• To compare the prices of the different modes of transportation and

determine the most efficient and the cheapest of each mode.

Significance of the Study

The New Manila International Airport (NMIA) is an airport thrice

the size of Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA), covering over

2,500 hectares of land (Rey, 2020). The main objective of proposing the

construction of an Automated People Mover (APM) for the NMIA will be to

determine if it is possible and beneficial for the airport. If given a

chance to execute the proposal study of constructing an APM, it would

be advantageous for the following:

Passengers. The Automated People Mover (APM) will be the primary mode

of transport for passengers within the airport. They will exert less

effort into going to different terminals by the other means of

transportation since the New Manila International Airport (NMIA) is

known for its capacity, which is three times bigger than Ninoy Aquino
International Airport (NAIA). It would also be beneficial for passengers

that have connecting flights as the time needed for the passengers to

transfer from one terminal to another would be reduced.

Passengers with Restricted Mobility (PRMs). These passengers require a

different level of assistance, from PRM buggies to lifts, and airports

need to satisfy this. It is not only a legal obligation for them to do

so, but it is also a need to ensure that passenger movements continue

to travel across the airport.

Pilot and Cabin Crew. The research will also benefit the pilots and

staff since they are the ones who constantly travel to different places.

It would be easier for them to go to their designated terminals. Being

in the airport is a part of their profession; therefore, they would be

the ones who would make the most out of the APM railway system.

Airport Personnel. The research will also benefit the staff inside the

airport, including the janitors, security guards, and administrators.

These workers would be present in the vicinity of the airport daily.

The workers need to maintain the order in the airport, which means they

would frequently travel from one terminal to another.

New Manila International Airport and Philippine Economy. This would

benefit the NMIA; it would be advantageous for the passengers and staff

while also attracting tourists from places worldwide. It would be a

significant landmark and milestone for transportation technology for

airports. To further expand the national economy, air travel not only

connects people but also connects economies. The development of airports

has a connection to economic growth; a cause-and-effect relationship is

present. The best airports have a fun and convenient travel experience

that begins when a passenger arrives at the designated terminal. A good

measure of progress is convenient airport access for those with baggage

and families through various cost-effective modes of transport.

Students and Future Researchers. Future researchers with a similar

research topic may benefit from this research. The findings in this

study would serve as a guide and reference on how the APM would be

beneficial for the airport.

Scope and Delimitation

The study will be focused on the proposal of the construction of

an Automated People Mover (APM) inside the New Manila International

Airport (NMIA) by evaluating the proposal with the opinions or

perspectives of professionals, airport staff, and future users.

The researchers will conduct a survey to future users such as

pilots, airport personnel, flight attendants, and passengers about the

disadvantages and advantages, and benefits of constructing an Automated

People Mover inside the New Manila International Airport.

The researchers will consult engineers about the line route made

by the research to ensure the accuracy of the price calculations of

each mode of transportation, the line route will serve as a reference

for the calculations. The line route will be based on the master floor

plan proposed by the San Miguel Aerocity Corporation of the New Manila

International Airport. In making the line route, the researchers will

not obstruct the operation of the airport.

 To compare the efficiency of the different modes of

transportations, the researchers will compute the total cost of each

mode of transportation. The cost of riding a private car, taxi, shuttle,

and jeepney will be multiplied by the total distance it will travel

within the airport. The distance will be based on the line route made

by the researchers. Furthermore, the researchers will use the fares of

the LRT as a basis for the price for the Automated People Mover to be

compared to the other modes of transportation.

The study delimits its coverage for the engineering specifications

of a railway system, including the construction of the railway system

and railway engineering, which consists of the turnout computations of

designing an Automated People Mover.

The study delimits itself from the interior and exterior design of

the APM vehicle along with which type of APM system configurations.

The study will not focus on the construction specifications of the

Automated People Mover in the airport. The composition of building

materials to be used will not be included in the study.

The study will not tackle the topography of the site of the New

Manila International Airport along with the soil bearing capacity of

the site.

The variables that are not mentioned above are not part of the

study.
Definition of Terms

These are the following operational definitions of the terms that

was used in the entire study.

• Air Travel Demand – a number of persons that wish to travel from

origin A to destination B in a given time period.

• Airport Service Worker – a general designation for a wide variety

of workers who are employed in support occupations at airports.

• Automated Guideway Transit - a class of transportation systems in

which unmanned vehicles are operated on fixed guideways along an

exclusive right of way.

• Automated People Mover (APM)- are fully automated and driverless

systems that operate on a fixed guideway in exclusive right of way

to discard any chance of congestion.

• Aviation Industry – a business sector that is devoted to all types

of aircraft that are being manufactured and operated.

• Efficiency – signifies a peak level of performance that uses the

least number of inputs to achieve the highest amount of output.

• Gross Domestic Product - the total monetary or market value of all

the finished goods and services produced within a country's borders

in a specific period.

• Magnetic Levitation (Maglev) – a floating vehicle for land

transportation that is supported by either electromagnetic

attraction or repulsion.
• New Manila International Airport (NMIA) - a proposed development

project to construct a second airport and attendant 2,500 hectare

'airport city' in the Filipino capital of Manila.

• Passengers with Restricted Mobility (PRM) - any person whose

mobility is reduced due to a physical incapacity.

 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

In this chapter, a compilation of the literature and studies

related to the proposal of the construction of an Automated People Mover

(APM) is presented. The researchers gathered relative information in

making the following sub-topics for the related literature: description

of an automated people mover, the importance of using an automated

people mover, parts and characteristics of an automated people mover,

definition of an airport, current status of aviation in the Philippines,

New Manila International Airport profile, factors of airport design,

modes of transportation in Ninoy Aquino International Airport, land

traffic congestion in Ninoy Aquino International Airport, and the

railway system in the Philippines.

For the related studies, the researchers collected different

studies from other researches to be able to come up with the following

sub-topics: efficiency of an automated people mover system, history of

an automated people mover, guidebook for planning and implementing

automated people mover systems at airports, a guidebook for measuring

the performance of automated people mover systems at the airport,

advantages, and disadvantages of automated people mover system,

automated people movers provide solutions to airport landside

congestion, effects of the airport to the economic growth, statistics

of individuals in Ninoy Aquino International Airport, Republic Act No.

11506, and airport proposal in the Philippines.

Related Literature

Description of an Automated People Mover

Automated People Mover (APM) is a fully automated and driverless

transit system commonly found at the airport (AirMundo, 2018). It is

automated by an APM Central Control Facility in which professional

facilitators can operate the flow of these APMs. According to Agrawal

& Deep (2015) APM has undergone a series of transformations and

developments since 1964, that resulted in the present APM, which now

has the purpose of transporting passengers from one place to another.

Therefore, one of the significances of this study is that the passengers

who would use this APM would have the comfort of traveling from one

point to another within the airport.

Despite having greater acceleration than the traditional Metro

train, APMs are designed to provide safe, reliable, and efficient

passenger transport, according to the Guidebook for Planning and

Implementing Automated People Mover Systems at Airports (2010). APM

would also be the best solution for traveling from one terminal to

another inside the airport because it is specially used for short rides

and transfer a large group of passengers on a small timescale (AirMundo,

2018).

Importance of Using an Automated People Mover

According to Aarons (2015), Automated people movers will overcome

the difficulties of increasing transit deficits, traffic congestion,

and associated air pollution and greatly enhance airport passengers'

overall experience. With smooth and effortless boarding and capacity

versatility, global airports are adopting this transportation

technology. As automated people movers are spreading and convening

worldwide, it is evident that airports continue to be a highly efficient

form of passenger conveyance. To meet tomorrow's airports and their

passengers' needs, airport planners will continue to demand improved

mobility, enhanced accessibility, and technological advancements for

automated people movers in the future.

According to AirMundo (2018), automated People Movers are used for

short rides to transfer a reasonably large group per ride in a limited

timeframe from one terminal to another. Passengers can move between

terminals, concourses, and gates faster in this way. This would result

in a shorter minimum connection time and a more exact origin to

destination time. The quicker the time passengers have to travel, the

greater their experience of flying would be. The travel experience of

passengers is significant for airports. To raise more revenue, airports

want to be the preferred transit airport for as many travelers as

possible.

Parts and Characteristics of an Automated People Mover

According to Shen, Huang, & Zhao (2010), Automated People Mover

(APM) System operations consist of automated, electrically powered,

driverless vehicles running on steel or concrete guideways, alone or in

multi-car trains. APM systems have high service efficiency and can

transfer between 2,000 and 25,000 passengers per hour per direction.

According to Horn & Richardson (2010), the APM system comprises

two main parts: the operating and fixed facilities. The operating system
consists of the proprietary subsystem facilities required for the

operation of the APM system. The facilities are the houses, offices,

and guideways that physically support the operating system's

facilities. In an APM system, there are six main components, with their

corresponding system and facility elements.

