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Harmonic Filters 1

IEEE 519-2014 updates the harmonic standards from 1992 with changes driven by 20 years of experience and increased cooperation with IEC. Key changes include: 1) New measurement techniques and time-varying harmonic limits based on statistical indices like 99th percentiles over short durations. 2) Lower harmonic limits for voltages under 1kV and revised current limits for transmission systems over 161kV. 3) New "recommendations" for interharmonic limits based on voltage levels and potential for flicker. 4) Overall philosophy remains that users are responsible for limiting harmonic currents and system operators manage voltage quality, applying limits at the point of common coupling.

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Omar fethi
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
46 views23 pages

Harmonic Filters 1

IEEE 519-2014 updates the harmonic standards from 1992 with changes driven by 20 years of experience and increased cooperation with IEC. Key changes include: 1) New measurement techniques and time-varying harmonic limits based on statistical indices like 99th percentiles over short durations. 2) Lower harmonic limits for voltages under 1kV and revised current limits for transmission systems over 161kV. 3) New "recommendations" for interharmonic limits based on voltage levels and potential for flicker. 4) Overall philosophy remains that users are responsible for limiting harmonic currents and system operators manage voltage quality, applying limits at the point of common coupling.

Uploaded by

Omar fethi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 23

12/18/2014

IEEE 519‐2014

Mark Halpin
November 2014

What Has Stayed the Same?
• Most importantly, the overall philosophy
– Users are responsible for limiting harmonic 
currents
– System owner/operator are responsible for 
managing voltage quality
– All recommended limits apply only at the PCC
• Existing recommended limits are retained
– Some new ones added

1
12/18/2014

What Has Been Changed?
• Philosophy of changes  Driven by 20 years of 
experience with 519‐1992 and increased cooperation 
with IEC
• Multiple changes related to
– Measurement techniques
– Time varying harmonic limits
– Low voltage (<1 kV) harmonic limits
– Interharmonic limits
– Notching and TIF/IT limits
• Also “editorial” changes to
– Reduce document size
– Minimize miss‐use of PCC‐based limits
– Better harmonize with other standards projects

Measurements
• Recommended to use IEC 61000‐4‐7 specifications
– 200 ms (12 cycle @ 60 Hz) window gives 5 Hz resolution 
1.4

1.2
Harmonics @ 60 Hz

0.8

0.6

0.4
Interharmonics @ 5 Hz
0.2

0
X-60
X-55
X-50
X-45
X-40
X-35
X-30
X-25
X-20
X-15
X-10
X-5

X+5
X+10
X+15
X+20
X+25
X+30
X+35
X+40
X+45
X+50
X+55
X+60
X

2
12/18/2014

Indices
• From IEC 61000‐4‐30
– 3 s “very short” value
1 15 2
Fn ,vs  2  Fn ,i
15 i1

– 10 min “short” value

1 200 2
Fn ,sh  2  F( n ,vs),i
200 i1

Assessment of Limit Compliance
18
16
14
12
TDD (%)

10
8
6
4
2
0
1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 53 57 61 65 69
Time (h)

What value should be compared against the limit?

3
12/18/2014

Weekly Statistical Indices

100 100.0%

80 95th or 99th 80.0%


percentile
Frequency

60 60.0%

40 40.0%

20 20.0%

0 .0%
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Value to be  TDD (%)
compared against limit

Changes to the Limits
• New voltage limit provision for low voltage (<1 kV)
– 5% individual harmonic, 8% total harmonic distortion
• Revised current limits for general transmission systems (> 161 
kV)

Maximum Harmonic Current Distortion in Percent of IL


Individual Harmonic Order (Odd Harmonics)

Isc/IL <11 11≤h< 17 17≤h< 23 23≤h< 35 35≤h TDD

<25* 1.0 0.5 0.38 0.15 0.1 1.5


25<50 2.0 1.0 0.75 0.3 0.15 2.5
≥50 3.0 1.5 1.15 0.45 0.22 3.75

4
12/18/2014

Percentile‐Based Voltage Limits
• Daily 99th percentile very short time (3 s) values 
should be less than 1.5 times the values given in 
Table …
• Weekly 95th percentile short time (10 min) values 
should be less than the values given in Table …

