Most Asked Networking Interview Questions and Answers

Networking has become a popular career option for many with the
increased usage of computers and the internet. While appearing in the
interview for the position of a network administrator, be prepared to
answer technical questions. Our detailed guide on networking interview
questions and answers covers the most frequently asked questions in the
interview.

Networking Interview Questions

These questions will assess your technical skills, experience and system
preferences. Interviewers want to see whether you can easily communicate
technical requirements. They will test the technical knowledge necessary
to get the job done. This article lists 100+ networking interview questions
that are categorized into two main segments –

 Networking Interview Questions For Freshers

 Networking Interview Questions For Experienced

Networking Interview Questions For Freshers

Let’s start with the basic networking interview questions. This section
covers networking interview questions for freshers.

Q1. What is a network?

Ans. A network consists of two or more separate devices linked together
such that they can communicate. Networks can be classified according to
different criteria such as scope, type of connection, functional
relationship, topology, or function, among others.
Q2. What are the different types of networks?
Ans. Considering the size or span of a network, we can classify them as
follows:

 PAN (Personal Area Network) – PAN is made up of devices

used by a single person. It has a range of a few meters.
 WPAN (Wireless Personal Area Network) – It is a PAN
network that uses wireless technologies as a medium.
 LAN (Local Area Network) – LAN is a network whose range is
limited to a relatively small area, such as a room, a building, an
aeroplane, etc.
  WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) – WLAN is a LAN
network that uses wireless means of communication. It is a widely
used configuration due to its scalability and because it does not
require the installation of cables.
 CAN (Campus Area Network) – A network of high-speed
devices that connects LANs in a limited geographical area, such as
a university campus, a military base, etc.
 MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) or metropolitan area
network – It is a high-speed (broadband) network providing
coverage in a larger geographic area than a campus, but still
limited.
 WAN (Wide Area Network) – WAN extends over a large
geographical area using unusual means of communication, such
as satellites, interoceanic cables, fibre optics, etc. Use public
media.
 VLAN – It is a type of logical or virtual LAN, mounted on a physical
network, in order to increase security and performance. In special
cases, thanks to the 802.11Q protocol (also called QinQ), it is
possible to mount virtual networks on WAN networks. It is
important not to confuse this implementation with VPN
technology.

Read more – What is Networking?

Q3. What is Network Cabling?

Ans. Network cables can connect two computers or computer systems
directly. A cable is a cord that is made up of different conductors, which
are insulated from each other. This cord is usually protected by a wrap for
better strength and flexibility.

To choose a network cable, several aspects must be taken into account

such as –

 The distance that must be covered with that cable 

 The maximum data transmission speed  

 The coating of the cable  

 The type of network to be created

 The type of braiding, shielding, and/or sheath 

Q4. What are the different types of network cables used in networking?
Ans. The different types of cables used in networks are – 

 Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable

 Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable

 Cable Installation Guides

 Coaxial Cable

 Fibre Optic Cable

 Wireless LANs

Q5. What is a ‘subnet’?
Ans. A ‘subnet’ is a generic term for a section of an extensive network,
usually separated by a bridge or a router. It also works for the network’s
broadcast domains, manages traffic flow, and helps increasing network
performance. Uses of the subnet in networking include:

 Relieving network congestion

 Reallocating IP addresses
 Improving network security

Q6. What is DNS?

Ans. The Domain Name System (DNS) is a central part of the internet,
providing a way to match names (a website you’re seeking) to numbers
(the address for the website). Anything connected to the internet –
laptops, tablets, mobile phones, and websites – has an Internet Protocol
(IP) address made up of numbers.

Explore – what is network security?

Q7. Differentiate between ‘forward lookup’ and ‘reverse

lookup’ in DNS?
Ans. Following are the major differences between a forward lookup and
reverse lookup in DNS:
Forward DNS lookup Reverse DNS lookup
Converts a human input or a domain
Converts an IP address into a domain name
name to an IP address
Has a mapping between hostnames Has a mapping that relates IP addresses to
and IP addresses hostnames
Used for a website or other server
Used for network troubleshooting
access 
Utilizes different servers with Resolves reverse lookup queries where a client
different IP addresses   requests a hostname by providing an IP address
Uses A Records (basic) to identify any  Uses DNS pointer record to identify a hostname
IP address for a particular hostname for a given IP address

 Q8. What is Network Topology?

Ans. This is among the important networking interview questions.
Network topology is the physical or logical arrangement in which the
devices or nodes of a network (e.g. computers, printers, servers, hubs,
switches, routers, etc.) are interconnected with each other over a
communication medium. It consists of two parts – the physical topology,
which is the actual arrangement of the cables (the media), and the logical
topology, which defines how the hosts access the media.
Types of network topologies –
Bus – In the bus network topology, each workstation is connected to a
main cable called a bus. Therefore, in effect, each workstation is directly
connected to every other workstation on the network.

Bus network topology

Star – In the star network topology, there is a central computer or server

to which all workstations are directly connected. Each workstation is
indirectly connected to the other through the central computer.
 Star network topology

Ring – In the ring network topology, the workstations are connected in a

closed-loop configuration. Adjacent workstation pairs are directly
connected. Other pairs of workstations are indirectly connected, passing
data through one or more intermediate nodes.

Mesh – Mesh network topology has two forms – full and partial mesh. In
the full mesh topology, each workstation is directly connected. In the
partial mesh topology, some workstations are connected to all the others,
and some are connected only to the other nodes with which they exchange
more data.

Fully Connected Mesh (Left) and Partial Mesh Network Topology (Right)
Tree – The tree network topology uses two or more star networks
connected to each other. The central computers in star networks are
connected to the main bus. Thus, a tree network is a bus network of star
networks.

