1

MATHEMATICS
For the
HEALTH SCIENCES
 3

Mathematical Essentials
Natural numbers and Integers
Set of Natural numbers: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5...
Set of Integers: ...  5,  4,  3,  2,  1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 ….
Note:
The number o (zero) is also an integer but it is neither positive nor negative.

Prime numbers and factorization

Factor:
A factor is a number that divide the original number completely such that
there is no remainder. For example: 2 is a factor of 8 because 8 ÷ 2 = 4

Find all factors of 24:

Think of all the ways you can write 24 as a product of two numbers:
1  24
2  12
3 8
46
These are all of the possibilities, so the factors of 24 are:
1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24
Prime Number:
A natural number is called prime if it has exactly two factors 1 and itself:
2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47…

Composite number:
A number which has more than two factors:
4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 21, 22 …
 4
Key Point:
 1 is not a prime number.
 2 is the only even prime number.

Example1:
Decide whether each number is prime or composite.
(a) 25 (b) 17 (c) 12 (d) 31
Solution:
If we can find even one factor other than 1 and the number itself, then it is composite.

(a) Five is a factor of 25, since 5  5 =25, so 25 is composite.

(b) The only factors of 17 are 1 and 17, so it is prime.

(c) Two is a factor of 12 (as are several other numbers), so 12 is composite.
(d) There are no factors of 31 other than 1 and 31, so it is prime
Prime factorization:
Writing a number as a product of prime numbers is known as prime
factorization.
Example: Find the prime factorization of 24: 2 24
2 12
2 6
3 3
1
Now write down all prime numbers as a product.
2223

 23  3
Q: Prime factorize 112. 2 112
Ans:
2 56
2 28
22227 2 14

 24  7 7 7
1
 5
Fraction:
p
In general a fraction is of the form , where the letters p and q represent
q
integers and q  0.
In fractions, the top number is called the numerator and the bottom
number is called the denominator.
Note:
Common denominators are necessary to add or subtract fractions.

Common denominators are not necessary when multiplying or dividing.

Proper fraction:
A fraction in which the numerator is less than the denominator is called a
proper fraction.
5 3 4 7
For example: , , ,
8 10 5 9
Improper fraction:
A fraction in which the numerator is greater than or equal to the
denominator is called improper fraction.
13 25 4 16 18
For example: , , , ,
5 2 4 3 18
Mixed fraction:
It consists of an integer and a fractional part.
1 3
Example: 3 , 5
2 4
23
Example: Write as mixed numbers.
6
23 5
3
6 6
47
Example: Write as mixed numbers.
5
47 2
9
5 5
2
Example: Write 6 as an improper fraction.
7
2 6  7  2 44
6  
7 7 7
 6
EXERCISE
In Problems 1 – 5, classify the fraction as proper or improper.
9 61 4
1) (Proper) 2) (Improper) 3) (Proper)
61 9 17
17 8
4) (Improper) 5) (Proper)
4 41
Equivalent fractions:
Multiplying or dividing both the numerator and the denominator of a fraction by a
same number produces a fraction having the same value, called an equivalent
fraction.
3 3 7
For example: =
4 47
3 21
and are equivalent fractions.
4 28
 7

Reducing Fractions:

15 36
Example3: Reduce these fractions a) b)
105 90
15 35 1
a)  
105 3  5  7 7
36 2  2  3  3 2
b)  
90 2  3  3  5 5
 8
Q1:
1 1
Barry lost 3 pounds and then lost 2 more pounds. How much weight did Barry
2 4
lose altogether? Give your answer as a mixed number.

1 1 23 3
Answer: 3 2   5 pounds
2 4 4 4

Q2:
A healthcare professional was asked to administer 1000 units of a medication.
However, all that is in stock are bottles containing 150 units. How many bottles
should be administered? Give your answer as a mixed number.

1000 2
Answer: 1000  150   6 bottles
150 3

Q3:
A healthcare professional was asked to administer 600 units of a medication.
However, all that is in stock are bottles containing 125 units. How many bottles
should be administered? Give your answer as a mixed number.