Percentile‐Based Current Limits
• Daily 99th percentile very short time (3 s) harmonic 
currents should be less than 2.0 times the values 
given in Table …
• Weekly 99th percentile short time (10 min) harmonic 
currents should be less than 1.5 times the values 
given in Table …
• Weekly 95th percentile short time (10 min) harmonic 
currents should be less than the values given in Table 

5
12/18/2014

Interharmonic Limits 
(“Recommendations”)

• Voltage‐only 0‐120 Hz limits based on flicker
6
V≤1kV V≤1kV

5
Voltage (% of Nominal)

4
1 kV<V≤69 kV 1 kV<V≤69 kV

69 kV<V≤161 kV 69 kV<V≤161 kV
2
V>161 kV V>161 kV

1 all all
voltages voltages

0
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
105
110
115
120
Frequency (Hz)

Editorial Changes
• Improve definitions of all relevant terms to account 
for greater understanding and improved 
instrumentation
• Removal of “flicker curve”
• Removal of “tutorial” material (shorten document)
• Strengthen introductory material dealing with PCC‐
only applicability of recommended limits 

6
12/18/2014

Experience So Far
• Granted, this is limited mostly to “experiments” 
over the last 6‐12 months
– Users with relatively stable harmonic emissions are 
essentially unaffected
– Users with rapidly‐changing harmonic emissions may 
show reduced levels in measurements
• The 200 ms window acts as a smoothing filter
• Percentiles and multipliers appear to be relatively 
consistent with “short time harmonic” multipliers 
often used with 519‐1992

Passive Mitigation of Power 
System Harmonics
Mark Halpin
November 2014

7
12/18/2014

Outline
• Passive Filters
– Basic resonance concepts
– Single‐tune filters
– C‐type filters
• Performance comparisons
– Sensitivities to network conditions
– Overall effectiveness
• Conclusions

Series Resonance Concept

capacitive

 1 
Zeq  j L   inductive
 C 
 jX L  X C 

resonant frequency, r
1
r 
LC

Major concept:  The impedance can become a very low value

8
12/18/2014

Series Resonance In Practice

Harmonic
Voltages

harmonic
currents

Effects include:
1.  Heating in transformer
2.  Fuse blowing at capacitor bank

Typical resonances:
‐‐500 kVA, 12.47 kV, 5%
‐‐300‐1200 kvar capacitor
‐‐r=173‐346 Hz (3rd‐6th harmonic)

Parallel Resonance

inductive

capacitive

 1 
Zeq  jL //  
 j C 
XLXC resonant frequency, r
 j 1
X L  X C  r 
LC

Major concept:  The impedance can become a very high value

9
12/18/2014

Parallel Resonance in Practice

Harmonic
Currents

harmonic
voltages

Effects include:
1.  Excessive voltage distortion
2.  Capacitor bank fuse blowing

Typical resonances
‐‐500 kVA, 480 V, 5%
‐‐400 kVA load, 80% pf lagging
‐‐pf correction to 95% lagging (120 kvar)
‐‐r=547 Hz (9th harmonic)

Resonance Summary
• Series resonance
– Widely exploited in harmonic filters
– Can lead to (harmonic) overcurrents
• Parallel resonance
– Frequently leads to (harmonic) overvoltages
– Sometimes used in blocking filters

10
12/18/2014

Single‐Tuned Filters
• “Single tune” means a single resonant point

Classical Single‐Tuned Filter

C‐type Filter

Applications
• Classic single‐tuned filters
– Common in industrial applications
• Inside facility
• At the PCC
• May use multiple filters, each tuned to a different frequency
– Traditionally used by utilities (declining)
• C‐type filters
– Not common in industrial applications
– Becoming dominant in the utility environment
– Often used in conjunction with classic single‐tuned designs
• Purpose is always the same—give harmonic currents a low‐
impedance path “to ground”
– Results in reduced voltage distortion

11
12/18/2014

Application Considerations
• Ratings
– Capacitor
• RMS voltage
• Peak voltage
• RMS current
• kVA
– Reactor currents
• Peak current
• RMS current
• Losses

