Third Quarter

Statistics and Probability

Learning Module No. 2

Name: _________________________________ Date: ___________________

Grade level & Strand: __________________ Score: __________________

Topic: Mean and Variance of Discrete Random Variable

Duration: Week 2-January , 2022
Content Standard: The learner demonstrates understanding of key concepts of random variables and probability
distributions.
Performance Standard: The learner is able to apply an appropriate random variable for a given real-life problem (such
as in decision making and games of chance).
Learning Competencies: The learner…
1. Illustrate the mean and variance of a discrete random variable
2. Calculate the mean and the variance of a discrete random variable
3. Interpret the mean and the variance of a discrete random variable.
4. Solve problems involving mean and variance of probability distributions.
Learning Objectives: Students were expected to:
1. identify mean and variance of a discrete random variable
2. perform a solution in calculating the mean and the variance of a discrete random variable
3. Evaluate the value of understanding the process on how to solve the mean and variance of discrete
random variable.

References: Belecina, R. R., Baccay, E. S., & Mateo, E. B. (2016). Statistics and Probability. Rex Book Store.

INTRODUCTION

Covid-19 is continuously spreading around the world, that is why reports regarding average infected people per
country is being updated every day. For this kind of report, experts used Statistics and Probability to show reliable
analysis in their data. In this lesson, you will learn how to compute the average or mean of a discrete probability
distribution as well as the variance and standard deviation of a discrete random variable.

PRE-TEST

Choose the letter of the best answer. Encircle the letter of your answer.

1. It is the central or average of its corresponding probability mass function.

A. mean C. standard deviation
B. variance D. probability

2. Determine the Mean or Expected Value of random variable below.

Tile Number of times picked
1

A. 2.53 C. 2.55

B. 2.54 D. 2.56

3. What is the mean outcome if a pair of die is rolled once?

A. 1.5 C. 3.5

B. 2.5 D. 4.5
 4. Find the mean of the probability distribution involving the random variable X that gives the number of heads
that appear after tossing four coins once.

A. 4 C. 2
B. 3 D. 1

5. The probabilities that a printer produces 0,1,2, and 3 misprints are 42%, 28%, 18%, and 12% respectively.
What is the mean value of the random variable?
A. 1 C. 3
B. 2 D. 4

6. The random variable X, representing the number of nuts in a chocolate bar has the following probability
distribution. What is the mean?
Y 0 1 2 3 4
P(y)

A. 1.5 C. 1.7
B. 1.3 D. 1.9

7. These are two values that describe how scattered or spread out the scores are from the mean value of the
random variable.
A. variance and standard deviation
B. mean and probability distribution
C. probability and statistics
D. mean and variance For numbers 8 and 9.
Complete the table below using mean (µ) = 5. Write the answer in your answer sheets.
Probability Distribution Table of Random Variable X
X 2 4 6 8
P(x) 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
(x-µ) ? ? ? ?
(x-µ) 2
? ? ? ?

CONTENT

Mean of the Discrete Random Variable

Consider the outcomes of a coin tossed as a random event. The probability of getting tail is or 50%, and the

probability of getting head is or 50% also, but it is hard to predict the outcome that will occur. In this lesson, you
will learn how to determine the likeliness of the happening of an event.

Mean of a Discrete Random Variable

The Mean µ of a discrete random variable is the central value or
average of its corresponding probability mass function. It is also called
as the Expected Value. It is computed using the formula :

µ = ∑ 𝑋𝑃(𝑥)

Where x is the outcome and p(x) is the probability of the outcome .

What is It

Examples:

1. Determine the mean or Expected Value of random variable below.

X 0 1 2 3 4
P(x)

Solution:
µ = ∑ ⟮𝑥𝑃(𝑥)⟯

= or 2
Therefore, mean is 2 for the above random variable.
2. Find the mean of the random variable Y representing the number of red color chocolates per 160-gram pack of
colored chocolate packages that has the following probability distribution.
Y 4 5 6 7
P(y) 0.10 0.37 0.33 0.20

Solution
µ = ∑ ⟮𝑋𝑃(𝑥)⟯
= ∑ ⟮4(0.10) + 5(0.37) + 6(0.33) + 7(0.20)⟯
= ∑ ⟮0.40 + 1.85 + 1.98 + 1.40⟯
= 5.63
So, the mean of the probability distribution is 5.63. This implies that the average number of red chocolates per 160-
gram is 5.63.

3. The probabilities that a customer will buy 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 items in a grocery store are , , , , and ,
respectively. What is the average number of items that a customer will buy?

To solve the above problem, we will follow 3 steps below.

STEPS IN FINDING THE MEAN

Step 1: Construct the probability distribution for the random variable X representing the number of items that the
customer will buy.