600 4
Answer: 600  125   4 bottles
125 5
 9
FRACTIONS AND DECIMALS

Example:
4
a) Write as a decimal
5
0.8
11
b) Write as a decimal
40
0.275
EXERCISE
In Problems 1 – 6, write as a decimal (round to 2 decimal places).
9 1 5 3 2
1) 2) 3) 4) 5)
20 4 6 7 11
Solution:
9 3
1) = 0.45 4) = 0.43
20 7
1
2) = 0.25
4
5 2
3) = 0.83 5) = 0.18
6 11
Simplifying and Writing as a whole number
Example1:
Find the BMI [body mass index] (to the nearest whole number) for a patient who is
1.8 m tall and weighs 70 kg.
weight in kg
Solution: BMI 
height in m2
70
BMI   21.60  22
1.8 2

Example2:
Find BMI [body mass index] (to the nearest whole number) for a patient who is
1.6 m tall and weighs 67 kg.
weight in kg
Solution: BMI 
height in m2
67
BMI   26.17  26
1.6 2
 10

Write decimal number as a fraction

Q: write the following decimal numbers as a fraction in simplest form:
a) 0.4 b) 0.6 c) 0.5 d) 0.35 e) 0.56

Answer:
4 2 2 2 5 1 5 1
a) 0.4 =   d) 0.5 =  
10 2  5 5 10 2  5 2
e) 0.56=
6 2 3 3
b) 0.6 =   56 2  2  2  7 14
10 2  5 5  
100 2  2  5  5 25
35 7 5 7
c) 0.35=  
100 2  2  5  5 20

Percentage:
Percentage:
A Percentage is a fraction whose denominator is 100.
Symbol % is used to represent percentage.
19
For example: = 19%
100
Key Point: To convert a fraction into a percentage, multiply by 100 and
label the result as a percentage.
Example: Write the following as percentage:
7 3 5 1
a) b) c) d) 1
8 4 6 2
Solution:
7 7
a)   100%  87.5%
8 8
3 3
b)   100%  75%
4 4
5 5
c)   100%  83.3%
6 6
1
d) 1  1.5  100%  150%
2
 11
Write the following % as decimal:
a) 84% b) 37.5% c) 5% d) 172%
Solution:
84
a) 84 % =  0.84
100

37.5
b) 37.5 % =  0.375
100

5
c) 5 % =  0.05
100

172
d) 172 % =  1.72
100

Write each % into a fraction:

a) 42 %

42 2  3 7 21
42 % =  
100 2  2  5  5 50

b) 6 %

6 2 3 3
6%=  
100 2  2  5  5 50

Solving % problems:
Q1: Find 7 % of 60.
Solution:
7
 60  4.2
100

Q2: Find 30 % of 250.

Solution:
30
 250  75
100
 12
1
Q3: Find 2 % of 160.
2
Solution:
1
2
2  160  2.5  160  4
100 100

Q4: A patient has a bottle that contains 30 pills. During the first day, this patient took
20 % of the pills. How many pills the patient used in the first day?
first day = 20% of 30
20
  30  6
100
Applications of %:
Q1: If 70 of every 80 patients test positive for a disease, what % test positive?
Solution:
70
% test positive   100%  87.5%
80
Q2: If 6 of every 120 patients test negative for a disease, what % test negative?
Solution:
6
% test negative   100%  5%
120
Q3: If 19 of 25 patients are satisfied with their health insurance. What % are
satisfied? What % are NOT satisfied?
19
Satisfied:  100  76%
25
Not satisfied: 100-76= 24 %
Q4: If 825 of 1100 test result were positive for a test is run in a hospital. What % of
the test was positive? What % of the test was negative?