Filter Application Procedure
• Use frequency scan and harmonic study to determine 
requirements
– Number of filters (estimate)
– Tuned frequency for each
– Ratings (estimate)
• Start with lowest‐frequency filter and work upward (in frequency)
– Each filter has parameters than can be at least partially optimized
– Consider credible system changes
– Assess impacts of filter parameter variations (±10%, maybe more)
• Evaluate total performance vs. requirements
– Consider credible system changes
– Specify required ratings (tweak design as necessary)

12
12/18/2014

Comments on Frequency Scans
• These results indicate the potential for a problem
• They are extremely useful for designing filters
– Identification of high/low impedance frequencies 
(resonant conditions)
– Assessment of filter impacts on frequency response
• Alteration of undesirable impedance characteristics
• Demonstration of intentional low impedance path(s)
• They are subject to the accuracy of the models used
• Complete assessments require a harmonic study
– Results subject to model accuracy and assumptions
– Limit compliance
– Ratings of components

Demonstration Case

• Basic harmonic situation and sensitivities
– Series and parallel resonance conditions
• Mitigation using filters
– Single‐tuned “industrial”
– C‐type “utility”

13
12/18/2014

Normal Condition Frequency 
Response—LV Filter Application
(Are impedances high or low at known harmonic frequencies?)
1.2

0.8
Impedance ()

0.6
System Normal

0.4

0.2

0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
Harmonic #

Sensitivities—Substation SC Power
(equivalent impedance at LV bus)
1.2

Increasing severity and frequency with fault MVA
1

0.8
Impedance ()

Increasing severity (lower Z) 
0.6 and increasing  130 MVA
frequency with Fault MVA 150 MVA

0.4 170 MVA
Decreasing severity and
0.2
Increasing frequency with fault MVA

0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33

Harmonic #

These sensitivities would be considered pretty small and insignificant

14
12/18/2014

Sensitivities—Capacitor Status
(equivalent impedance at LV bus)
1.4

Low(er) frequency resonance not much affected by MV cap
1.2
High(er) frequency 
1 resonance significantly 
affected by MV cap
Impedance ()

0.8
All Caps
LV Only
0.6
MV Only
inductive
No Caps
0.4

0.2
capacitive
0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
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24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
Harmonic #

Low(er) frequency resonances not much affected by things that
impact high(er) frequency response—opposite not true!!

Sensitivities‐‐Conclusions
• Large changes in system impedances, 
equivalents, etc., (fault MVA) are usually 
needed for significant effects
• Relatively small changes in capacitor bank 
status (or size) can have major impacts
• Filters must function under all of the potential 
scenarios

15
12/18/2014

Design Approach
• Convert existing 480 V cap bank to filter bank by adding series 
reactor
– Capacitor voltage rating often will be exceeded in the end!
– X/R ratio of reactor can have significant impact
• Losses
• Performance
– Additional resistance can be added in series if needed (losses will 
increase!) for performance 1
f tune 
2 LC
Note:  Tuned frequency normally 1
300 
2 L.006908
taken ≈5% below target
Avoid overload
Parameter variation L  40.7H
X L  15.4m

5th Harmonic Single‐Tune Design
3.5

2.5
Impedance ()

2
X/R=100
X/R=10
1.5
X/R=1
R=0.0770 Ohm
1

0.5

0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
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17
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25
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30
31
32
33

Harmonic #

16
12/18/2014

Filter Quality (“Q”) Factor
• The “sharpness” of the frequency response of a filter 
is often indicated by the filter “Q”
h tune X L (60) 2f tune L
Q 
R R
• The filter Q indicates
– Damping (less sharp characteristic—more damped)
• Lower Q, more damping
– Losses
• Lower Q, more losses
• For the previous slide
– Q=500, 50, 5, 1 

A Closer Look at Q
3.5

2.5
Impedance ()

2
Q=500
Q=50
1.5
Q=5

1 Q=1

0.5

0
0

10

Harmonic #

All this discussion of Q doesn’t look like a big deal…

17
12/18/2014

Performance Evaluation
(480 V Bus Impedance)
1.2

0.8
Impedance ()

No Filter
0.6
5th Filter (Q=500)
5th Filter (Q=1)
0.4
5th Filter (Q=10)

0.2

0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
Harmonic #
5th harmonic currents 
produce much less 5th
voltage after filter Filter Q has an obvious impact on the entire response!