Tree Network Topology

Q9. What are ‘client’ and ‘server’ in a network?

Ans. Clients and servers are separate logical entities that work together
over a network to accomplish a task.

A client application is the element of communication that requests or

requests a network service, for example, accessing a web page, or
downloading a file, or sending an email.

A server application is the element of communication that responds to

customer requests, providing the required service, that is, sending the web
page or the requested file or email.

The client-server model is used by computer applications such as email,

the worldwide web, and network printing.

Q10. What is a ‘frame relay’ and in which layer does it operate?

Ans. Frame Relay is a data link layer digital packet-switched network
protocol technology designed to connect local area networks (LANs) and
transfer data over wide area networks (WANs). Frame Relay shares some
of the same underlying technology as X.25.

It is based on the older X.25 packet-switching technology that was

designed to transmit analogue data as voice conversations. Unlike X.25,
which was designed for analogue signals, Frame Relay is a fast packet
technology, which means that the protocol does not attempt to correct
errors. It is often used to connect LANs with main backbones, as well as in
public wide area networks and in private network environments with
leased T-1 lines. It requires a dedicated connection during the
transmission period and is not ideal for voice or video, which require a
constant stream of transmissions.

You can also read>> Top Network Security Interview

Questions
Q11. What are the different features of Frame Relay?
Ans. The different features of Frame Relay are:

 Frame Relay is a connectionless service, which means that every

data packet that passes over the network contains address
information
 Frame Relay is a service that is provided with a variety of speeds
from 56 Kbs to 25 Mbs. Although the speeds most used for the
service are currently 56 Kbs and 1,544 Mbs
 The frames are of variable length and go up to 4,096 bytes
 Frame Relay is considered a broadband ISDN service
 It operates at high speed (1,544 Mbps to 44,376 Mbps).
 It operates only on the physical and data link layers. Therefore, it
can be easily used on the Internet.
 It has a large frame size of 9000 bytes. Therefore, it can
accommodate all local area network frame sizes.
 Frame Relay can only detect errors (at the data link layer). But there
is no flow control or error control. It operates in the data link
layer.

Q12. How does a Frame Relay Work?

Ans. Frame Relay supports the multiplexing of traffic from multiple
connections over a shared physical link. It uses hardware components that
include router frames, bridges, and switches to pack data into individual
frame relay messages. Each connection uses a 10-bit Data Link
Connection Identifier (DLCI) for unique channel addressing. There are
two types of connections:

 Permanent Virtual Circuits (PVCs) for persistent connections are

intended to be maintained for long periods even if data is not
actively transferred.
 Switched Virtual Circuits (SVCs) for temporary connections that last
only one session.

Frame Relay then places the data in a variable-size unit called a frame and
leaves any necessary error correction (data retransmission) until the
endpoints, speeding up the overall transmission of data.

 
 Frame Relay

Q13. What is a MAC address?

Ans. A MAC (Media Access Control) address is the unique 48-bit
hardware address of a LAN card, usually stored in the ROM of the network
adapter card.

The MAC address is a unique identifier that manufacturers assign to a

network card or device. It is also known as a physical address represented
by hexadecimal digits. Each MAC address is unique worldwide and, in
theory, they are fixed for each device.

Each MAC address includes six pairs of numbers. The first three pairs help
to identify the manufacturer and the next three to the specific model. It is
important to bear in mind that a computer may have a variety of hardware
to connect to networks; thus, it is common to have a MAC address for
Ethernet, one for Wi-Fi, and another for Bluetooth.

Q14. What is ‘beaconing’?

Ans. Beaconing is the process that allows a network to self-repair network
problems. This is among the important networking interview questions
and you must prepare for the related terminologies as well.

Q15. Differentiate between ‘attenuation’, ‘distortion’, and

‘noise’.
Ans. When a signal travels through a medium, it loses some of its energy
due to the resistance of the medium. This loss of energy is called
attenuation.
When a signal travels through a medium from one point to another, it may
change the form or shape of the signal. This is known as distortion.

Noise is unwanted electrical or electromagnetic energy that degrades the

quality of signals and data.

Q16. What is an IP address?

Ans. An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical unique
address of a device in a network. IP is a datagram-oriented connectionless
protocol, therefore each packet must contain a header with the source IP
address, the destination IP address, and other data in order to be
delivered successfully.

There are two types of IPs –

1. Private IP Address – A private IP address is a set of numbers

that are assigned to each computer or system, connected to a
private network. An example of a private IP address is your mobile
phone or your home router which have a default local address.
2. Public IP Address – Public IP addresses are global addresses,
visible to anyone browsing the Internet. A user just needs an
internet connection to connect to such devices.

Q17. How to find the IP address of a website?

Ans. Finding the IP address of a website or a domain is not a tricky task
and involves the below steps –

 Press the “Start” button on your computer

 Type in the program and file browser “cdm”

 Hit “Enter”

 TheMS-DOS console will open, where you must type “nslookup

google.com”. Instead of “google.com”, you must write the domain
name of the page you want to consult

 Next, you will be able to see the IP address

Q18. What is ‘bandwidth’?

Ans. The limited range of frequencies of signals that a line can carry is
called the bandwidth. Bandwidth is often confused with Internet speed
when it is actually the volume of information that can be sent over a
connection in a measured amount of time, calculated in megabits per
second (Mbps).

Logically the bandwidth of our network will be decisive for its quality and
speed. The more bandwidth we have, the better, since the faster we can
transfer data.

Q19. What are ‘firewalls’?