1. Vehicle - The vehicle itself is the first component. APM

vehicles are completely autonomous, driverless, self-

propelled or cable-propelled, secure, and deliver a high

comfort and protection level for passengers. Depending on

their luggage characteristics, the regular 40-ft long APM

vehicles will accommodate 50 to 75 passengers.

2. APM system guideway – It is also called the main track or

other running surfaces, including the support structure. It

is possible to create the guideway at ground level, elevated,

or in a tunnel.

3. Propulsion and system strength - APM vehicles are either

direct current or alternating current electrically driven.

The use of the voltage depends on whether it is self-

propelled, or cable propelled.

4. Command, control, and communications – It needs these

equipment's for the driverless vehicle to operate.

5. Stations – This is located on the guideway that allow

passengers to enter the APM vehicles. This involves automatic

platform doors for stations and complex signs for passenger

information. It is also the location of the command, control,

and communications.
 6. Maintenance and storage facility - where all vehicle

maintenance and administrative offices are housed. All repair

equipment, tools, machinery, recovery vehicles, and train

control equipment are in this field.

According to Elliot & Norton (2010), Airport APM systems have many

distinctive physical and operational features. The physical

characteristics are used in an airport environment to assess the best

layout to accommodate a specific application. The system's various

alignments include single-lane shuttle, single-lane shuttle with

bypass, dual-lane shuttle, dual-lane shuttle with bypass, single loop,

dual loop, and the pinched loop.

Description of an Airport

According to the Cambridge Dictionary (n.d.), an airport is a place

where aircraft regularly take off and land, with buildings for

passengers to wait in. While according to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary

(n.d.), an airport is a place from which aircraft operate that usually

has paved runways and maintenance facilities and often serves as a

terminal. In essence, an airport is the site and installation for an

aircraft's takeoff and landing and is also called an air terminal,

aerodrome, or airfield (Ashford, 2018). Every airport type is identified

by law as a place intended for an aircrafts' landing and takeoff.

According to The Different Types of Airports (n.d.), the law also

stipulates the buildings and rights of way required to operate the

airport safely and efficiently. The way that they operate, however,

depends on the type of airport. To take various approaches to

management, each airport category provides its specific array of

services. These categories of airports are commercial service airports,

cargo service airports, and general aviation airports. Commercial

service airports are publicly owned airports that receive scheduled

passenger service and have at least 2,500 passenger boardings each

calendar year. Cities, counties, states or the federal government, or

any combination of two government entities, may own these airports. In

several situations, a new government entity, usually under the name

"airport authority" or something similar, is developed to administer

the airport directly. This type of airport category has two

subcategories: non-primary commercial service airport and primary

commercial service airport. Non-primary commercial service airports are

non-hub airports with at least 2,500 passenger boardings but no more

than 10,000.

According to The Different Types of Airports (n.d.), at the same

time, primary commercial airports have more than 10,000 passenger

boarding's each calendar year. The primary airports are divided into

four distinct subsets. The number of passengers boarding's, more than

10,000 a year, and the proportion of annual national passenger

boarding's qualify them. These four different subsets are non-hub

primary that is less than 0.05%; Small hub that has at least 0.05%, but

less than 0.25%; Medium hub that has at least 0.25%, but less than 1%

and lastly; Large hub that has 1% or more. According to the Federal

Aviation Administration (2021), cargo service airports must have a total

landed annual weight of more than 100 million pounds. There are reliever

airports under the cargo service airport category. To alleviate traffic

from larger airports and enhance general aviation access for the city,

these airports are classified as cargo airports by the Federal Aviation

Administration (FAA).

According to The Different Types of Airports (n.d.), such airports

can be operated by government agencies or by private enterprises.

General aviation airports are the remaining airports that don't qualify

for the other types of airports. According to the FAA, there are more

than 19,000 airports, heliports, seaplane bases, and other landing

facilities in the United States and its territories. In a study of these

airports, the FAA has stated that they are also used for remote

population and island access, self-piloted business flights, flight

instruction, personal flying, agricultural support, tourism and access

to special events, aeromedical flights, aerial firefighting, law

enforcement, and disaster relief. Airports for general aviation are

also classified into four categories which are national airports,

regional airports, local airports, and essential airports. National

airports are airports that provide communities in different states and

the United States to access national and international markets. Regional

airports are airports that foster regional economies by linking

communities to national and interstate markets. Local airports are

airports that provide connection and access to intrastate and interstate

markets. Lastly, essential airports are airports that connect

communities with the national airport system and support general

aviation activities.
Types of Airports

According to Airport Categories (2020), there are two types of

airports: towered and non-towered. Towered airports are airports that

have operating control towers. There is an operational control tower at

a towering airport. Air Traffic Control (ATC) is responsible for

ensuring the safety, orderly, and expeditious air traffic flow at

airports where such a service is necessary for the type of operations

and traffic volume. Towered airport pilots are expected to maintain

two-way radio communication with the ATC and acknowledge and comply

with their orders. If the pilots cannot comply with the orders given or

request amended charges, they must notify the ATC. In an emergency, a

pilot can deviate from an air traffic order but must inform the ATC of

the deviation as quickly as possible. At the same time, non-towered

airports are airports that have no operating control tower. Two-way

radio communications are unnecessary, although it is good practice for

pilots to transmit their intentions to the designated frequency to

benefit other traffic in the vicinity. Selection of the correct standard

frequency is the key to interacting at an airport without an operational

control tower. A Common Traffic Advisory Frequency (CTAF) is a frequency

allocated to carry out airport management practices when operating

without an operating control tower to or from an airport. These airports

can be further divided into civil airports, military or federal

government airports, and private airports. Civil airports are airports

that are open to the general public. Military or federal government

airports are airports operated by the military or other agencies of the

Federal Government. Private airports are intended for personal or

exclusive use only and not open to the general public.

According to Federal Aviation Administration (2021), any airport

is identified by law as a location where planes can land and take off.

The legislation further defines the structures and rights of way

necessary to operate the airport safely and efficiently. The way they

work, however, is based on the type of airport. Each airport category

provides its own collection of facilities, necessitating different

management approaches from airport managers. The various types of

airports are listed below, along with the facilities they use, the

services they provide, and their overall capacity.

1. Commercial Service Airports - Airports that are publicly

owned and receive scheduled passenger service and provide at

least 2,500 passenger boarding's each year. The airport's

ownership will change. They may be owned by towns, counties,

states, the federal government, or a combination of the two.

In several instances, a new government body called an "airport

authority" or something similar is established to oversee the

airport directly. The following are the various types of

airports and their subcategories.

a.Nonprimary Commercial Service Airports - commercial

service airports have a minimum of 2,500 and a maximum

of 10,000 passenger boarding's per year.

b. Primary Commerical Service Airports - these are

commercial service airports with more than 10,000

passenger boarding's each year are listed as such.

 Enlisted below are the four separate subsets of primary

airports.

• Non-hub Primary - airports that enplane less than

0.05 percent of all commercial passengers but have

more than 10,000 annual enplanements.

• Small Hub - are those airports that process between

0.05 and 0.25 percent of revenue passenger

boarding's annually, regardless of whether they are

in scheduled service.

• Medium Hub - airports that account for between 0.25

percent and one percent of total passenger

enplanements.

• Large Hub - a commercial service airport where at

least 1.0 percent of passenger boarding's are made.

2. Cargo Service Airports - are airports that, in addition to

all other available air transportation facilities, are served

by aircraft that only carry cargo with a total annual landed

weight of more than 100 million pounds. A commercial service

airport and a cargo service airport are both possible.

3. Reliever Airports - The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)

has designated several airports to ease congestion at

Commercial Service Airports and increase general aviation

access to the general public. These can be owned by the

government or by individuals.

4. General Aviation Airports - are public-use airports with no

scheduled service or less than 2,500 passenger boarding's per

year. There are four different types of general aviation

airports:

a.National Airports - by giving communities access to

national and foreign markets, you can help the national

airport infrastructure. National airports see many jets

and multiengine propeller planes, so they have a lot of

traffic.

b. Regional Airports - connecting areas to statewide

and interstate markets benefit regional economies. They

are mostly found in urban areas and represent relatively

large populations. Some jets and multi-engine propeller

aircraft regularly travel via regional airports.

c. Local Airports - providing intrastate and interstate

market access to local airports are usually found near

larger population centers, although they are not always

found in metropolitan or micropolitan areas.

d. Basic Airports - linking the community to the

national airport system supports general aviation

activities such as emergency response, air ambulance

service, flight training, and personal travel. The bulk

of flying at small airports is performed by self-piloted

propeller-driven aircraft for business and personal

purposes. They frequently execute their functions with

only a single runway or helipad and minimal facilities.

Current Status of Aviation in the Philippines

According to Philippine Airlines (2021), The Philippine

government's Inter-Agency Task Force on the Management of Emerging and

Infectious Diseases (IATF-EID) had much adjustment in the testing and

quarantine protocols for the local and tourist arriving in the

Philippines from countries which had cases of the new COVID-19 variants

and have the travel restrictions. On January 23, 2021, every that came

from a country with travel restrictions shall take the RT-PCR upon

arrival in the country and must have an option to take a second opinion

on the 5th of their quarantine.