825
% test positive   100 %
1100
 75 %
% positive test= 75 %
% negative test= 100 - 75 = 25 %
 13
Q5: If 312 of 500 test result were negative for a test is run in a hospital. What % of
the test was positive?
312
test negative   100
500
 62 . 4 %
% negative test= 62.4 %
% positive test= 100 – 62.4 = 37.6 %

Q6: Find the tax and total cost of printer that original costs $300. The tax rate is 5%.
Solution: Tax  5% of $ 300
5
Tax   300
100
 $15
Total cost  300  15  $ 315

Q7: Find the tax and total cost of a TV that original costs $150. The tax rate is 6%.
Solution: Tax  6% of $150
6
Tax   150
100
 $9
Total cost  150  9  $159

Q8: If the cost of a cylinder is $200 and it is on sale for 25% off, find the new sale
price.
Solution: Discount  25% of $200
25
Discount   200
100
 $50
Sale price  200  50  $150
 14

change
percentage change   100
original value
new value  original value
% change   100
original value
Q1: A person‟s salary increase from 5000 dollars to 6500 dollars.
Find the percentage change.
new value  original value
% change   100
original value
(6500  5000)
% change   100
5000
% change  30
The earning is increased by 30 %
% change  30
Q2: A Television price is reduced from 2500 dollars to 2000 dollars. Find the
percentage change .

new value  original value

% change   100
original value
( 2000  2500)
% change   100
2500
% change   20
Negative indicates the decrease in price.
Percentage change =  20 %
Q3: The cholesterol count in a blood sample was198. A few months later, the count
was 178. Find the percentage change.

new value  original value

% change   100
original value
(178  198)
% change   100
198
% change   10 .1
Negative indicates the decrease in count.
Percentage change =  10.1 %
 15

ALGEBRA
 16

Linear and Rational equations

Linear equations
A linear equation is one of the form ax + b = 0 where a and b are numbers
and the unknown quantity is x. For example: 3x + 2 = 0
Solving linear equations
In order to solve a linear equation we try to make the unknown quantity
the subject of the equation.
For example: 4x + 12 = 0
4x = – 12
12
x=
4
x = 3
Key point: A linear equation has only one solution.

Example:
Solve 5x  9  3x  7
Solution:
5x  9  3x  7
5x  3x  7  9
2x  16
x 8
Solution set  {8}

Q1: Solve for x: 3(x + 2) = 5(x – 6)

Solution:
3(x + 2) = 5(x – 6)
3x + 6 = 5x – 30
6 + 30 = 5x – 3x

2x = 36

36
x=
2

x = 18
 17
Q2: Solve. 3(2 x  4)  7  ( x  5)

3(2 x  4)  7  ( x  5)
6 x  12  7  x  5
6 x  12  2  x
6 x  x  2  12
7 x  14
x2

Q3: Solve for t: 3(t + 2) + 2t = 5(t + 3)

Solution: 3t + 6 + 2t = 5t + 15
3t + 2t+ 6 = 5t + 15
5t – 5t = 15 – 6
0=9
No solution

Rational equations:
A rational equation is an equation in which one or more of the terms is a fractional
one.

Q1: Solve
2x  1 7

2 4

2x  1 7

2 4
4(2 x  1)  7  2
8 x  4  14
8 x  14  4
8 x  10
10 5
x 
8 4
 18
Q2:
3( x  5)
Solve for x:  10
7
Solution:
3x  15
 10
7
3x  15
 10
7
3x  15  10  7
3x  15  70
3x  70  15
3x  85
85
x
3
x  28.3
Solution set  {28.3}

1 1
Q4: Solve : x  x  50
3 2

1 1
x  x  50
3 2
2 x  3x
 50
6
5x
 50
6
5 x  50  6
5x 50  6

5 5
x  60
 19
Q5: A hospital shipment contains several boxes of medicine. One employee moved
one fourth of the boxes to a store room. Whereas another employee moved one half.
Altogether they moved 60 boxes. How many boxes were in the entire shipment?
Answer: x = total number of boxes in the shipment
The equation will be
1 1
x  x  60
4 2
x x
  60
4 2
2x  4x
 60
8
6x
 60
8
6 x  60  8
6x 60  8

6 6
x  80
Total number of boxes= 80

Q6: A hospital shipment contains several boxes of medicine. One employee moved
One fifth of the boxes to a store room. Whereas another employee moved one third.
Altogether they moved 32 boxes. How many boxes were in the entire shipment?
Answer:
x = total number of boxes in the shipment
1 1
x  x  32
5 3
x x
  32
5 3
3x  5x
 32
15
8x
 32
15
8 x  32  15
8x 32  15