Ans. A firewall is a network security system, responsible to manage
network traffic. It uses a set of security rules to prevent remote access and
content filtering. Firewalls are used to protect the systems or networks
from viruses, worms, malware, etc. Firewalls are usually of two types –

Physical – A physical firewall or hardware firewall is a physical device,

sits between the external network and the server. They analyze incoming
traffic and filter out any threats to the device. Widely used in institutions
and large companies. 

Logical – A logical or software firewall can exist anywhere on the subnet

and protects hosts anywhere on the subnet without rewiring. They only
protect the computer on which they are installed, and in many cases, they
are integrated into the operating system itself.

Q20. How does a firewall work?

Ans. This is among the popularly asked networking interview questions.
The firewall ‘listens’ for what information packets are trying to leave or
enter the computer system. Blocking can be done based on various
criteria, such as the IP to which they are destined, the type of port used to
send them, or the application of origin.

One of the most complex aspects of using firewalls lies in their

configuration, in deciding what types of connections are blocked and
which ones are not.  
Q21. What are the major types of networks?
Ans. There are two major type of networks: Server-based network and
Peer-to-peer network.

Q22. What are the important topologies for networks?

Ans. There are three essential topologies: Star, Bus, and Ring.

Q23. Differentiate between static IP addressing and dynamic

IP addressing.
Ans. In a static IP address, a computer (or another device) is always
configured to use the same IP address, whereas, in a dynamic IP address,
the IP address can change periodically and is managed by a centralized
network service.

Q24.  What are the different ways to exchange data?

Ans. Following are the different ways to exchange data:

 Simplex
 Half-duplex:- It is the mode of communication between two
devices. Here the data flows bi-directionally but
simultaneously. A perfect example of a half-duplex is a walkie-
talkie.
 Full-duplex:- It is a mode of communication between two
devices and the data flow is bi-directional too, but the flow
is simultaneous. One of the examples of full-duplex is a
telephone.

Q25. What are routers?

Ans. Routers connect two or more network segments. These intelligent
network devices store information in their routing tables such as paths,
hops, and bottlenecks. They determine the most accurate data transfer
paths and operate in Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Network Layer.

The roles of a router include:

 Inter-network communication
 Best path selection
 Packet forwarding
 Packet filtering
Q26. What are the criteria for the best path selection of a
router?
Ans. The following parameters define the path selection:

 Longestprefix match
 Minimum AD (administrative distance)
 Lowest metric value

Q27. Explain what is a source route?

Ans. The source route is defined as a sequence of IP addresses that are
used to identify the route of a datagram. You can also involve the source
route in the IP datagram header.

Q28. What is the difference between ‘standard’ and ‘extended’

ACL (access control list)?
Ans. Standard ACLs are source-based, whereas extended ACLs are
source- and destination-based.

Q29. What is data encapsulation?

Ans. Data encapsulation is the process of breaking down information into
smaller, manageable chunks before their transmission across the network.

Q30. What is RAS?

Ans. RAS (Remote Access Services) refers to any combination of
hardware and software to enable remote access to tools or information
that typically reside on a network of IT devices.

Q31. Mention the different network protocols that are

supported by Windows RRAS services?
Ans. Following are the three main network protocols supported by
Windows RRAS services:

 NetBEUI
 TCP/IP
 IPX

Q32. What are the perquisites to configure a server?

Ans. Perquisites to configure a server are:

 LAN card should be connected

  Root (partition on which window is installed) should be in NTFS
format.
 A server should be configured with a static IP address.

Q33. How can you secure a computer network?

Ans. You can achieve a secure computer network in the following ways:

 Installa reliable and updated antivirus program across the network

 Ensure firewalls are setup and configured properly
 Monitor firewall performance
 Ensure User authentication
 Update passwords regularly, every quarter
 Create a virtual private network (VPN)

Q34. Mention the uses of the Hamming code?

Ans. Following are some of the common applications of using Hemming
code:

 Modems
 Satellites
 PlasmaCAM
 Shielding
wire
 Embedded Processor
 Computer Memory
 Open connectors

Q35. What are proxy servers and how do they protect

computer networks?
Ans. Proxy servers prevent external users from identifying the IP
addresses of an internal network. They make a network virtually invisible
to external users, who cannot identify the physical location of a network
without knowledge of the correct IP address.

Q36. What are Nodes and Links?

Ans. Nodes – Devices or data points on a more extensive network are
known as nodes. They are individual parts of a larger data structure and
contain data. They also link other nodes.

Links- A link is the physical and logical network component for

interconnecting hosts or nodes in a network. It is a physical
communication medium such as a coaxial cable or optical fibre.
Q37. What is SLIP?
Ans. SLIP or Serial Line Interface Protocol was developed during the
early UNIX days and it is used for remote access.

SLIP does not provide error detection as it relies on higher-layer protocols

for it. Therefore, SLIP alone is not successful on an error-prone dial-up
connection. However, it is still useful to test the operating system’s
response capabilities under load (looking at ping flood statistics).

Interviewers often ask such networking interview questions and you must
prepare for such abbreviations.

Q38. What is TCP/IP?

Ans. TCP/IP is the short form of the Transmission Control Protocol /
Internet Protocol. It is a set of protocol layers designed to facilitate data
exchange on heterogeneous networks.

Learn all about Cisco Certifications, their Scope, and Benefits, read our
blog – what are Cisco Certifications?

Q39. How many layers does TCP/IP Model have?

Ans. TCP/IP Model has four layers: 
Layer Description

Network Network Interface is also called a network access layer. It defines how data
Interface should be sent physically using the network.

It enables hosts to insert packets into the network and have them delivered to
Internet
the destination, on the same network, or another remote network.