According to PortCalls Asia (2020), The COVID-19 pandemic will

significantly affect the Philippine aviation sector's income by $4.481

billion and traveler interest by 47% this year, contrasted to 2019, the

International Air Transport Association (IATA.) It could prompt to 548

309 job lay-off in the year 2020.

According to PortCalls Asia (2020), Air Carriers Association of

the Philippines – comprising AirAsia, Cebu Pacific, Cebgo, Philippine

Airlines, and PAL Express- prior looked for government help, including

waiver of air terminal charges and acknowledge ensures, as individuals

collect month to month misfortunes of P7 billion because of movement

limitations coming about because of the improved local area isolate.

Conrad Clifford, IATA’s Regional Vice President, (Says, 2020). The

situation is deteriorating. Airlines are in survival mode. They are

facing a liquidity crisis with a cash burn of US$61 billion in the

second quarter. We've seen the region's first airline casualty. There
will be more casualties if the government does not step in urgently to

ensure airlines have sufficient cash flow to tide them over this period.

There is a broader economic implication of providing funding for

airlines. If airlines don't survive the COVID-19 crisis, employment in

many industries will be affected. Every airline work funds another 24

in the travel and tourism value chain. 11.2 million jobs in Asia-

Pacific, including those dependent on the aviation sector, such as

travel and tourism, are at risk.

New Manila International Airport Profile

According to Clark (2020), The New Manila International Airport is

a proposed development project, which will supplement or replace the

current and congested Manila's Ninoy Aquino International Airport

(NAIA) with air traffic operations. The project site is situated 35

kilometers north of the city center on Bulakan, Bulacan. It is also

known as Bulacan International Airport. However, it will be considered

the main airport of Manila. With a proposal for four runways, the

airport will be constructed on a 2,500-hectare site. A new residential

area and an industrial zone with a seaport will be built around the

surrounding area.

Ramon Ang of the San Miguel Corporation, a conglomerate best known

for San Miguel Beer, proposed the Bulacan airport project (Says, 2021).

According to Lopez (n.d.), after President Rodrigo Duterte skipped

signing House Bill 7507 into law on time, it grants a franchise to San

Miguel Aerocity Incorporated to construct, develop, operate and

maintain the New International Airport of Manila. They will be given

the power to handle the new airport for 50 years and, once profits are
generated, will remit revenues to the government. The previous firm may

also construct, sub-lease or collect payments from infrastructures such

as toll roads, railways, mass transportation systems, hotels,

warehouses, hangars, aircraft service facilities, and other 'convenient

or essential' developments of an airport. After the franchise period,

San Miguel Aerocity Inc. will eventually turn over the national

government facility.

According to San Miguel Corporation (2020), the New Manila

International Airport's construction in Bulacan will commence in the

first quarter of 2021. Since congress recently granted a franchise to

SMC for the construction of the P738 billion airport. The project's

actual construction can only begin when President Rodrigo Duterte has

already signed into law the franchise bill, which has already been

completed. It is expected that the land development of the airport site

will be fully completed in 2024. It will have four runways, eight

taxiways, and three passenger terminals that will serve around 100

million passengers per year. To help power the new airport, the

corporation will also construct a 200-megawatt solar farm (Rey, 2020).

Factors of Airport Design (Facilities)

According to Ashford & Wright (2018), The world's largest airports

hire more than 100,000 employees in it. In terms of the physical

facilities, they include the organizations that are involved within

their borders, and the programs that are given in connection with their

function, they are extremely complex institutions. Physical structures

include runways, taxiways, aprons and strips used for aircraft landing

and take-off, aircraft maneuvering and positioning on the ground and

aircraft parking for the purpose of loading and discharging passengers

and freight. Lighting and radio navigation aids are provided for the

secure landing and take-off of airplanes. The field's airside support

facilities provide meteorology, fire and rescue, power and other

services, maintenance of aircraft, and maintenance of airports.

Passenger and freight terminals and the access system, which includes

parking, highways, public transport services and loading and unloading

areas, are the land-side facilities.

According to Bin & Ke (2021), The airfield area, passenger terminal

area and cargo area are the most important functional areas of the

airport. The terminal area, which is the central component of the

airport. The planning of airports consists of organizing the

relationship between these functional areas. The airport's mode of

operation and management directly influences the Airport service

planning and construction.

Modes of Transportation in Ninoy Aquino International Airport

According to Manila-airport.net (n.d.), Ninoy Aquino International

Airport is one of the two international airports that serves as the

gateway of Metro Manila and the Philippines to other parts of the world.

The airport is found between Pasay and Paranaque, and the terminals of

the airport are spread around the area. There is a total of four

terminals, and each one serves a different purpose. Terminal 1 serves

all international flights, Terminal 2 serves domestic and international

flights of Philippine Airlines, Terminal 3 serves international flights

that are not handled by Terminal 1, and Terminal 4 serves all domestic

flights.
 According to Mnl-airport.com (n.d.), there are many forms of

transportation that a person may use to move from one terminal to

another. The airport shuttles operate 24/7 and are available at the

pick-up every 15 minutes. For a passenger to avail of this service,

they must clear immigration and customs. This service is free of charge.

The airport has nine different bus routes that depart from various

places of Metro Manila. Buses arrive every 30 minutes and in service

from 8:00 to 22:00 (Terminal 1 & 2) and 24 hours a day (Terminal 3). A

one-way ticket fee costs PHP 300. All four terminals in the airport

have access to jeepneys, and they are slower, less comfortable but the

cheapest option. The jeepneys are also available 24 hours a day, and

each fare costs PHP 8 and an additional PHP 1 for every kilometer after

the 4th. It is not recommended to use this mode of transportation,

especially for those who carry their luggage. Manila Light Rail Transit

System (LRT) can also be used by a passenger to get to the airport.

Baclaran station of the LRT Line 1 and Nichols station of the Philippine

National Railway (PNR) are the stations that are closest to the airport.

The ticket fee varies with the distance but is it always within PHP 15-

30. Lastly, taxis, the most comfortable mode of transportation available

for people who are going to the airport. But it is not the fastest

because it would depend on the traffic present during that day and time.

The airport provides two main types of taxis: coupon taxi (blue) and

yellow cab. The coupon taxi has a fixed price for each destination, and

this could range from PHP 440 –1250. The other version is the yellow

taxi, this is the regular metered taxi, and the fare price would depend
on the distance and the traffic during the trip. The fare would start

at PHP 70 and add PHP 4 for every 250 meters traveled.

Land Traffic Congestion in Ninoy Aquino International Airport

According to Poon (2019), the traffic congestion present in the

capital city, Metro Manila, is unmanageable. The Philippines loses up

to USD 2.4 billion per year, and Filipinos spend nine years of their

life due to the traffic. The undersecretary of finance of the

Philippines' Department of Transportation, Garry De Guzman, stated it

is his target to revamp the public transport in Metro Manila to be more

convenient for the people and to also act as an equalizer for all people

in the society regardless of the gender, social status, and the like.

According to Gov Insider (2019), The Undersecretary of Finance of

the Department of Transportation, Garry De Guzman, stated that, the

Philippine government recognizes that no Philippine airport is present

in the Skytrax’s list of the World's 100 Best Airports. The Ninoy Aquino

International Airport (NAIA) would be seeing an upgrade worth USD 2

billion. Included in the upgrade would be people movers that would

reduce the foot traffic within the airport and transport passengers

from one terminal to another with ease. The passenger capacity of the

airport would increase because people would not need to stay in airport

terminals for an extended period. The upgrades of NAIA will ensure

better service and quality for the passengers, reduce the foot traffic

in the airport, the traffic for the surrounding areas, and hopefully,

be enlisted on the Skytrax's list.

The Railway System in the Philippines

According to Lingaitis & Sinkevičius (2014), Transport activities

depend on developing other sectors of the economy and are linked to the

country's social and economic development. Therefore, it is necessary

to scrutinize and assess the direct and indirect impact of the transport

system and its branches on a country or region's social and economic

sectors when forecasting the economic development of a country. Railways

are the world’s most reliable, fastest, and cheapest means of

transporting people and goods. Well-developed railway networks have

extended to all corners of all industrialized nations (Muri, 2020).

According to Mitchell (2020), historically, the advent of the railroad

has become the most influential single initiator of take-offs that have

had three significant economic growth impacts. Namely reducing

transport costs, marketing new areas and goods, and creating a

significant new export industry. Thus, railway systems will contribute

to the engineering industry’s growth and the country’s economic growth.

According to Asian Rail (2020), in the Philippines, rail transport

is the country's growing means of transport for passengers and freight.