8 8
x  60

Total number of boxes= 60

 20

Formula manipulation
Q7:
Solve for m: y  mx b
Solution:
mxb  y
mx  y b
mx y b

x x
y b
m
x
Q8.
1 1 1
Solve   for f
f d1 d 2
1 1 1
Solution:  
f d1 d 2

1 d 2  d1

f d1d 2

f dd
 1 2
1 d1  d 2

d1d 2
f 
d1  d 2

Q9. Solve for a: A = 2ab + 2ac + 2bc

Solution: 2ab + 2ac + 2bc =A

2ab + 2ac = A – 2bc

a(2b + 2c) = A – 2bc

A  2bc
a
2b  2c
 21
Q10. Solve for w: P  2 y  2w
Solution:
2 y  2w  P
2w  P  2 y
2w P  2 y

2 2
P  2y
w
2

Q11: Find the value of c:

A  rT , where r  5 and T  6
A  kc, where k  10
Solution:
A  rT  A  5  6
A  30

A  kc, put A  30 and k  10

30  10  c
30
c
10
3c

Q12: Find the value of V:

PV  cT , where c  100 and P  75
T  5s, where s  12
Solution:
T  5s  T  5 12
T  60

PV  cT , put P  75, c  100 and T  60

75V  100  60
75V 100  60

75 75
V  80
 22

Ratios and Proportions

Ratio
The ratio is used to compare 2 quantities having same units.
For example: Dividing $200 between 2 people, Ali and Omer, in the ratio of 7 : 3.
This means that Ali receives $7 for every $3 that Omer receives. So every $10 is
7
divided as $7 to Ali and $3 to Omer. Thus Ali gets of the money that is $140 and
10
3
Omer gets of the money that is $60.
10

Q1: Divide 1200 in the ratio 1 : 2 : 3 : 4

Solution: Sum of the ratios = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 10

1
First part =  1200  120
10
2
Second part =  1200  240
10
3
Third part =  1200  360
10
4
Fourth part =  1200  480
10

Q2:
35 mL of a Drug is supposed to be injected in the blood stream of a patient on three
different times morning, after noon, night in the ratio 4:2:1. Find the volume of the
drug for each injection.
Solution: Sum of the ratios = 4 + 2 +1 = 7
4 4
morning = of 35 =  35 = 20 mL.
7 7
2
after noon =  35  10 mL.
7
1
night =  35  5 mL.
7
 23
3 1
Q3: Divide 380 between Ali and Bilal in the ratio :
4 5
3 1
Solution: Ali: Bilal = :
4 5
= 0.75 : 0.2
=
Sum of ratios = 0.75 + 0.2= 0.95

0.75 0.2
Share of Ali =  380 = 300 Share of Bilal =  380 = 80
0.95 0.95

Q4:
3 1 1
A sum of 2600 is divided between Alan, Bill and David in the ratio of 2 : 1 : 2 .
4 2 4
Find the amount that each receives.
Solution:
3 1 1
Alan, Bill and David ratios are 2 : 1 : 2
4 2 4

2 . 75 : 1 . 5 : 2 . 25
Sum of ratios:
2 . 75  1 . 5  2 . 25
 6.5

2.75
Share of Alan =  2600  1100
6.5

1.5
Share of Bill =  2600  600
6.5

2.25
Share of David =  2600  900
6.5
 24

Proportions
Q1:
40 mL serum is needed for every 1800 mL saline. How many mL of serum is needed
if we have 9450 mL saline and wish to keep the same concentration?
serum serum

saline saline
40 x

1800 9450
x  1800  40  9450
40  9450
x
1800
x  210 mL
Q2:
28 mL serum is needed for every 400 mL saline. How many mL of serum is needed
if we have 1300 mL Saline and wish to keep the same concentration?
serum serum

saline saline
28 x

400 1300
x  400  28  1300
28  1300
x
400
x  91 mL
Q3:
A urine sample has 700 mg proteins in a total volume of 1300 mL. Find the amount
of proteins in the same sample volume of 650 mL.
proteins proteins

total volume total volume
700 x

1300 650
x  1300  700  650
700  650
x
1300
x  350 mg
 25

Q4:
If A urine sample has 800 mg proteins in a total volume of 1900 mL. Find the
amount of proteins in this same sample volume of 380 mL.