This layer permits devices on the source and destination hosts to carry on a
Transport conversation. It ensures reliability, flow control, and correction of data that is
being sent over the network.

It is the topmost layer of the TCP/IP model. It defines TCP/IP application

Application protocols and how host programs interface with transport layer services to use
the network.

Q40. Explain the different layers in the OSI model? 

Ans. It is one of the most commonly asked networking interview
questions. The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Model consists of
seven layers:
Layer  Description
 It is the lowest layer of the OSI Model. It transmits raw unstructured data bits over
a communication channel. The Physical layer is responsible for the actual physical
Physical
connection between the devices. While receiving data, the Physical layer gets the
signal received, converts it into 0s and 1s, and sends them to the Data Link layer.

At this layer, the directly connected nodes perform node-to-node data transfer
where data is packaged into frames. This layer also corrects errors that occurred
at the Physical layer. Data Link Layer is divided into two sub-layers :
Data Link
 Logical Link Control (LLC)
 Media Access Control (MAC)

The Network layer is responsible for transmitting data from one host to the other
located in different networks. It receives frames from the data link layer and
Network
delivers them to their intended destinations based on the addresses contained
inside the frame. It also takes care of packet routing.

The transport layer is responsible for managing the delivery and error-checking of
Transport
data packets. It ensures the end-to-end delivery of the complete message.

This layer creates communication channels, called sessions, between devices. It

opens sessions, ensures they remain open while data is being transferred, and
Session 
closes them when communication ends. It is also responsible for authentication
and reconnections.

This layer extracts data from the application layer and manipulates it as per the
Presentation
required format to transmit over the network.

At the Application layer, both the end-user and the application layer interact
directly with the software application. This layer acts as a window for the
Application
application services to access the network and for displaying the received
information to the user.

Q41. A gateway works in which layer of the OSI model?

Ans. Transport layer.

Q42. Explain why the standard OSI model is known as

802.xx?
Ans. The OSI model was introduced in February 1980. In 802.XX, ‘80’ is
named for the year 1980, and ‘2’ is named for the month of February.

Q43. What common software problems lead to network

defects?
Ans. It can be any or a combination of:

 Application conflicts
  Client-server problems
 Configuration error
 Protocol mismatch
 Security issues
 User policy & rights issues

This question is among the basic networking interview questions and you
must prepare for such questions.

Q44. Why is encryption on a network necessary?

Ans. Encryption is the process of changing data from its original readable
format to an unreadable format, thus ensuring network security. It
requires the user to use a secret key or password to decrypt the data.

Encryption is not only useful for communications, but also in any case
where you want to protect sensitive information. Thus, it is possible to
encrypt the information contained in disks, folders or even individual
files, to prevent unauthorized access. Then, in addition to the benefit of
protecting the privacy of users, data encryption prevents other types of
attacks such as identity theft, or bank fraud, in addition to providing a
protection mechanism against the theft or loss of devices with sensitive
information.

Q45. What are the types of errors?

Ans. There are two categories of errors –

 Single-biterror – one-bit error per data unit

 Burst error – Two or more bits errors per data unit

Q46. What is a client-server model?

Ans. The client-server model or architecture is a communication
framework for network processes. This framework is distributed among
service requestors, clients, and service providers and offers them
transparent access to applications, data, computing services or any other
resource of the workgroup and/or across the organization, on multiple
platforms.  

Client-Server Functions

 User interface management

 Management of shared peripherals

 Capture and validation of input data

  Generation of queries and reports on databases 

 Control of concurrent access to shared databases

 Create communications links with other local or wide area networks

Q47. What is TELNET?

Ans. TELNET is a client-service protocol on the internet or local area
network, allowing a user to log on to a remote device and have access to it.
This is among the most commonly asked networking interview questions.
Technically, it is a bidirectional interactive text-oriented communication
facility, which uses a virtual terminal connection.

Q48. What is RIP?

Ans. In networking, RIP is an abbreviation for Routing Information
Protocol. It is a simple protocol that exchanges information between the
routers.

Q49. What is half-duplex?

Ans. It is the mode of communication between two devices. Here the data
flows bi-directionally but simultaneously. A perfect example of a half-
duplex is a walkie-talkie.

Q50. What is a full-duplex?

Ans. It is a mode of communication between two devices and the data
flow is bi-directional too, but the flow is simultaneous. One of the
examples of full-duplex is a telephone.

Q51. What is netstat?

Ans. Netstat is a command-line utility program that provides information
about the current Transmission Control Protocol /Internet Protocol
(TCP/IP) settings of a connection.

Q52. What is a peer-peer process?

Ans. The processes on each machine that communicate at a given layer
are called the peer-peer process.

Q53. What is anonymous FTP?

Ans. With the help of an anonymous FTP, users can be granted access to
files in public servers. Users can log in as anonymous guests, thus the
name.
Q54. What is NAT?
Ans. It stands for Network Address Translation and is a protocol that
allows a network device, usually a firewall, to assign a public address to a
computer/s inside a private network.

Q55. Mention a few examples of private network addresses.

Ans. Few examples of private network addresses are:

10.0.0.0 with a subnet cover of 255.0.0.0172.16.0.0  with subnet cover of

255.240.0.0192.168.0.0 with subnet cover of 255.255.0.0.

Q56. Can you tell me the main elements of a protocol?

Ans. There are three main elements of a protocol –

1. Syntax: It refers to the structure or format of the data and their

order of presentation.
2. Semantics: It specifies the meaning of each section of bits.
3. Timing: Timing refers to two characteristics, which include the
timing of data sending and the speed of data sending.

Such common networking interview questions are often asked by the

interviewers.