Such means of transport are usually used both for rapid transportation

within major cities and for long-distance travel. The Philippine rail

network comprises one commuter rail service managed by the Philippines'

National Railways (PNR) and one rapid transit system operated by the

Metro Rail Transit Company and the Light Rail Transit System. Through

the Powerful Republic Transit System, a project aimed at developing

interchanges from one route to another. The Philippine National Railways

is a state-owned railway system organized as an affiliated entity under

the Department of Transportation and Communications (DOTC). The modern

PNR, founded during the Spanish colonial era, was only created in 1984.

It previously operated about 479 kilometers of track on Luzon's island,

where much of the Philippines' rail infrastructure is located. PNR has

become synonymous with the Philippine rail system because of this.

(Orbon & Dungca, 2017).

Metro Manila, the center of Philippine socio-economic and

political life, has been troubled by commuters and vehicle populations'

rapid growth for years now. Heavy traffic, noise, and all the

undesirable outcomes involved are issues that Metro Manila must deal

with regularly (Mariano, 2017). According to Asian Rail (2020), as of

today, as compared to other countries, the railway system in the

Philippines is not yet unified, especially in Metro Manila. There is a

need to make the various rail lines linked in operations to supply

successful mass transit services to the public. According to Britannica

(2020), seamless connections between rail lines through the interchange

stations can be accomplished through adequate passageways and vertical

circulation features, accessibility for people with disabilities and

special needs, and proper location of ticketing (and food, if

applicable) booths inside stations to avoid enormous concentration of

people. The less time it takes for a person to travel from one rail

line to another (or another form of transport), the better for that

person's well-being as they are not very exposed to heat, pollution,

and other environmental hazards.

Related Studies

Efficiency of Automated People Mover System

According to Deep & Agrawal (2015), Automated Railway systems are

utilized especially in small areas such as airports and theme parks.

APM systems are the ideal transportation mode inside the New Manila

International Airport in transporting around the Airport or

transporting from terminal to terminal because of its size, which is

perfect inside the Airport. It would be efficient inside an Airport so

that the passengers would not have the hassle of going from one terminal

to another. With the aid of an APM, there would be less time from going

around the Airport and will save the passengers much energy from walking

or riding as it will serve as another mode of transportation.

Aside from time and energy, passengers that will ride an Automated

People Mover will also save money. Since the APM systems will only be

within the airport grounds, paying for a ride won't be necessary.

According to the Changi Airport Group (n.d.), The Skytrain or Automated

People Mover is free to the passengers to have a low-cost experience

inside the Changi Airport in Singapore.

According to Showalter (2012), the Skyway Monorail Automated

People Mover System that was built to help relive downtown traffic,

congestion, air/noise pollution, and insufficient parking slots. These

factors add to the efficiency of an automated people mover system inside

an airport.
History of Automated People Mover

According to AirMundo (2018,) in 1971, the Tampa International

Airport People Mover, built by Adtranz, was the first installed

Automatic People Mover at an airport (which is now Bombardier

Transportation). Two years later, in 1973, because of the popularity

and success of this system, the second Automated People Mover system

opened at Seattle-Tacoma Airport. The Automatic People Mover system was

used only in the United States in the first two decades. The first

Automated People Movers were introduced in Asia and Europe in the 90s.

The first APM opened in Asia at Singapore Changi Airport in 1990, and

Europe followed one year later with the launch of an APM system at

London Stansted Airport.

According to Lea+Elliott, Kimley-Horn, & Richardson (2010), the

first APM within the world was probably built in the 1500s at the

Festung Hohensalzburg in Salzburg, Austria, and remains in use today.

For the transport of food to a castle on a hill, Der Reiszug ('the

trip') was built. On a 67 percent slope, the system was 625ft long.

This system transported construction materials used to expand the

facility early in the 17th century. The original system is believed to

be driverless: it is thus, in many aspects, identical to the existing

APM systems we have today. It consists of two cars with a cable linking

them. For propulsion, it utilizes onboard water tanks and gravity. Until

its weight reaches that of the lower car, the tank in the car at the

upper station is filled with water, then the brakes are released, and

the cars travel and switch positions.

Guidebook for Planning and Implementing Automated People Mover Systems

at Airports

According to Goldstein, Staff Officer Transportation Research

Board of the National Academies (2010), ACRP Report 37 is a guidebook

for preparation and development of automated people mover (APM) system

at airports. The report’s main target is the planning and the decision-

making process, alternative system infrastructure and technologies,

evaluation techniques and strategies, other planning and development

issues. There are several topics which can be used to describe

components of simulation models for the pre-design phase of the overall

system planning process that is also included in this report. The

purpose of the guidebook is to help airport personnel and developers if

the APM is feasible within the airport. All possible facilities are in

the guidebook including terminal building and garages.

Guidebook for Measuring Performance of Automated People Mover Systems

at Airport

For an automated people mover (APM) to be truly safe and function

well before operating, some specific guidelines and standards need to

be followed. To assess the success of the performance measurement of an

APM, the APM suppliers use a performance measurement system (ACRP,

2012). These measures include the system availability system, often

including the reliability and maintainability of an APM.

Aside from the mentioned vital measures, according to the Airport

Cooperative Research Program (2012), other aspects that distinguish the

effectiveness of the performance measurement systems for airport APM

systems are: the measurement system be cost-effective to implement and

sustain, and the system must be a review on a semi-regular basis to

ensure the measures and still appropriate. Measuring the APM's

performance regularly will benefit the franchisee as they would take

care of those and prevent sudden engine dysfunctions or issues in the

Automated People Mover System.

Given that it would need a significant amount of investment, the

suppliers and the franchisee should assess the performance of each

Automated People Mover. An APM performance measurement would benefit

the supplier and the franchisee as they would have to prove the worth

of their investors' money on the APM systems. Aside from that, it can

also help assess the performance measurement first to ensure the safety

of the passengers and the people who will use it in the New Manila

International Airport.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Automated People Mover System

According to Automated People Mover Market (2019), An efficient

transportation system is a crucial necessity for achieving sustainable

human mobility in the era of urbanization. A technologically advanced

transit system with more operational effectiveness than a traditional

transit system is an automated people mover. A major consideration for

operators as well as travelers is the associated operating expense. Low

capital investments are needed by automated people movers compared to

the traditional railway systems that are present today because they

come with smart technology and optimal design solutions that ensure

maximum passenger space in the system. In the past decade, urban transit

networks have evolved rapidly, creating the need for fast, reliable and
cost-effective solutions for transportation. An automated passenger

mover is a highly accessible vehicle with an optimal design solution

that offers minimal headway and guarantees optimum passenger space

availability. As opposed to traditional transit systems, an automated

people mover creates less noise. In the urban transit system, noise

level reduction is a significant parameter. In order to reduce increased

travel time, urban transit is packed with congested transport, which

requires a compact solution. Automated people movers have a compact

minimum length structure that offers additional benefits to tackle the

issue of congested transport. These factors are expected to positively

drive the growth of the industry. In order to meet the demand for

automatic movers, the growing need for effective urban transportation

solutions is expected.

According to Automated People Movers (APMs) are fully automated

and rubber-tired passenger transport systems. They run on elevated

guideways, as well as in tunnels and can be designated as Automated

Guideway Transit (AGT)(n.d.), if an APM system is a rope-propelled APM,

which is the horizontal rope technology for train-based systems, it

still has its disadvantages. Rope-propelled APMs are rubber-tired

connector/feeder systems with a few stations (max. 4), short distances

(max. 3 km), longer headways (min. 3 min) and restricted network

capability for fast point-to-point connections from A to B. They are

typically autonomous shuttle systems and, in very rare cases, switch-

based pinched-loop systems. Some drawbacks of rope-propelled APM are

that due to the rolling movement of the rope, there is a persistent

simple noise, which can be distracting in the densely constructed

downtown. In addition, they are limited in their operational range

because they rely on the rope, which suggests that they are not as

versatile as self-propelled systems, and if they have not been designed

right from the start, later extensions are difficult to implement. They

are also constrained in terms of guideway length, transport capacity

and headway rates, and in the planning process, the feasibility needs

to be very carefully tested. If the alignment has several curves, there

is a higher rope tension in the guideway at the rope guiding sheaves,

which leads to a drawback compared to self-propelled systems in terms

of energy consumption.

Automated People Movers Provide Solutions to Airport Landside

Congestion

(Aarons, 2015) Progressively, big international airports overall

perceive the significance of portability to travelers and

representatives and have automated people mover (APM) frameworks, which

have been effectively utilized for surface transportation for almost

forty years. By shipping travelers through rail between and inside

terminals or to and from local travel communities, individuals' movers

have demonstrated a reasonable traveler agreeable vehicle alternative

and an inalienable piece of future air terminal development plans. Light

rail transportation choices, including landside individuals' movers and

multi-purpose travel focuses, can lessen gridlock in the prompt air

terminal region and mitigate traveler blockage inside the office.

Blended mode travel facilitates traveler streams at occupied air

terminal offices and can limit traffic bottlenecks in and around

traveler terminals.
 According to Bondada & Haury (2002), The first APM was built in

the Tampa International Airport in 1971, and it had contributed a lot

to the concept of designing terminals around the world. APMs added

several numbers on entries, it also reduced the distance in going to

the curb-to -gate and enable the terminal support facilities. These

benefits have made APMs an important transportation feature in major

airports around the world, which could increase terminal capacity both

on the landside and the airside.