Step 2: Multiply the value of the random variable X by the corresponding probability.

Step 3: Add the results obtained in Step 2. Results obtained is the mean of the probability distribution.

Solution:

Steps Solution
1. Construct the probability distribution for the Number of Items X Probability P(x)
random variable X representing the number
of items that the customer will buy. 1
 2

2. Multiply the value of the random variable X Number of Probability X  P(x)

by the corresponding probability. Items X P(x)
1

3. Add the results obtained in Step 2. Results Number of Probability

X  P(x)
obtained is the mean (µ) of the probability Items X P(x)
distribution. 1

TOTAL
= 3.1
Using the formula: µ = ∑
𝟑𝟏
𝑿𝑷(𝒙) = = 𝟑. 𝟏
𝟏𝟎

So, the mean of the probability distribution is 3.1. This implies that the average number of items that the customer will
buy is 3.1.

Variance and Standard Deviation of the Discrete Random Variable

The variance and standard deviation describe the amount of spread, dispersion, or variability of the items in a
distribution. How can we describe the spread or dispersion in a probability distribution? In this lesson, you will learn
how to compute the variance and standard deviation of a discrete probability distribution.
Now, let us find out how can we find the variance and standard deviation of a discrete probability distribution.
Let’s have examples:

1. The number of cars sold per day at a local car dealership, along with its corresponding probabilities, is shown in the
succeeding table. Compute the variance and the standard deviation of the probability distribution by following the
given steps. Write your answer in your answer sheets.
Number of Cars Sold X Probability P(x)
0 10%
1 20%
2 30%
3 20%
4 20%

In solving the problem, let’s follow the steps below.

STEPS IN FINDING THE VARIANCE AND STANDARD DEVIATION

1. Find the mean of the probability distribution.

2. Subtract the mean from each value of the random variable X.
3. Square the result obtained in Step 2.
4. Multiply the results obtained in Step 3 by the corresponding probability.
5. Get the sum of the results obtained in Step 4. Results obtained is the value of the variance of probability
distribution.

Now let’s solve the problem.

STEPS SOLUTION
1. Find the mean of the probability Number of Probability P(x) X P(x)
distribution using the formula: µ = ∑ 𝑋𝑃(𝑥) Car Sold X

0 0.1 0
1 0.2 0.2
2 0.3 0.6
3 0.2 0.6
4 0.2 0.8
TOTAL 2.2
µ = ∑ 𝑿𝑷(𝒙) = 𝟐. 𝟐
2. Subtract the mean from each value of X P(x) X · P(x) X-µ
the random variable X.
0 0.1 0 0 – 2.2 = -
2.2
 1 0.2 0.2 1 – 2.2 = -
1.2
2 0.3 0.6 2 – 2.2 = -
0.2
3 0.2 0.6 3 – 2.2 =
0.8
4 0.2 0.8 4 – 2.2 =
1.8

3. Square the results obtained in Step 2. X P(x) X · P(x) X-µ (X - µ)2

0 0.1 0 -2.2 4.84
1 0.2 0.2 -1.2 1.44
2 0.3 0.6 -0.2 0.04
3 0.2 0.6 0.8 0.64
4 0.2 0.8 1.8 3.24

4. Multiply the results obtained in Step 3 by X P(x) X-µ (X - µ)2

X·P(x) (X - µ)2 · P(x)
the corresponding probability.
0 0.1 0 -2.2 4.84 0.484
1 0.2 0.2 -1.2 1.44 0.288
2 0.3 0.6 -0.2 0.04 0.012
3 0.2 0.6 0.8 0.64 0.128
4 0.2 0.8 1.8 3.24 0.648

5. Get the sum of the results obtained in X P(x) X·P(x) X-µ (X - µ)2
(X - µ)2 · P(x)
Step 4. The result is the value of the
0 0.1 0 -2.2 4.84 0.484
variance. So, the formula is:
1 0.2 0.2 -1.2 1.44 0.288
2 0.3 0.6 -0.2 0.04 0.012
σ2 = ∑(𝑥 − µ)2p(x)
3 0.2 0.6 0.8 0.64 0.128
4 0.2 0.8 1.8 3.24 0.648
TOTAL 1.56

σ2 = ∑(𝒙 − µ)2p(x) = 1.56

To Solve for Standard Deviation:

Get the square root of the variance σ2 = ∑(𝑥 − µ)2p(x) =

1.56

σ = √1.56

= 1.25

So, the variance of the number of cars sold per day is 1.56 and the standard deviation is 1.25.

2. When three coins are tossed once, the probability distribution for the random variable X representing the number of
heads that occur is given below. Compute the variance and standard deviation of the probability distribution.