Q57. What is NIC?

Ans. NIC is the abbreviation for Network Interface Card. It is a peripheral
card with electronic circuitry. It is attached to a PC and connects to a
network. NIC has its own MAC address and this identifies a PC on the
network.

Q58. What is the difference between Communication and

Transmission?
Ans. Transmission – A process of sending and receiving data between
source and destination, in only one way. It is regarded as the physical
movement of data.

Communication – A process of sending and receiving data between

source and destination, in both ways.

Q59. Explain NAT in networking.

Ans. Network Address Translation (NAT) is a protocol used to convert the
IP address of the computer network into a local network to a single IP
address. It takes all your local network devices and provides a single IP
address to share a single connection to the internet. NAT is used router,
computer, firewall in a local network.

Q60. Explain NOS.

Ans. Short form for Network Operating System. Specialized software that
provides connectivity to a computer such that it can communicate with
other computers and devices on a network.

Q61. What is IDEA?

Ans. IDEA is the abbreviation for International Data Encryption
Algorithm. It is the replacement for the Data Encryption Standard (DES).

Q62. What is ASCII?

Ans. American Standard Code for Information Interchange.

Q63. What is Brouter?

Ans. Brouter is a device that functions as both a bridge and a router. It
forwards data within the networks and also routes data to individual
systems in a network.

Q64. Mention the maximum length of the Thinnet cable?

Ans. The maximum length of the Thinnet cable is 185 meters.

Q65. Name the cable which uses the RJ11 connector?

Ans. Telephone cables use the RJ11 connector.
Q66. How would you differentiate between Firewall and Antivirus?
Ans. Both are security applications used in networking.

A firewall prevents unauthorized access in private networks as intranets.

However, it does not protect against viruses, spyware, or adware.

An antivirus is a software that protects a computer from any malicious

software, virus, spyware, or adware.

You may consider such networking interview questions to be basic, but

such questions are the favourite of interviewers as interviewees often leave
behind such networking interview questions while preparing.

Q67. How will you recover data from a Virus-infected system?

Ans. We will install an OS and updated antivirus in a system that is free of
any viruses, and then connect the hard drive of the infected system as a
secondary drive. The hard drive will then be scanned and cleaned. Data
can now be copied into the system.

Q68. What is ipconfig?

Ans. ‘ipconfig’ is an acronym for Internet Protocol Configuration. We use
ipconfig on Microsoft Windows to view and configure the network
interface. It displays all TCP/IP network summary information available
on a network and helps to modify the DHCP protocol and DNS settings.

Q69. What is ifconfig?

Ans. It is an acronym for Interface Configuration and is used on Linux,
Mac, and UNIX operating systems. ‘ifconfig’ configures and controls the
TCP/IP network interface parameters from Command Line Interface
while allowing the user to check the IP addresses of these network
interfaces.

Q70. What is the semantic gap?

Ans. Semantic gap is a difference between high-level programming sets in
various computer languages and the simple computing instructions used
by microprocessors.

Q71. What is the difference between a Domain and a

Workgroup?
Ans. This is one of the important networking interview questions that you
must prepare for your interview. The main difference between a Domain
and a Workgroup is where do the computer networks belong to. If it is a
home network, then computers will be a part of a workgroup, and if it’s a
workplace network, then the computers will be a part of a domain. 

Below are some of the major differences between a Domain and a

Workgroup:
Domain Workgroup

The computers in a domain have a The computers in the workgroup have their own
centralized database. local database.

Computers can be on a different local All computers must be on the same local area
network. network.

One or more computers are servers for

All computers are peers and no computer has
providing access, security permission to all
control over another computer.
other computers in a network.

A domain is used for transferring and It is used for sharing less secure data.
sharing sensitive and important data.

Domain has centralized authentication Each computer has its own authentication rule for
servers which set the rule of authentication. every user account.

If a user has an account in a domain then Each computer has a set of user accounts. If the
the user can log in to any computer in a user has an account on that computer then only
domain. the user will be able to access the computer.

Changes made in one computer are

Computer settings need to change manually for
automatically made to all other computers
each computer.
in a network.

It is used by large public and business

A workgroup is better suited for fewer computers.
networks.

Thousands of computers can be connected. Only 20 computers connected.

Q72. What Is NVT?

Ans. NVT stands for Network Virtual Terminal and is a representation of
a primary terminal. This virtual terminal helps you to start a telnet
session.

Q73. What Is BGP?

Ans. BGP or Border Gateway Protocol is a protocol used to transfer data
and information between different host gateways or autonomous systems.

Q74. What is Round Trip Time?

Ans. Round Trip Time or RTT is the time taken to send a message from
one end of a network to the other and back.

Q75. What are 127.0.0.1 and localhost?

Ans. Localhost is the standard hostname given to the machine, and it is
represented by the IP address 127.0.0.1. Therefore, we can say that
127.0.0.1 and localhost are the same thing.

Q76. Which are the most typical functional units of the

client/server applications?
Ans. The most typical functional units of the client/server applications
are –

 Presentation logic or user interface (e.g., ATMs)

 Business logic (e.g., Account balance inquiry)
 Data (e.g., Bank account records)
Q77. What are the Triggers?
Ans. Triggers are event-driven specialized procedures and are managed
by database management systems. It is capable of performing complex
actions and uses procedural languages full throttle.

Q78. What is a Gateway?

Ans. A gateway is a hardware device that is connected to two or more
networks. It may be a router, firewall, server, or any other similar device,
and is capable of regulating traffic in the network.

Q79. Is there a difference between a gateway and a router?

Ans. A gateway sends the data between two dissimilar networks, while a
router sends the data between two similar networks.