Effects of Airport to the Economic Growth

According to Agarwal (2020), increasing the market value of the

goods and services generated by an economy over time reflects economic

growth. Economic growth is determined by the increase in total

production or actual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) or Gross National

Product (GNP), which is the total value over a period of all final goods

and services generated within a country.

One of the most significant industries in the world is air

transportation. Its growth and technological and service

accomplishments make it one of the most significant contributors to

modern society's development. It has considerable economic effects, via

both its operations and its own as an enabler to other markets (OEF,

2014). According to Aviation Benefits Beyond Borders (n.d.), airports

are essential employers and catalysts for developing economies. They

are more than just crucial components of the global transport system,

connecting communities and businesses with the world. The aviation

industry is now linking the globe, adding immense value to the worldwide
economy, and encouraging the global economic activity of $3.5 trillion

or 4.1 percent of the global gross domestic product.

According to the Airport Council International (ACI) (n.d.),

between the years 2001 and 2015, the total worldwide number of

passengers and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) annual growth increased by

3.9% and 3.8%, respectively. The increase in passengers between these

years is due to the rise in global population, network expansion, and

national tourism. The different regions of the world have different GDP

growth over the years. North America has the lowest with only 0.5x (GDP

multiplier), Asia and the pacific received a 0.9x (GDP multiplier),

Europe, Latin America, and the Middle East received a 2.0x (GDP

multiplier) increase in their GDP. Despite the difference in GDP growth

per region, the airport sector has remained stable (KFW, 2016).

According to the IATA (2017), there are multiple ways for a country

to determine the impact of aviation on the economy. In the Philippines,

the aviation sector is a crucial facilitator of travel and tourism and

contributes significantly to the overall economy and employment.

According to Rimando (2012), The impact of aviation on the Philippines'

economic growth includes 1.2 million job openings, a $10.4 billion

contribution to GDP, and a 3.4% GDP increase. The air transport industry

spearheads the flows of goods, investments, and people in and out of

the Philippines. Also, it provides strong connections with other regions

around the world. According to CNN (2020), with the airport almost twice

the size of NAIA covering over 2,500 hectares of land, the NMIA could

support 400,000 jobs just with the construction alone. Grace Poe also
stated this would benefit OFW's that are unable to work abroad due to

the pandemic.

According to Gibbons & Wu (2019), For these reasons, the expansion

of air transport capability is widely considered a prerequisite for

economic growth in a modern economy. The building or expanding airports

is seen as a political lever for improving towns, regions, and national

economies, and insufficient airline services are an obstacle to local

economic growth.

Statistics of Individuals in Ninoy Aquino International Airport

According to Manila Airport (n.d.), Ninoy Aquino International

Airport is the most popular international airport in the Philippines,

and it is the go-to airport for any global interaction in the country.

The number of people entering the Philippines has been steadily

increasing. According to Manila International Airport Authority (n.d.),

During 2018, the number of annual passengers has increased by 6.79%, 45

million more passengers than the previous year.

According to Figure 2.1, over the past decade, the number of

flights and passengers who have arrived in the Philippines been steadily

increasing; this shows that the Philippines' aviation and tourism

industry is slowly but surely evolving to be globally competitive. Both

the number of flights and passengers from international and domestics

flights have been increasing. In 2012, the number of international

flights that arrived and departed in the Philippines was approximately

39,000 and this increased yearly up until 2019 where it reached

approximately 61,000. Along with other social sectors, this number has
significantly dropped during 2020 where it was only approximately 19,000

flights. The number of international passengers that arrived and

departed from the Philippines is approximately 7,000,000 in 2012.

Annually the number of passengers increased and reached approximately

12,000,000 in 2019. During the COVID-19 pandemic the number of flights

that arrived and departed decreased approximately 2.500,000. The

domestic sector also experienced this type of change, during 2012, the

number of flights that arrived and departed was approximately 77,000,

and this stayed consistent until 2019. During the COVID-19 pandemic the

number of flights that arrived and departed decreased approximately

22,000.

Figure 2.1 Table for International Flights

Manila International Airport Authority

 Figure 2.2 Table for Domestic Flights

Manila International Airport Authority

RA 11506 – An Act granting San Miguel Aerocity INC. A franchise to

construct, develop, establish, operate, and maintain domestic and

international airport in the municipality of Bulakan, province of

Bulacan, and to construct, develop, establish, operate, and maintain

and adjacent airport city.

It has been signed last December 20, 2020, the Republic Act 11506,

which granted San Miguel Aerocity permission to construct the New Manila

International Airport. Section 1 of the Republic Act 11506 states that:

Nature and Scope of Franchise – Subject to the provisions of the

Constitutions and applicable laws, rules and regulations, there is

hereby granted to San Miguel Aerocity Inc., hereinafter referred to as

the Grantee, its successors or assignees, a franchise to construct,

develop, establish, operate, and maintain for commercial purposes and

in the public interest, a domestic and international airport,

hereinafter referred to as the airport, in Barangays Taliptip and

Bambang in the Municipality of Bulakan, Province of Bulacan.

The Grantee, its successors, or assignees, shall likewise have the

right to construct, acquire, lease, operate or manage such properties

as are convenient or essential to efficiently carry out the objectives

of this Act, such as toll roads, railroads, mass transport systems,

hotels, warehouses, hangars, aircraft service stations, and other

facilities, as well as to develop the areas adjacent to the airport

into one integral and comprehensive development, hereinafter

collectively referred to as the Airport City.

Airport Proposal in the Philippines

According to Castillo (2016), the aviation industry's growth

causes airports from around the world always to be evolving to

accommodate the modern technologies that are being produced. Air

transport is the mobility of both man and material by means of air;

this is the fastest mode of transportation. Therefore, it is essential

to develop this sector because it is the gateway of the nation's

connection to other countries. There are two main types of air travel:

Domestic and International flights. Each classification requires

different airport facilities to comply with the requirements needed in

this sector.

International airports are larger in size compared to domestic

airports. It offers customs and immigration facilities for passengers

who are traveling between countries. International airports also have

longer runways and facilities such as hangars to accommodate larger

aircraft arriving in the airport.

Several factors must be considered when it comes to making a

proposal design of an airport, such as the facilities included,

functionality, sustainability, the safety of the airport with regards

to the surrounding areas of the airport. It is also mandatory to

consider all the laws and indigenous tribes that will be affected by

the airport's construction and the different agriculture present in the

landscape.

Analysis of Related Literature and Related Studies

According to the Republic Act No. 11506, an Act is giving San

Miguel Aerocity INC. A franchise to construct, develop, establish,

operate, and maintain the domestic and international airport in Bulakan,

province of Bulacan, and build, develop, establish, manage, and sustain

an adjacent airport city. Since the Ninoy Aquino International Airport

(NAIA) population has been steadily increasing because it is the most

popular and the go-to airport here in the Philippines, granting the

construction of the New Manila International Airport (NMIA) was no

surprise. Reducing the overcrowding in NAIA and traffic congestion

around the airport's vicinity are the main reasons for coming up with

constructing the New Manila International Airport. Given an opportunity

to step into the future of aviation in the Philippines, it is only just

that the researchers maximize the opportunity by proposing the

construction of an Automated People Mover in the New Manila

International Airport.
 With the gathered information for the description of an automated

people mover from the related literature, According to AirMundo (2018),

An APM is a fully automated and driverless transit system commonly found

at the airport. According to the Guidebook for Planning and Implementing

Automated People Mover Systems at Airports (2010), APMs are also

designed to provide safe, reliable, and efficient passenger transport.

With the gathered information of the efficiency of an automated

people mover system from the related studies, the Efficiency of these

APMS is significant because, according to Deep & Agrawal (2015), these

APM systems are utilized, especially in small areas such as airports

and theme parks. Taxis, shuttles, busses, and jeepneys can provide good

service, but it is a solution of the past; APMs could be a discovery

that would be the future solution. The APM system in NMIA could be the

answer that could solve the decades-long problem of traffic congestion

in NAIA and prove that the aviation industry can achieve its maximum

potential.

Aside from this, the researchers learned that aviation's impact on

the Philippines' economic growth includes 1.2 million job openings, a

$10.4 billion contribution to GDP, and a 3.4% GDP increase. The aviation

industry of the Philippines has been affected by the Covid-19 like most

of the world. Intending to try and compensate for the loss in income

for the year 2020, the New Manila International Airport is an excellent

opportunity to do so. When everything in society is back to normal, and

with an airport of such size, thousands of passengers inevitably go to

the airport. Having a system that would ensure maximum efficiency of

foot traffic in the area will increase the institution's effectiveness.

 CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter will focus on how the researchers will conduct the

gathering of the needed data and information for the proposal of

constructing an Automated People Mover (APM) inside the New Manila

International Airport (NMIA). The content of this chapter includes the

kind of research design, the flowchart of the study, and the methods

and materials used in the study, which furthermore explains the

methodology in detail.