proteins proteins

total volume total volume
800 x

1900 380
x  1900  800  380
800  380
x
1900
x  160 mg

Q5:
Every 5 mL contains 8 mg drug. How many mg of drug are in 38 mL solution?

mL mL

mg mg
5 38

8 x
5  x  8  38
8  38
x
5
x  60.8 mg

Q6:
Every 4 mL contains 12 mg drug. How many mg of drug are in 40 mL solution?
mL mL

mg mg
4 40

12 x
4  x  12  40
12  40
x
4
x  120 mg
 26
Q7:
25 is 40 % of what number?
Solution: Let x be required number
part %

whole 100
25 40

x 100
x  40  100  25
100  25
x
40
x  62 . 5
Q8:
58 is 30 % of what number?
Solution: Let x be required number
part %

whole 100
58 30

x 100
x  30  100  58
100  58
x
30
x  193 . 3
Q9:
121 is 20 % of what number?
Solution: Let x be required number
part %

whole 100
121 20

x 100
x  20  100  121
100  121
x
20
x  605
 27
Q10:
25 is what % of 200?
part %

whole 100
25 %

200 100
%  200  100  25
100  25
%
200
%  12 . 5
Q11:
375ml of IV solution drips into a patient every 3 hours. How many mL will be drip
into this patient in 8 hours?
Ans.
mL mL

time time
375 x

3 8
x  3  375  8
375  8
x  1000 mL
3

Q12:
300 mL of IV solution drips into a patient every 2 hours. How many mL will be drip
into this patient in 6 hours?
Ans.
mL mL

time time
300 x

2 6
x  2  300  6
300  6
x  900 mL
2
 28
Q13:
A person burns 375 calories in 5 hours. How many calories will this person burn in
24 hours? calories calories
Ans. 
time time
375 x

5 24
x  5  375  24
375  24
x  1800 calories
5
Q14:
An IV is running at a rate of 120 mL/hour. How much solution will be infused over a
6 hour period?
Ans: mL mL

time time
120 ml x

1 hr 6 hr
x  1  120  6
x  720 mL
Q15:
A car gets 20 miles per gallon. At this rate how many liters will it take to cover 100
km?
Required unit are Km and liter

1mile  1.61 km  20miles  20 1.61  32.2 km

1 galloon  3.79 litres

km km

L L
32.2 100

3.79 x
x  32.2  100  3.79
100  3.79
x
32.2
x  11.77 L
 29

Integer exponent

If a is real number and m is an integer,

then in the expression
a m , m is called an exponent and
a is called the base

Properties of Integer Exponents:

For m and n integers and a and b real numbers:

a m  a n  a m n a 4  a 3 = a 43 = a 7

am mn a5
a  a 5 3  a 2
an a3

(a m )n  a m  n (a 2 )3  a 23  a 6

(ab)m  a m  bm (ab )3  a 3b 3

a0  1 (u 3v 2 )0  1

(a m bn )k  a mk bnk (a 2b 3c 4 )2  a 4b 6c 8

1 1
a m  a 5 
am a5

Simplify using exponent property and write your answer using positive
exponents only.
A) (3a 5 )(2a 3 ) = 3  2  a5a 3  6a 2
 30
B) (2 y )(3y 2 )(5 y 4 )
2  3  5  y  y2  y4
 30 y1 2  4
 30 y 7

8 x5
C)  4 x52  4 x3
2 x2
Q1:  4 y 3  ( 4 y )3
 4 y 3  ( 4 y )3   4 y 3  ( 64 y 3 )

  4 y 3  64 y 3

 60 y 3

Q2: (2a 3b 2 )2

(2a 3b2 )2  22 (a 3 )2 (b2 )2

2 6 4 a6b4 a 6
2 a b  
22 4 b4
3
 6mn 2 
Q3: Simplify 
 3m 1n 2 
 

3
 6mn 2 
 
3
 1 2   2m11n2 2
 3m n 

 
3
 2m 2 n  4

 23 m 6n12
n12
 3 6
2 m
n12
 6
8m
 31

Q4:Smplify: 16 x 4 y8  4 16 x 4 y8

16 x 4 y8  4 16 x 4 y8
1 1
 (16 x y )
4 8 2
 (16 x y )
4 8 4

1 1
2 4 8 2
(4 x y )  (2 x y )
4 4 8 4

1 1 1 1 1 1
2 4 8 4 4 8
(4 2 x 2 y 2 )  (2 4 x 4 y 4 )