Q80. What is a Virtual Private Network (VPN)? What are the

advantages of using a VPN Connection? 
Ans. A VPN or Virtual Private Network is an encrypted connection
(secure tunnel) built on the internet from a device to a network. It helps in
the creation of a protected network between different networks using the
internet (public network), ensuring that sensitive data is safely
transmitted. This makes it difficult for third parties to gain unauthorized
access, track your activities online, or steal data. By using the VPN, a client
can connect to the organization’s network remotely.  

Some of the advantages of using VPN Connection are: 

1. Remote Access

2. Protected File Sharing

3. Anonymity

4. Enhanced Security

5. Improved Performance

6. Anonymity 

7. Network Scalability

8. Prevents Data Throttling

Q81. Explain the different types of VPN. 
Ans. There are two types of VPNs: 

1. Remote Access Virtual Private Network:

A Remote Access VPN securely connects a device (endpoints like laptops,

tablets, or smartphones) outside the corporate office. It allows a client to
associate with a private network and access every one of its resources and
services remotely. The connection between the private network and the
user happens securely through the Internet. It is a low-cost solution and is
helpful for both business and home users.

2. Site-to-Site or Router-to-Router Virtual Private

Network: 

This VPN is mostly used in large organizations with branches in different

locations to connect the network of one office to another in different
locations. It has two sub-categories:

 Intranet VPN: Intranet VPN allows several offices of the same

company to connect using the Site-to-Site VPN type. It is
commonly used for connecting remote offices in different
geographical locations using shared infrastructure (internet
connectivity and servers) with the same accessibility policies as a
private WAN (wide area network).

 Extranet VPN: Extranet VPN allows companies to use Site-to-site

VPN type to connect to the office of another company. It uses
shared infrastructure over an intranet, suppliers, customers,
partners, etc., and connects them using dedicated connections. 

Q82. What is EGP? What are its advantages?

Ans. EGP stands for Exterior Gateway Protocol. It is used to exchange
net-reachability information between Internet gateways within the same
or different autonomous systems. EGP is the protocol of the routers. It is
used to identify the set of networks that you will be able to reach within or
via each independent system.
Explore Popular Networking Courses
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 Networking Interview Questions For

Experienced Candidates
We are now moving on to the last category of networking interview
questions. This section covers interview questions for experienced
candidates.

Q83. Explain 10Base-T.

Ans. 10Base-T specifies data transfer rate, i.e., 10Mbps. Here the usage of
the term ‘Base’ defines ‘Baseband’ and not ‘Broadband’. T denotes the type
of cable, which is a twisted pair.
Q84. Name the user support layers.
Ans. There are three types of user support layers –

 Session Layer
 Presentation Layer and
 Application Layer

Q85. What is Piggy Backing?

Ans. It is the process of gaining access to a restricted communications
channel by using an already established session by another user. This
technique is known to improve the efficiency of the bidirectional
protocols.

Q86. What is an asynchronous transmission?

Ans. It is a serial mode of transmission. It is the process of data
transmission, where every character is a self-contained unit. Each
character in asynchronous transmission has its start and stop bits, along
with an uneven interval between them.

Q87. What do you mean by a synchronous transmission?

Ans. Synchronous transmission refers to continuous data streaming in
the form of signals, accompanied by regular timing signals. These signals
are generated by the external clocking mechanism and ensure that senders
and receivers are in synchrony.

Q88. What are the different types of transmission media?

Ans. Transmission media has two broad types –
  Guidedmedia (wired)
 Unguided media (wireless)

Q89. What is Process Sigma?

Ans. Process Sigma measures the frequency of a task that is performed
without any error. It is expressed as a number of standard deviations on a
normal distribution.

Q90. What is FMEA?

Ans. Failure Mode Effect and Analysis or FMEA is a qualitative and
systematic tool to identify potential failure modes in a system, the reasons,
and their effects.

Q91. What is the backbone network?

Ans. It refers to a centralized infrastructure for distributing different
routes and data to various networks. Backbone networks connect LANs
and WANs and also handles the management of bandwidth and multiple
channels.

Q92. What is OSPF?

Ans. OSPF is an abbreviation for Open Shortest Path First. It is a routing
protocol that uses a link-state routing (LSR) algorithm to find out the best
possible path for data exchange.

Q93. What is the range of addresses in the classes of internet

addresses?
Ans. Following are the five different ranges of addresses in the classes of
the internet:

 Class A: 0.0.0.0 – 127.255.255.255

 Class B: 128.0.0.0 – 191.255.255.255
 Class C: 192.0.0.0 – 223.255.255.255
 Class D: 224.0.0.0 – 239.255.255.255
 Class E: 240.0.0.0 – 247.255.255.255

Q94. What are Datalink Protocols?

Ans. Datalink protocols are defined as the sets of requirements used to
implement the data link layer. There are the following categories of Data
Link protocols:

 SynchronousProtocols
 Asynchronous Protocols
  BitOriented protocols
 Character Oriented Protocols

Q95. What are the functions of a Network Layer?

Ans. The Network Layer or OSI Layer 3 provides services for exchanging
individual sections of data over the network between identified end
devices. To perform this end-to-end transport Layer 3 uses four basic
processes:

 Addressing
 Encapsulation
 Routing
 Decapsulation

Q96. Name the access method used in the 1000BaseTX

network.
Ans. CSMA/CD access method is used in the 1000BaseTX network.

