Internet of Things (IoTE 540)

L-T-P-[C] 4-0-0-[4]

Outline of the course

Introduction to IoT, need, technologies used in IoT,

benefits of IoTs, IoT Implementation Challenges,
Applications, IoT structure, IoT Components, Working
process of IoT, IoT Networking – IoT Architecture,
Reference model, IoT Service Oriented Architecture,
challenges, Components of internet of things, - Sensor,
Actuator…

IoT Protocols – IEEE 804.14.5, ZigBee, Connectivity

(6LowPAN, RPL), Communication / Transport (Wi-Fi,
Bluetooth, LPWAN), Discovery Protocols (Physical Web,
mDNS, DNS-SD), Data Protocol (MQTT, CoAP, AMQP,
Web Socket, Node), Device Management (TR-069,
OMA-DM), Semantic (JSON-LD, Web Thing Model)

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Courseware and Reference Books
Text Books:
 Mayur Ramgir, Internet of Things- Architecture, Implementation, and Security, Pearson Education India,
2019.
Reference Books:
1. Raj Kamal, INTERNET OF THINGS Architecture and Design Principles, McGraw Hill Education
(India) Private Limited, 2017.
2. S. Misra, A. Mukherjee, and A. Roy, Introduction to IoT, Cambridge University Press, 2020.
3. S. Misra, C. Roy, and A. Mukerjee, 2020, Introduction to Industrial Internet of Things and Industry 4.0,
CRC Press, 2020
4. Research Papers.

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 Lecture No 6
IoT Structure

 The general structure of an IoT network includes

devices to interact with the environment; a gateway
to gather the data and communicate with the cloud;
and the cloud to store, process, and analyze the
data.

They can be devices that you own personally and carry

with you (for example, a phone or fitness tracker)
or keep in your home (Google Home).

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 Devices interact with the
environment by gathering data or
performing an action upon the
environment.
For example, a phone or fitness
tracker.

 Devices can also be embedded in factory equipment

or as part of the infrastructure of the city where you
live.

 Each of them is able to convert valuable information

from the physical world into digital data that provides
increased visibility into how your users interact with
your products, services, or applications.

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 A gateway ensures that devices are securely
connected to the cloud.

 A gateway can be a cell phone, a personal assistant,

or a microprocessor platform.

 It controls messaging between the device and the

cloud, and in some cases, does real-time analytics
or machine learning, which is called edge computing.

 A gateway device might be used even when the

participating devices are capable of communicating
without one.

 In this scenario, the gateway adds value because it

provides processing of the data across multiple
devices before it is sent to the cloud.

In that case, the direct inputs would be other devices, not

individual sensors.

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 The cloud handles computation and data storage, real-time
and batch analytics, and machine learning and
visualization.

 In an IoT network, devices are often added, removed, or

modified. The cloud connected to the device must be
capable of scaling quickly to meet these demands.

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IoT Components

 The device / the thing / physical objects are fitted with

different sensors and these sensors basically sense
different physical phenomena that are occurring
around them.

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 These things could be telephones, lightning systems,
could be cameras, could be different other scanner,
sensors like the temperature sensor and so on and
these things are able to communicate with one
another with the help of wireless technologies like
Zigbee, Bluetooth, WiFi and so on.

 So, these sensor fitted things, sensors, actuators

and different other emirate devices, these are one
component of the IoT, but these become different
nodes in the network, these are the individual nodes
in the network.

 These nodes they have to communicate with one

another and the information that is sensed by one of
these sensors fitted to these nodes, these are taken
and are sent to the other sensor nodes, the
destination nodes.

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 First this information has to flow through the local
network and then, if the destination, intended
destination is outside this local network, then it is
sent through the internet.

 IoT is basically internet based IoT, then basically it is

going to flow through the internet or some other wide
area network.

 Finally, it is going to arrive at the intended destination

node and may be there can be some at that point,
actually there can be some analytic engine.

 Analytic engine is running on some backend server,

those could be there and from that point from the
decision, from these analytics, they can run on these
servers decisions about actuation could be made.

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 This figure shows that we have different sensors,
processors and radio.

 It refitted to each of these devices or the sensor

nodes or the sensor motes or the IoT motes as you
may want to call them.

 So, these motes, they talk to one another, but these

different sensor nodes, they are basically within the
jurisdiction or the domain of the gateway.

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 So, the gateway is basically tasked to assign
different locally unique addresses to these different
nodes, to these different IoT nodes and the gateway
basically takes care of the local addressing within
that particular local area network.

 So, from the that point, all the data can flow through
a proxy server if internet access is required.

 So, it will go through the internet, then a web socket

and from the web socket, it goes through a cloud
server.

 That means, this is where loT of analytics and

backend processing takes place and based on that
the actuation based on the analytics and the inferant
says that and run from the sensed data actuation of
different devices can take place.