Solution:

Follow the steps in finding variance and standard deviation of the probability distribution.
 STEPS SOLUTION
1. Find the mean of the probability Number of Probability P(x) X · P(x)
distribution using the formula µ = ∑ 𝑋𝑃(𝑥) Heads X

0 1 0

8
1 3 3

8 8
2 3 3

8 8
3 1 1

8 8
TOTAL

𝟏𝟐
µ= ∑ 𝑿𝑷(𝒙) = = 𝟏. 𝟓
�
�
2. Subtract the mean from each value of X P(x) X-µ
X · P(x)
the random variable X.
0 0 0 – 1.5 = -
1.5

1 1 – 1.5 = -
0.5

2 2 – 1.5 =
0.5

3 3 – 1.5 =
1.5

3. Square the results obtained in Step 2. X P(x) X·P(x) X-µ (X - µ)2

0 0 -1.5 2.25

1 -0.5 0.25

2 0.5 0.25

3 1.5 2.25

4. Multiply the results obtained in Step 3 by X P(x) X·P(x) X-µ (X - µ)2 (X - µ)2 · P(x)
the corresponding probability.
0 0 -1.5 2.25 2.25/8 =
0.28

1 -0.5 0.25 0.75/8 =

0.09

2 3 0.5 0.25 0.75/8 =

0.09
 3 1.5 2.25 2.25/8 =
0.28

5. Get the sum of the results obtained in X P(x) X·P(x) X-µ (X - µ)2 (X - µ)2 · P(x)
Step 4. The result is the value of the
0 0 -1.5 2.25 0.28
variance (σ2). The formula is:

σ2 = ∑(𝑥 − µ)2p(x) 1 3 -0.5 0.25 0.09

2 0.5 0.25 0.09

3 1.5 2.25 0.28

TOTAL 0.74

σ 2 = ∑(𝒙 − µ)2p(x) =
0.74

To solve for Standard Deviation σ2 = ∑(𝑥 − µ)2p(x) =

0.74

σ = √0.74

= 0.86

The mean in tossing 3 coins with probability of Head will show up is 0.86 and the variance is 0.74, then the standard
deviation is 0.86.

Enrichment Activity

A. Determine the mean or expected value of each Random Variable. Write your answer in a separate sheet of
paper.

1. s 3 4 12 20
P(s) 0.1 0.5 0.2 0.2

t 5 10 20
2. P(t) 50% 12% 38%

w 1/12 1/6 1/3 1/2

3.
P(w) 1/2 1/10 1/5 1/5
4. Find the mean of the probability distribution of the random variable X, which can take only the values 1, 2, and

3, given that P(1) = , P(2) = , and P(3) = .

5. The probabilities of a machine manufacturing 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 defective parts in one day are 0.75, 0.17,
0.04, 0.025, 0.01, and 0.005 respectively. Find the mean of the probability distribution.

B. Determine the Variance and Standard Deviation of each random variable. Write your answer in your answer
sheets.

4. The random variable X, representing the number of nuts in a chocolate bar has the following probability
distribution. Compute the variance and standard deviation.
X 1 2 3 4 5
P(x)

5. The number of items sold per day in a sari-sari store, with its corresponding probabilities, is shown in the table
below. Find the variance and standard deviation of the probability distribution.

Number of Items Sold X Probability P(x)

19 0.20
20 0.20
21 0.30
22 0.20
23 0.10

Assessment
Find the mean, variance, and standard deviation of the following probability distribution then interpret the computed
values. Write your answer in your answer sheets.
1. Variable z representing the number of male teachers per Elementary school.
z 2 3 4 5 6
P(z) 40% 32% 11% 9% 8%

2. The number of mobile phones sold per day at a retail store varies as shown in the given probability distribution
below. Find the expected number of mobile phones that will be sold in one day.
x 30 33 38 40 50
P(x) 0.2 0.2 0.35 0.23 0.02

3. Number of monthly absences of Juan Dela Cruz based on his previous records of absences as presented in the
probability distribution below.
 Number of Absences (X) Percent P(x)
3 25%
4 30%
5 30%
6 15%

4. The number of computers sold per day at a local computer store, along with its corresponding probabilities, is
shown in the table below.
Number of Computer Sold X Probability P(x)
0 0.1
2 0.2
5 0.3
7 0.2
9 0.2

5. The number of inquiries received per day by the office of Admission in SHS X last enrolment is shown below.
Number of Inquiries X Probability P(x)
22 0.08
25 0.19
26 0.36
28 0.25
29 0.07
30 0.05
Prepared by: Checked by:

REYBOY P. TAGSIP KATHERINE G. ENCABO

Subject Teacher SHS Coordinator

Noted by:

MIRA ROCHENIE C. PIQUERO

Academic Coordinator

Approved by:

SR. GLENDE ROSE LAWRENCE B. FLORES, CARM, OL, MAED.

School Principal