Q97. Mention the different types of links used to build a

computer network.
Ans. Following are the different types of links used to build a computer
network:

 Cables
 WirelessLinks
 Last-MileLinks
 Leased Lines

Q98. Mention the types of wires used for data transmission in

UTP cable.
Ans. There are four types of wires used for data transmission in UTP
cable, which is wire 1, 2, 3, and 6. Where wires 1 and 2 are used to
transmit the data while wires 3 and 6 are used to receive the data.

Q99. Can we use RG59 and RG6 cables in a computer

network?
Ans. RG59 and RG6 cables are not used in the computer network. These
cables are made for the cable TV network.
Q100. What is 10Base2?
Ans. 10Base2 is defined as part of the IEEE 802.3a standard, specifies
data transmission speeds of 10Mbps and a total segment length of 185
meters using RG-58 coaxial cable. The 10Base2 standard specifies a
physical bus topology and uses BNC connectors with 50-ohm terminators
at each end of the cable. One of the physical ends of each segment must be
grounded.

Q101. Name the cable used in the 10BaseFL network.

Ans. Fibre optical cable is the cable used in the 10BaseFL network.

Q102. Why is IP protocol deliberated as a connectionless

protocol?
Ans. An IP protocol is deliberated as a connectionless protocol because it
does not build up a connection before sending data to the endpoint.

Q103. How many network segments can be populated in

10Base2?
Ans. 10Base2 networks allow a maximum of five segments with only three
of those segments populated. Each of the three populated segments can
have a maximum of 30 nodes attached.

Q104. What is the point-to-point protocol?

Ans. A communications protocol is used to connect computers to remote
networking services, including Internet service providers.

Q105. What is NIC?

Ans. The NIC stands for the network interface controller. NIC is a device
or module that controls and configures the interface of a processor system
to a network or other interconnection. There are many different types of
interfaces in electronic systems. NICs generally configure, maintain the
current state, handle faults, and provide algorithm implementation to
successfully transfer data to and from the interface.

Q106. Mention any five applications that use TCP port.

Ans. Following are the five application that uses TCP port:

 FTP
 POP
 SSH
 SMTP
 Telnet
Q107. What is the 5-4-3 rule? In which architectures do we use
the 5-4-3 rule?
Ans. In the 5-4-3 rule, there is a maximum of five segments in a network
that are connected with four repeaters. It is used in 10Base2 and 10Base5
Ethernet architectures. In this rule, only three segments can be populated
with nodes.

Q108. Name the measurement unit used to measure the

transmission speed of Ethernet?
Ans. Mbps is the measurement unit used to measure the transmission
speed of Ethernet.

Q109. Name the switching method used to explore the

destination Mac address.
Ans. The switching method that is used to explore the destination Mac
address is Cut Through.

Q110. Mention the use of DDR on Cisco routers.

Ans. DDR stands for dial-on-demand routing used to generate and close a
circuit-switched session. It provides on-demand routing to the low volume
and periodic traffic.

Q111. Mention the number of access lists required per

interface.
Ans. One access list can be used per interface and per protocol.

Q112. What is the possible way to convert the user data from
DTE to the WAN Service Form?
Ans. To convert the user data from DTE to WAN Service Form, we can
use the Modem, CSU/DSU, and TA/NT1.

Q113. Name the types of WAN services obtained by Cisco

routers.
Ans. WAN services obtained by Cisco routers are switched services where
protocols are used to connect end to end devices and Interface front end.

Q114. Name the various technologies involved in building

WAN links?
Ans. Various technologies involved in building WAN links are:
  Digitalconnections – using digital-grade telephone lines
 Analog connections – using conventional telephone lines
 Switched connections – using different sets of links between the
sender and receiver to move data.

Q115. Explain the Sliding Window in Agile?

Ans. In the Sliding Window, the sender and receiver must deal with the
manageable sequence numbers. This abstract concept defines the range of
sequence numbers with the concern of sender and receiver.

Q116. What standard color sequences are used for a straight-

through cable?
Ans. Standard colour sequences used for a straight-through cable are
Orange/white, orange, green/white, green, blue/white, blue, brown/white,
brown.

Q117. What is a Network Interface Card?

Ans. Network Interface Card is a connecting device used to interlink
computers with the network. These cards are of two types: Internal
network cards and External network cards.

Q118. What is SMTP?

Ans. Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is a protocol used to move all
internal mail across different networks. It works with Mail Transfer Agent
(MTA) and provides the mail transmission on the TCP/IP protocol stack.

Q119. Explain the role of the IEEE in computer networking?

Ans. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) is an
organization comprised of engineers that manage standards for electrical
and electronic devices. It involves networking devices, cablings, network
interfaces, and connectors.

Q120. Name the layers of the TCP IP protocol suite that are
involved in a link-layer switch.
Ans. In TCP IP protocol, a link-layer switch is involved with the data-link
layer and physical layer.

Q121. What is MAU?

Ans. Multistation Access Unit(MAU) is a device used to connect multiple
network stations in star topology in the form of a ring which is also known
as a token ring network.
Q122. Mention the maximum number of networks and hosts
used in classes A, B, and C networks.
Ans. The maximum number of networks and hosts used in class A, B, and
C networks are:

 Class A:  126 networks, 16,777,214 hosts.

 Class B: 16,384 networks, 65,534 hosts.
 Class C: 2,097,152 networks, 254 hosts.

Q123. Differentiate between a ‘bit rate’ and ‘baud rate’.

Ans. A bit rate is the number of bits transmitted during one second,
whereas, baud rate refers to the number of signal units per second that are
required to represent those bits.

Baud rate = bit rate / N, where N is the no. of bits represented by each
signal shift.

Q124. What is Project 802?

Ans. It is a project started by IEEE to set standards to enable
intercommunication between equipment from a variety of manufacturers.

Q125. What is ICMP?