Kind of Research Design

According to McCombes (2020), Descriptive Research Design is a

type of research design that accurately describes a population,

situation, or phenomenon. This type of research design focuses more on

answering the research problems by means of what, how, when, and where.

When the study aims to classify features, frequencies, trends, and

categories, the descriptive research design is a good option. According

to Shuttleworth (n.d.), Descriptive Research Design is a scientific

method that entails watching and explaining a subject's actions without

manipulating them in any way. The subject is studied in a normal and

unchanged environment, which benefits this research design. There is,

however, a downside. There is no way to interpret the outcomes since no

variables are manipulated objectively.

Descriptive Research Design is the most appropriate type of

research design for the study. The research aims to introduce a new

mode of transportation within the airport, which is having an APM as

the primary mode of transportation for the New Manila International

Airport. Descriptive research designs do not require variables to be

manipulated, and there will be no variables to be controlled in this

study. Furthermore, the researchers' findings will be further

interpreted and will only be based on the respondents' answers. It may

also help to direct future studies, such as the research approach to be

used as it offers basic knowledge about the research issue.

Flowchart of the Study

Figure 3.1: Flowchart of the Study

Methods and Materials of the Study

Obtain Master Floor Plan of the New Manila International Airport

The researchers used the initially proposed designs and the master

floor plan of the New Manila International Airport released by the

official website of San Miguel Corporation and different aviation

websites as the basis for the line route of the APM that was made by

researchers.

Conceptualize and Design the Line Route of APM Based on Researchers’

Idea Backed Up with Related Studies

Gathered related studies and literature support the researchers'

vision of the proposal of an APM in NMIA. Constructing a line route of

the APM in the New Manila International Airport will be used as a

reference to compute for the cost per distance of the different modes

of transportation.

Create a Digital Presentation of the Route of an APM Using Adobe

Illustrator

The researchers' initial design was made through technical drawing

and conceptualization. It will be converted into a digital presentation

via a digital-aided software such as Adobe Illustrator. Included in the

digital presentation would be the master floor plan of the New Manila

International Airport and overlaying it would be the route of the APM

railway system made by the researchers.

Consult Engineers and Ask for their Recommendations

With the insights and recommendations of the engineers, the

researchers constructed a line route of the APM in NMIA as it was used

as a reference in computing the efficiency and cost of the different

modes of transportation that can be seen in the airport.

Finalizing of the Design

The researchers will use the data, feedback, and recommendations

given by the professionals to make the appropriate changes and

adjustments to the digital presentation of the APM in New Manila

International Airport.

Making a Survey Questionnaire

The researchers constructed a survey questionnaire approved by the

research adviser for the respondents to evaluate the advantages,

disadvantages and benefits of constructing an APM inside the NMIA. The

types of questions present in the survey questionnaire are Likert scales

which are complimented with open-ended questions.

Data Collection from Respondents

The sampling technique used was Purposive Non-probability

Sampling for the professionals and Availability Non-probability

Sampling for the future users and beneficiaries. A survey questionnaire

gathered the feedback and opinion of the respondents. The researchers

conducted a consultation period with the professionals to expound

further on their views and thoughts about the APM railways system's

route. A total of 30 respondents were asked for the study.

Collect the Data from the Internet for the Travel Cost of Different

Modes of Transportation in NAIA

Due to the limitations of the COVID-19 pandemic, the researchers

could not do first-hand physical research and gather the data for public
transportation because of health and safety protocols. The researchers

will maximize the use of the internet and use the researched data from

reliable sources. The following are the formulas in computing for the

cost per distance and how they were derived:

1. 3.18(X) = Y

The formula stated above is a formula created by the researchers

to determine the price it would take for each mode of transportation to

travel a set distance within the airport. The value 3.18 is the constant

distance of the railways which the modes of transportation will travel.

The distance has a unit of kilometers. X represents the price of the

different modes of transportation, which would be multiplied by the

constant distance. Y represents the final answers when the cost of the

different modes of transportation (X) is multiplied by the constant

distance (3.18).

2. 60(53) = 3180

The researchers could not obtain a scale for the official master

floor plan of the New Manila International Airport released by the San

Miguel Corporation. Due to the lack of information stated on the master

floor plan, the researchers consulted engineers and asked for workable

solutions around the problem. The engineers suggested that we use the

airplanes to find the distance of the route in the airport. The

researchers then consulted pilots to ask for the type of airplanes that

are used in the master plan. The pilots stated that the planes in the

master plan are airbus 321 and have a wingspan of 60 meters hence the

60 in the formula. With this information, the researchers then

calculated the number of airplanes that can fit on the railway route

using an editing software. The researchers were able to determine that

53 airplanes can fit on the route of the railway, hence the number 53

in the formula. The researchers then multiplied the two values with

each other and were able to get the final distance with 3180 M or 3.18

KM.

Interpretation and Analysis of Data and Statistical Treatment

To further understand the gathered data, the researchers have

represented the data using a pie graph with different illustrations

that show the percentage of responses from the survey conducted. The

researchers also included the weighted mean to interpret the data

further. The researchers will also analyze the data based on the

feedback from the professionals.

 CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION OF THE STUDY

This chapter will focus on the presentation and discussion of the

data and results gathered by the researchers. The researchers will also

interpret each question and relate the collected data to the study.

Problem 4.1: What are the advantages and disadvantages of constructing

an Automated People Mover in the New Manila International Airport?

Problem 4.1.1: The APM railway system will provide a more pleasant

and safer travel experience for the users of the system.

Figure 4.1.1 APM will provide a More Pleasant and Safer Travel

Experience for the Users

Weighted Mean Interpretation

4.7 Strongly Agree
As shown in figure 4.1.1, 70% of the respondents strongly agree

that the APM will provide a more pleasant and safer travel experience,

while 30% of the respondents agreed. Most of the respondents strongly

agreed, and the weighted mean for this statement is 4.7, which can be

inferred that the respondents strongly agreed.

According to the respondents, the APM will provide a more pleasant

and safer travel experience to the users because they believe it will
be less hassle when traveling around the airport. The respondents also

believe that it will be convenient for them because it will be a faster

ride for the people who wish to go around the airport. Transportation

that connects to and within the airport will give the users convenience

in a way that there will be no road traffic, and it will be safer for

there is not much pedestrian along the road.

Problem 4.1.2: The APM system will serve as a reliable mode of

transportation for the users within the airport.

Figure 4.1.2: APM System as a Reliable Mode of Transportation

Weighted Mean Interpretation

4.7 Strongly Agree
As exhibited in figure 4.1.2, 73% of the respondents strongly agree

that the APM is a reliable mode of transportation, while 27% of the

respondents agreed. Most of the respondents strongly agreed, and the

weighted mean for this statement is 4.7, which can be inferred that the

respondents strongly agreed.

According to the respondents, the APM will allow passengers to

travel from different infrastructures within the airport with ease and

comfort, making it reliable since it can save time and be a safer option

for the users. The APM railway system has a system wherein proper
interval is made, the arrival and departure of the APM vehicle are

appropriately coordinated. The system in the railway is always precise

since if not, it will cause disturbance for the whole day. The APM

railway system is a time saver because there will be no land traffic

because of the system. There is also a lesser chance of road accidents

when the APM railway system is implemented.

Problem 4.1.3: There will be a difference in the overall airport

experience of the pilots, passengers, and future users between utilizing

and not utilizing an APM system.

Figure 4.1.3: The Difference Between Utilizing and Not Utilizing an

APM System

Weighted Mean Interpretation

4.5 Strongly Agree
As shown in figure 4.1.3, 67% of the respondents strongly agree

that there will be a difference in the overall airport experience

between utilizing and not utilizing an APM, and 27% agreed, while 6%

disagreed. Most of the respondents strongly agreed, and the weighted

mean is 4.5, this can be concluded that respondents strongly agreed.

 According to the respondents, the usage of the APM will

significantly impact the overall performance of the airport compared to

not utilizing it at all. The volume of passengers seen in the airport

can be a lot, meaning this could lead to land traffic congestion if

each would either bring their private vehicles or ride public

transportation around the airport premises to go to their designated

terminals. With the help of the APM, the users would have a more

accessible option in transferring from terminals and to the city since

it would also be connected to a public transportation, MRT 7. Not just

would it be more accessible; it would be safer, time-efficient, and

comfortable at the same time; hence, it would also affect the overall

performance of the airport and the satisfaction of all the users.

However, a few disagreed as they would think of passengers who would

like to walk and explore the airport by foot rather than taking an APM.

Problem 4.1.4: The APM system will significantly reduce the time travel

of passengers from terminal to terminal in the airport.

Figure 4.1.4: APM System Will Reduce Time Travel from Terminal to

Terminal

Weighted Mean Interpretation

4.8 Strongly Agree
 As indicated in figure 4.1.4, 17% of the respondents agreed. In

comparison, 83% strongly agreed that the APM would significantly reduce

the time travel of passengers from the terminal to the terminal. A

significant part of the respondents was interpreted to strongly agree

from the solved weighted mean of 4.8.