IoT Gateway with or without proxies responsible mainly for: internet

connectivity and intra LAN connectivity.
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Working Process of IoT

Usage: Communication, Monitoring & Control,

Automation, Ease of doing with cost effectiveness.

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Connectivity Terminology

IoT LAN Local, short range comm, may or may not

connect to internet, building or organization
wide
IoT WAN Connection of various network segments,
organizationally and geographically wide,
connects to the internet
IoT Node Connected to other nodes inside a LAN via the
IoT LAN, may be sometimes connected to the
internet through a WAN directly
IoT A router connecting the IoT LAN to a WAN to
the internet, can implement several LAN and
Gateway WAN, forwards packets between LAN and WAN
on the IP layer
IoT Proxy Performs active application layer functions
between IoT nodes and other entities

So, in terms of connectivity, we will discuss about concepts

called Unique Building Blocks, such as the LAN IoT, WAN IoT,
Node IoT, Gateway IoT, Proxy and so on and so forth.

A Survey of IPv6 Addressing Schemes for Internet of Things, International Journal of

Hyperconnectivity and the Internet of Things Volume 2 • Issue 2 • July-December 2018.

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 General architecture of IoT

IoT LAN

 It is a network of IoT nodes within the control of a

single entity or administrator, and uses short range
connecting devices to connect different nodes.

 It can be configured by using different network

technologies, topologies, and low-power, short-range
connecting devices.

 IoT LAN may be connected to the internet through IoT

gateway or IoT proxy to provide global connectivity to
IoT nodes.
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 Nodes in LAN can be connected via signals like
electric, radio wave, sound wave, magnetic wave,
optical signals, chemical signals and so on.

 IoT LAN is very similar to IoT, the internet LAN. So,

this is for Local Short Range communication may be
building wide or campus wide and so on.

IoT WAN

 IoT WAN is basically internetworking of two different

LANs, you know inter connecting of two different
LANs, connecting different various network segments
organizationally or may be geographically wide and
these can be connected to the internet IoT Node
which is the connectivity of the different nodes inside
a LAN or maybe a WAN also directly.

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 IoT LAN or node may be directly connected to the
internet or WANs, which further connected to the
Internet and usually managed by different
administrator and subnetwork.

 IoT WAN/Internet geographically cover the very large

area.

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IoT Node

 IoT Node is things, which are connected to the

Internet directly or indirectly via IoT LAN or WAN as
shown in Fig.

 These nodes should have self-configuration capability

because there is limited provisioning of resources.

 IoT nodes can be divided into a different class based

on its characteristics, such as relay nodes,
sensor/actuator, powering devices, connecting
devices.

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Gateway
 Gateway is basically sort of like you know a router or
something very similar which connects to the IoT
LAN.

 IoT gateway is a device which connects the IoT node

and LAN with the Internet.

 It works as an interface between the Internet and LAN

of the IoT node.

Long-Term Evaluation for Machine

 It is network layer device which transfers IP packet

between the Internet and IoT LAN and device.

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 IoT proxy performs application layer functions
between different entities and IoT nodes.
Sometime IoT proxy is embedded into IoT gateway.

 So, it is sort of like the outside world, the Gateway

beyond a LAN and typically connecting to the WAN.

So, we can have in WAN, you know several LANs

connected to each other through the individual
Gateways and Proxy very similar to what we use
proxies for security proxies for sub networking and so
on.

IoT Gateway – It is connectivity of several LANs

connected together through the WAN using the
Gateways.

IoT Proxy – Performs active application layer

functions between IoT nodes and other entities.

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Multi-homing:

 A node / network connected to multiple networks for

improved reliability.

 Multi homing can be two different approaches; a

proxy based approach and gateway based
approach.

 In case of small IoT LANs, where allotment of

address prefixes is not feasible and possible, a proxy
based approach is used to manage multiple IP
addresses and map them to link local addresses.

 In another, gateways-based approach is used for

assigning link local addresses to the node under it.

 Providing source addresses, destination addresses,

and routing information to the multi-homed nodes is
the real challenge in multi-homing networks.

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  Presently, IETF is still trying to standardize this issue.

IPV4 Vs IPV6

IPV4 IPV6
Developed IETF 1974 IETF 1998
Length (bits) 32 128
No. of Addresses 232 2128
Notation Dotted Decimal Hexadecimal
Dynamic Allocation of DHCP SLAAC/
address DHCPV6
IPSec Optional Compulsory
Header size Variable Fixed
Header Checksum Yes No
Header Options Yes No
Broadcast Addresses Yes No
Multicast Address No Yes

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Summary

We learnt

(i) IoT structure,

(ii) IoT Components, and
(iii) Connectivity Terminology

Assignment

What is difference between Proxy & VPN?

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