Performance Evaluation
(LV Filter Impact on MV System at Cap Bank)
25

20
Impedance ()

15

No Filter

10 High Q (500)
Low Q (10)

0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
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20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
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29
30
31
32
33

Harmonic #
5th harmonic currents 
produce much less 5th
Lower Q:  Not as much filtering at 5th harmonic
voltage after filter
much less amplification at higher frequencies

18
12/18/2014

Filtering on 12 kV Network
• Discussion so far based on filtering on customer‐side 
(LV)
– Presumably associated with limit compliance
• If all network users are in compliance (currents), 
excessive voltage distortion may still exist
– Strong resonances can create large (noncompliant)voltage 
effects from small (within compliance) currents
– Solution is to filter on MV (utility) side
– Filter designs must account for LV filter presence (or not)

Same Approach for Filter Design

1
f tune 
2 LC
1
300 
2 L10.235 
L  27.5mH
X L  10.367

Note:  Tuned frequency normally Q=100R=0.5184 
taken ≈5% below target
Avoid overload Q=10R=5.1835 
Parameter variation

19
12/18/2014

12 kV Filter Performance
16

14

12
Impedance ()

10

8 No Filter
High Q (100)
6
Low Q (10)

0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
Harmonic #

Filter eliminates 5th resonance, but creates new ones that could be as bad (or worse).
Best solution probably to split 600 kvar into 2x300 kvar and make two filters—5th and 7th

The C‐type Filter
• Tuning (selection of parameters) is more 
difficult than for single tuned filters
• Starting from an existing cap bank Ctotal
– Step 1 Choose L to tune filter frequency as for 
single‐tuned designs (based on Ctotal)
– Step 2 Divide existing capacitance into two 
parts
• C2 chosen so that L and C2 are series resonant (Z=0) 
at the power frequency
• C1 determined from “Ctotal‐C2” (C in series combines 
as parallel)
– Step 3 Pick R to provide desired high(er) 
frequency damping

20
12/18/2014

C‐type Filter Example
• Will a 12 kV C‐type perform better than the 
conventional single‐tuned design?
• Existing 600 kvar bankCtotal=10.235F
– L=10.367  (27.5 mH) for ftune=300 Hz (from ST 
design)
– For 60 Hz “bypass” tuning, C2=255.85 F
• C1=10.66 F
– Select R for desired damping
• Note Q defined differently R R
Q 
h tune X L (60) 2f tune L

C‐type vs. ST Filter Performance
12

10

8
Impedance ()

No Filter
6 ST Q=100
ST Q=10

4 CT Q=5
CT Q=10

0
0

10

Harmonic #

21
12/18/2014

12 kV Filter Sensitivities
(LV Cap/Filter Off‐line)
8

6
Impedance ()

5
ST Q=10 (No LV)
4 CT Q=15 (No LV)
ST Q=10
3
CT Q=15

2 CT Q=0.5 (no LV)

0
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
Harmonic #

The real advantage of the C‐type is control of HF response

Comments on Comparisons
• Both filter types are effective at the tuned frequency
• C‐type has very low power frequency losses
– Single‐tuned filter has resistive losses proportional to cap bank 
reactive current squared
• Low Q single tuned designs are helpful to reduce secondary 
resonances created by filter additions
– Alternative is to add secondary filters
• Low Q C‐type designs provide good damping of secondary 
resonances by default
– Much less likely to encounter “secondary” problems
• C‐type designs make poor utilization of existing cap banks
– Consider using one bank for var compensation with a separate 
filter installation

22
12/18/2014

Passive Filter Conclusions
• Two main types exist—both work
– Single tuned
• Main advantages:  Simplicity, up‐front cost
• Main disadvantages: losses, can create secondary problems
– C‐type
• Main advantages:  Low losses, HF response
• Main disadvantage: up‐front cost, poor utilization of existing 
cap banks
• Frequency scans are a great tool for filter design
– A harmonic study is required to determine necessary 
ratings

23

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