As seen in the respondents' results, the respondents believed that

it would lessen the time travel of the passengers from the terminal to

the terminal because the APM has a particular route. With the heavy

traffic experienced within the airport, other modes of transportation

such as taxis, SUVs, or buses will not obstruct the way of the APM.

They also believed that riding an APM will be faster than just walking

from one terminal to another.

Problem 4.1.5: Automated people movers have the potential to alleviate

rising transportation deficits, traffic congestion, and related air

pollution and increase the overall airport passenger experience.

Figure 4.1.5: The APM has the Potential to Lessen Airport Problems

and Increase Airport Passenger Experience

Weighted Mean Interpretation

4.6 Strongly Agree
As indicated in figure 4.1.5, 70% of the respondents strongly

agreed, 27% agreed, and 3% Disagreed with the statement that the APM
system will lessen airport problems and increase airport passenger

experience. A significant part of the respondents was interpreted to

strongly agree from the solved weighted mean of 4.6.

As believed by the respondents, the APM can provide reliability to

its users because it can offer specific routes, schedules, and more

uniform. These are the factors that can increase the reliability of the

APM due to the proper interval, which will determine the appropriate

arrival and departure of an APM vehicle. They also believe that with

the proper coordination with the airport, they can know the volume of

passengers daily for the APM to accommodate all the passengers. In

addition, since it is a new system in the country, it could solve the

traffic congestion currently observed in Ninoy Aquino International

Airport. However, a respondent thinks that the APM railway system will

not be reliable due to insufficient railway systems in the country.

Problem 4.1.6: If given a chance to be built, what are the other possible

advantages of the APM railway system in the New Manila International

Airport?

Figure 4.1.6: Possible Advantages of the APM Railway System

Statement #1 The APM railway system would create a pleasant, more
positive experience for the users.
Statement #2 The APM system will attract more tourists visiting the
country, resulting in high revenues from the tourist
sector.
Statement #3 The APM railway system will be a reliable, more
efficient, safer transportation option and cost-
effective compared to other modes of transportation.
Statement #4 The traffic jam in the Philippines is inevitable; once
the APM railway system is utilized, there will be a
massive change in time, effort, and efficiency of the
users. Thus, it will eliminate the land congestion in
the airport and the foot traffic since it will also be
connected to public transportation, the MRT 7.
Statement #5 An advantage of an APM railway system is when an
aircraft deviates from its destination due to bad
weather. Passengers can still use the APM to go to
their desired destination.
Statement #6 The APM railway system will give a faster, time-
efficient, safer, and more comfortable ride to the
users. It also lessens the walking of the users.
Statement #7 Easement of transferring from one terminal to another
terminal or other locations on which the passengers
are intended to go.
Statement #8 It would be beneficial to PWDs in escorting them to
their respective flights.
Statement #9 The APM railway system will be eco-friendly.
Statement #10 It will be beneficial, especially since people
sometimes carry big luggage and help ease their
traveling.
Statement #11 It would create more income-generating jobs and would
be in part with other internationally renowned
airports.
It shows in figure 4.1.6 that statement six has the most

significant number of respondents to which they believe to be the

advantage of having an APM railway system inside the NMIA. Statement

six has a total of 11 respondents or 37% of the total. It is stated in

statement six that according to the respondents, the main advantage of

having an APM railway system in NMIA is it will give a faster, time-

efficient, safer, and more comfortable ride to future users. It is also

stated that it will lessen the walking of the users around the

airport.

Furthermore, Statements one and two come in second in having the

most significant number with seven respondents. It was believed by the

respondents that the APM railway system would create a pleasant, more

positive experience for the users and that the APM system will attract

more tourists visiting the country, resulting in high revenues from the

tourist sector.

The other statements suggested that the advantages of the APM are

beneficial to PWDs, being eco-friendly, beneficial to users with big

luggage, and making the New Manila International Airport an

internationally renowned airport.

Problem 4.1.7: If given a chance to be built, what are the other

possible disadvantages of the APM railway system in the New Manila

International Airport?

Figure 4.1.7: Possible Disadvantages of the APM Railway System

Statement #1 Added cost to the airport management and higher

terminal fees which would be passed onto the
passengers. Airport taxes will increase due to the
APM railway system.
Statement #2 The construction of the APM system will be a high-
cost project.
Statement #3 Increase in CAPEX & OPEX.
Statement #4 A circumstantial but still-real disadvantage could
be when passengers make mistakes in taking the APM.
Either through unfamiliarity when the system is newly
introduced or passengers’ “buzzer-beater” mindset,
they know they can reach their flights faster.
Statement #5 If the APM system will not be maintained well and if
the airport does not have a contingency plan in case
of emergencies that will not backlog
transportation.
Statement #6 People in the Philippines prefer to walk and around
the airport.
Statement #7 It will need a lot of space. Pathways for trolley
carts and wheelchairs will be gone.
Statement #8 Lack of highly advanced technology.
Statement #9 The airport is usually crowded, and the product might
not be able to accommodate them all.
Statement #10 If there are problems in the system, it can even be
a cause of delay for some passengers.
Statement #11 Traffic congestion and inconvenience in the affected
areas due to ongoing construction (air & noise
pollution).
Statement #12 Less flexibility because it will have a specific
route and schedule.
It shows in figure 4.1.6 that statement two has the most

significant number of respondents to which they believe that the

construction of the AMP railway system will be a high-cost project

wherein a huge budget should allow for the construction. Statement two

has a total of nine respondents, which is 30% of the whole respondents

believe that building an APM railway system is costly.

Also stated in the statement about an increase in airport taxes,

the APM railway system being spacious, another problem is the lack of

high advance technology, the delay during the APM railway system's

malfunctions, and the flexibility due to the specific route and

schedule. However, with the right plans and approval of the APM railway
system, it can overcome the benefits of having the APM railway system

in the airport.

Problem 4.2: How will the proposed APM railway system in NMIA be

beneficial for the travel efficiency of passengers and tourists?

Problem 4.2.1: The APM system will benefit pilots and flight attendants

by attending their flights and subsequent connecting flights since it

will not be time-consuming and there will be no hassle to transfer from

one terminal to another.

Figure 4.2.1: The APM as a Benefit to Airport Pilots and Flight

Attendants.

Weighted Mean Interpretation

4.7 Strongly Agree
As shown in figure 4.2.1, 96% of the respondents agreed that the

APM railway system would benefit pilots and flight attendants with their

immediate connecting flights, while the remaining 4% disagreed. The

weighted mean for this statement is 4.7, which can be interpreted that

almost all the respondents strongly agree.

Almost all the respondents agreed that the APM system would benefit

pilots and flight attendants with their subsequent connecting flights

since it will not be time-consuming to move from one terminal to

another. According to the respondents, they believe that it would be a

lot less stressful for the flight attendants and pilots because they

are the ones who require a short amount of time to travel around the

airport. The respondents also mentioned that having an APM inside the

NMIA will result in a more positive flying experience.

Problem 4.2.2: The airport personnel and ground crew will benefit when

utilizing an APM system with their respective duty in the airport, such

as facilitating the boarding flights.

Figure 4.2.2: Benefit of Airport Personnel When Using an APM with

Their Respective Duties in the Airport

Weighted Mean Interpretation

4.6 Strongly Agree
As shown in figure 4.2.2, 64% of the respondents strongly agreed

that the APM would benefit the airport personnel with their respective

duties. In comparison, the remaining 30% of the respondents agreed, 3%

disagreed, and 3% strongly disagreed. The weighted mean for this

statement is 4.6, which can be interpreted that most of the respondents

strongly agree.
 According to the respondents, the APM will help and made it more

convenient for the airport personnel. The APM will transfer the airport

personnel from one place to another will less exert effort. And it is

also seen in the results that more respondents agreed; therefore, the

APM will be more convenient for airport personnel. The respondents did

not provide any justification regarding their disagreement in

the question.

Problem 4.2.3: The APM system will help alleviate unwanted walking of

passengers.

Figure 4.2.3: The APM to Lessen Unwanted Walking

Weighted Mean Interpretation

4.6 Strongly Agree
In figure 4.2.3, 66% of the respondents strongly agree, 31% agreed,

and 3% disagreed with the assertion that the APM will help lessen

unwanted walking. The weighted mean for this statement is 4.6, which

can be interpreted that most of the respondents strongly agree.

According to the respondents, the APM will help lessen unwanted

walking around the airport because it will help save time to transfer

from one place to another and benefit PWD’s. However, a respondent

believes that the APM will not encourage some passengers to use it
to lessen unwanted walking around the airport because Filipinos tend

to cherish every moment with a family in the airport.

Problem 4.2.4: The APM railway system will attract more passengers and

tourists from around the world. Thus, increasing the national economy

of the Philippines.