Ans. ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) is a network layer
protocol of the TCP/IP suite used by hosts and gateways to send
notification of datagram problems back to the sender.

Q126. What are the differences between TCP and UDP?

Ans. This is one of the important networking interview questions. The
differences between TCP and UDP are: 
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) UDP (User Datagram Protocol)

Datagram-oriented protocol. It is a
Connection-oriented protocol.
connectionless protocol. 

TCP is more reliable as it guarantees the UDP is less reliable as the delivery of data to the
delivery of data to the destination router. destination cannot be guaranteed

TCP offers extensive error-checking UDP provides only the basic error-checking
mechanisms. mechanism.

Slower transmission. Faster transmission.

Heavyweight. Lightweight.
Packets order can be preserved or can be Packets order is not fixed as all packets are
rearranged. independent of each other.

Does not support Broadcasting.  Supports Broadcasting

The header size is 20 bytes. The header size is 8 bytes.

UDP is used by protocols like DNS, RIP, SNMP,

TCP is used by HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, and SMTP. 
RTP, TFTP, and NIP. 

Q127. Explain the DHCP Protocol. 

Ans. DHCP stands for Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. It is a
standardized network protocol used on Internet Protocol (IP) networks. It
is used to auto-configure devices on IP networks enabling them to use the
TCP and UDP-based protocols. The DHCP servers automatically assign IP
addresses to the network devices which reduces the errors caused by the
manual allocation of IP addresses. DHCP is commonly used in networks
ranging in size from small home networks to campus networks.

We hope these networking interview questions will help you to crack your
next hardware and networking interview.

All the best!

Top Networking Career FAQs

1. What is a network?
Ans. A network consists of two or more separate devices linked together
such that they can communicate. Networking facilitates data
communication between computers and peripherals, and it is done
through wired cabling or wireless links. Networks can be classified
according to different criteria such as scope, type of connection, functional
relationship, topology, or function, among others.
2. What does a network engineer do?
Ans. Network engineers provide technical assistance in the installation,
use, maintenance, updating, and repair of hardware and software. They
ensure the operability and quality of services to facilitate the use of
computer systems, based on requirements; applying techniques, assertive
procedures, and following good technical practices. They specialize in
areas such as communications, control systems, robotics,
microprocessors, or semiconductor devices. They must take into account
efficiency, safety, and environmental factors.
3. What are skills that I must have to become a network engineer?
Ans. Skills that you must have to become a network engineer will include:

 Specialized technical knowledge on electronic equipment and

systems
 Updated on new technical advances
 Ability to convert system requirements into detailed designs,
accuracy, and attention to detail
 Ability to work within tight budgets, and deadlines
 Skills to work as part of multidisciplinary teams
 Ability to stay consistently innovative
 Good communication skills, particularly when explaining technical
information to people with non-technical backgrounds.

4. What is the average salary of a network engineer in India?

Ans. The average salary band of a network engineer in India is around Rs.
3.2 LPA (according to Ambitionbox).

5. What are the major job responsibilities of a network

engineer?

Ans. The major job responsibilities of a network engineer include:

 Configure and install various network devices and services (for

example – routers, switches, firewalls, load balancers, VPN, or
QoS)
 Perform network maintenance and system updates, including
“service packs”, patches, “hotfixes” and security settings
 Monitor performance and ensure system reliability and availability
 Monitor resource usage, trends, and system capacity planning
 Provide technical support and troubleshoot
 Work with established settings and modify management policies to
ensure awareness, approval, and success of changes made to the
network infrastructure
 Select and implement security tools, policies, and procedures in
coordination with the company’s security team
 Collaborate with vendors and other IT employees for
troubleshooting

6. What are the eligibility criteria to become a networking engineer?

Ans. To become a network engineer, you need to have:

 Bachelor’s degree in computer science or a related subject

  CCNP or higher certification (CCIE and CISSP certifications will
also be highly valued)
 Deep knowledge of network protocols (for example, IPSEC, HSRP,
BGP, OSPF, 802.11, and QoS)
 Solid knowledge of the OSI and TCP / IP model
 Hands-on experience in monitoring, network diagnostics, and
network analytics tools

7. Which job profiles are available for network engineers?

Ans. Some of the popular network professional roles are – network
architect/computer network architect, network support, helpdesk support,
support/security/systems engineer, IT support engineer, systems support
engineer, network administrator, first/second-line support, VoIP
engineer, etc.
8. Which are the top industries hiring network engineers?
Ans. Some of the most popular network engineer recruiters are – Web
design, Robotics, Multimedia, Informatic security, Software, construction,
Technological infrastructure, Communication Technology management,
Telecommunication, etc.
9. Which are the best networking courses available online?
Ans. Some of the free networking courses are:
On edX

 https://learning.naukri.com/it-support-networking-essentials-
course-edxl80
 https://learning.naukri.com/iot-networking-and-fog-layer-devices-
course-edxl226

On Coursera

 https://learning.naukri.com/networking-and-security-architecture-
with-vmware-nsx-course-courl477
 https://learning.naukri.com/networking-in-google-cloud-hybrid-
connectivity-and-network-management-course-courl495

On Pluralsight

 https://learning.naukri.com/network-security-monitoring-nsm-
with-security-onion-course-plsil19
10. How long does it take to complete a networking course?
Ans. A networking course usually takes 3 months -1 year. However,
Naukri Learning offers you ample time to complete your course within the
validity and earn a certification.
11. Is networking a good career?
Ans. A career in networking would always be in demand across different
industries. Market experts speculate a growth of 5 -10% in networking
jobs by 2030. This won’t just be rewarding but you would also get to work
with a number of cutting-edge technologies.