Figure 4.2.4: The APM as an Attraction to People from Around the

World

Weighted Mean Interpretation

4.2 Strongly Agree
Figure 4.2.4 shows that 79% of the respondents agreed. In

comparison, 21% disagreed that the APM will attract more passengers and

tourists from around the world, leading to an increase in the

Philippines' national economy. The weighted mean of this statement is

4.2, which can be interpreted that most of the respondents strongly

agree.

Most of the respondents believes that the APM will add feature and

value to the NMIA. Aside from that, an overall pleasant and positive

experience will always attract more people. However, the respondents

who disagreed suggested that the APM is not a tourist attraction. Also,
respondents disagreed because many factors can affect a country's

economy and having an APM railway system may not be one of them.

Problem 4.2.5: The APM railway system can expedite passenger flow and

minimize traffic bottlenecks in and around the airport.

Figure 4.2.5: The APM can Enhance Passenger Flow

and Reduce Traffic in and Around Airport

Weighted Mean Interpretation

4.7 Strongly Agree
As shown in figure 4.2.5, 68% of the respondents strongly agree,

while 32% agreed that the APM could enhance passenger flow and reduce

traffic in and around the airport. The weighted mean for this statement

is 4.7, which can be interpreted that most of the respondents strongly

agree.

According to respondents, they agreed that the APM would help

reduce the passenger flow and bottleneck in and around the airport. As

seen in the result, all the respondents agreed; therefore, it has a

high chance that the APM railway system will be functional.

Problem 4.2.6: The APM railway system transport a more significant

number of passengers faster over a longer distance which is not feasible

by walking and using traditional modes of transportation.

Figure 4.2.6: Significance of APM in Transporting Passengers

Weighted Mean Interpretation

3.9 Strongly Agree
As indicated in figure 4.2.6, 63% of the respondents strongly agree

while 37% agree. The weighted mean in this statement is 3.9, which can

be interpreted that the respondents agree that the APM will transport

a more significant number of passengers faster over a long distance

that is not feasible by walking or using any other traditional modes of

transportation.

The responses can conclude that the APM will transport more people

faster because the respondents believe that a train can accommodate

more passengers and have a more significant acceleration of transporting

than any other modes of transportation.

Problem 4.2.7: What are the other possible benefits of the proposed

design for the APM railways system in the New Manila International

Airport?

Figure 4.2.7: Other Benefits of APM railway system

Statement #1 The APM railway system is family-friendly; it will

benefit people carrying babies with strollers, people
with wheelchairs, the pregnant, the elderly, and PWD's
and people with disabilities.
Statement #2 Better sceneries inside the airport.
Statement #3 Attract more tourists to visit our country to
experience the APM railway system.
Statement #4 The APM railway system can ease foot
transportation.
Statement #5 Fast transportation for many people and making
people's lives more accessible as it is a hassle-free
transport system.
Statement #6 The New Manila International Airport will be able to
cope up with the top airports in the world.
Statement #7 It can reduce the carrying of heavy luggage to
transfer from terminal to terminal.
Statement #8 Generates more income and sales for equipment and
construction suppliers.
Statement #9 The APM system can be a more environment-friendly
option.
Statement #10 There will no longer be land traffic congestion in the
airport compared to the Ninoy Aquino International
Airport.
Statement #11 It enhances the functionality of the airport.
Statement #12 Future researchers can think of a more innovative idea
in line with the APM system.
As seen from figure 4.2.7, statement 5 has the most significant

number of respondents who had the same response with seven respondents

regarding the other benefits of the APM railway system inside NMIA. The

respondents believe that the APM will make fast transportation for many

people and making people's lives more accessible as it is a hassle-free

transport system.

Aside from that, the respondents also believed that the APM would

enhance the functionality of the airport, stated in statement 11, which

got the second-highest response with five respondents agreeing to the

statement. The other statement suggested that the benefits of having an

APM inside the NMIA are the APM being family friendly as it can transport

people carrying babies with strollers or PWDs, the APM can reduce the

carrying of heavy luggage, the NMIA coping up with the top airports,

and the APM will help to eliminate land traffic congestion around the

airport.

Problem 4.3: Which is the most efficient and cheapest mode of

transportation used at the airport?

Figure 4.3.1: The Computed Price of the Different Modes of

Transportation Based on the Distance of the Railway in the NMIA.

Mode of Transportation Computed Price (PHP/KM)

Car 23.21
Shuttle 5.47
Taxi 41.34
Jeepney 6.36
LRT 47.70
As indicated in figure 4.2.1, each mode of transportation has a

different price compared to the distance it must travel within the

airport. The lowest price is with the shuttle at 5.47 pesos per
kilometer. The jeep follows it at 6.36 pesos per kilometer. It is then

followed by the private vehicle or cars at 23.21 pesos per kilometer.

Next is the taxi, priced at 41.34 pesos per kilometer. The highest price

mode of transportation is the LRT (APM system), priced at 47.70 pesos

per kilometer.

Based on the findings stated in the table above, it can be

concluded that each mode of transportation has a different cost when it

travels a total of 3.18 kilometers. The modes of transportation that

are open for the public, such as shuttles and jeepneys, are the cheapest

option for people to use. The next option would be private cars which

can be considered as the middle price option. Then the highest-priced

options would be the taxis and LRT. With this information, a trend can

be seen that the higher the price of transportation, the better

experience can meet the traveling people. The users are simply paying

for the comfort, speed, and experience when they are traveling from

terminal to terminal in the airport.

 CHAPTER V

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter is focused on the summary of the findings that was

presented from the interpretation of data from the previous chapter.

The conclusion of the whole research study will also be presented in

this chapter along with the recommendations that can help future

researchers who wish to do a research on the same study.

Summary of Findings

This part contains the summarized results of the data that was

gathered by the researchers. This part will also provide the

interpretation of the results to further understand the specific

response of the respondents.

1. With all the answers of the respondents it is summarized that

the main advantage of the APM in the New Manila International

Airport that was agreed by the respondents was that it will

transport future users or passengers to their designated

terminals faster. The respondents also believed that the APM

inside NMIA will make their lives easier as it will transport

them to their designated terminals not only faster but also

safer from any other mode of transportation. As for the

disadvantages, the respondents suggested that the APM will be a

high-cost project to the developers which will require a vast

amount of money. Aside from that, the respondents also believed

another disadvantage of APM is that the airport is usually

crowded, therefore the APM might not be able to accommodate them

all.
 2. The primary benefits of the proposed APM railway system inside

NMIA for the travel efficiency of the passengers and tourists

that were agreed upon by the respondents are: the APM railway

system will reduce the traffic in and around the airport, the

APM railway will lessen unwanted walking of the passengers, and

that the APM railway system will enhance the functionality of

the airport. The respondents also believed that the APM will

benefit all the people present in the airport such as

passengers, pilots, flight attendants, airport personnel, and

ground crew.

3. From the gathered data of the fare prices of the different

modes of transportation and the computed fare prices based on

the distance of the proposed route of the railway system, it

can be simplified that the taxis and LRT are the most expensive.

Taxis and LRT are the most efficient mode of transportation used

at the airport in terms of cost per kilometer despite having

the greatest cost. It still considered the most efficient

because of the safety, convenience, speed and the overall

experience it gives the people.

Conclusion

Based on the findings, the researchers arrived in specific

conclusions concerning the mentioned statement of the problem before.

This segment will also dictate on whether the null hypothesis of the

study will be accepted or rejected.

To sum up, the construction of the NMIA in Bulacan will be a big

step forward for the aviation industry in the country. With the
inclusion of an APM railway system within the airport that will serve

as the main mode of transportation for the people who wish to get from

terminal to terminal, it will bring benefits to the overall travel

experience of the users. Unrestricted to the flow of traffic from the

main road where cars will come about, the APM railway system is also an

investment for the airport that will succeed in the long run. It is the

most expensive mode of transportation that the airport can offer to the

users. Nevertheless, it will offer the best experience for the people

since it is both a comfortable and fast way of traveling. The

researchers are rejecting the null hypothesis. The determination of the

feasibility of an APM in NMIA will bring benefits to the passengers

and tourist in the airport. The researchers were able to determine the

mode of transportation that will be most beneficial for the users.

Lastly, the researchers were able to determine the advantages and

disadvantages of APM in NMIA.

Recommendations

The following that will be presented are the recommendations that

could serve as a guide to future researchers with a related topic which

was not included in the paper. These may help in enhancing the research

study further:

1. Obtain a complete master floor plan of the New Manila

International Airport with complete scaling along with clear

and readable legends.

2. Perform a simulation activity that will test and compare the

efficiency of the APM railway system to the other modes of

transportation.
3. Consider the interior of the New Manila International Airport

to design the route using SketchUp or AutoCAD.

4. Acquire a larger sample size for the data gathering more

respondents will provide more consistent data and opinions. This

will also eliminate the deviant answers and will provide better

interpretations for the researchers.

5. Consult a wider range of professionals to gather more

recommendations and opinions from different fields of

professions.
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