4 x 2 y 4  2 xy 2

4  2  x 21 y 4 2

8 x3 y 6

 ax  a y  x y
 ax  b x  a b

Q5: Solve for x: 54 x2  53x

54 x  2  53 x
4 x  2  3x
4 x  3x  2
x2
x2
 32

Q6:
( )6x 1 
4 5
Solve for x:
5 4

( )6 x 1  ( ) 1
4 4
5 5
6x  1   1
6x   1  1
6x   2
x   2   0.33
6

Q7:
Solve for x: (2 x  1)5  ( x  1)5

Solution: (2 x  1)5  ( x  1)5

2x  x  1  1
2x  x  1  1
x2

Q8:
Solve:100x3  1000x

Answer: First we will make base same.

100 x 3  1000 x

(102 ) x 3  (103 ) x

102( x 3)  103 x

102 x 6  103 x

102 x 6  103 x
2 x  6  3x
6  3x  2 x
6  x
 33
Q9:
Solve: 16x  32
16 x  32

(24 ) x  25

24 x  25

24 x  25
4x  5
5
x
4

Scientific notation
Sometimes we have very large or very small numbers. It is trouble some to
write them in standard decimal form.
In scientific notation each number is written in the form
a  10 n where
1  a < 10 (a is between 1 and 10) and
n is an integer. (Positive or negative whole number)
Decimal notation Scientific notation
23000 2.3 104

345000000 3.45  108

0.0031 3.1 103

0.000000683 6.83 107

1. The influenza virus has a diameter of approximately 0.00000256 inch. Write this
in scientific notation. 2.56 106 in

2. A red blood cell is typically about 5800000/mm3. Write this count in scientific
notation.
  5.8 10 /mm
6 3
5800000


6 places
 34
3. Platelets are the mechanism in the blood that helps in clotting. A normal platelet
count is 300000000000/L. Write this in scientific notation.
  3  10 /L
11
3 00000000000
 
11 places

4. Mitochondria are the power generating portion of a cell. Their typical size is about
5 106 m. Write this size in decimal notation.
0.000005 m
5. The diameter of protein is estimated to be around 11015 of a meter. Write this in
decimal notation.
0.000000000000001

Practice questions:

1 million= 1000000=106

1 billion= 1000000000=109

Answers:
 35

Solving simultaneous equations

Simultaneous equations
Sometimes equations contain more than one unknown quantity. When this happens
there are usually two or more equations. Such equations are called simultaneous
equations and to solve them we find values of x and y that satisfy both equations at
the same time.
For example:
x + 2y = 14
3x + y = 17

If we substitute x = 4 and y = 5 into either of two equations above. We see that both
the equation are satisfied.

Q1:
Solve the simultaneous equations by elimination method.
x + 3y = 10 -------- (I)
2x  3y = 2 ------- (II)
Solution: Adding both equations
x + 3y = 10
2x –3y = 2
3x = 12

x=4
Putting x = 2 in equation (I)
4 + 3y = 10
3y = 10  4
3y = 6
3y 6

3 3
y =2
Therefore the solution is x = 4, y = 2.
(4, 2)
 36

Q2: Solve the simultaneous equations by elimination method:

5x + 4y = 7 ---------(I)
3x – y = 11 ------ (II)
Solution: Multiplying equation (II) by 4 and adding both equations
5x + 4y = 7
12x – 4y = 44
17x = 51
x=3
Now putting this value in equation (I)
5(3) + 4y = 7
15 + 4y = 7
4y = – 8
Dividing both sides by 4, y = –2
The solution is x =3, y = –2.
Q3:
 37

Infinite Solutions:
[Solve by elimination method and find 0 = 0 ]
Example:
2 x  3 y  6    (1)
2 x  3 y  6    (2)
Solution:
2 x  3 y  6    (1)
2 x  3 y  6    (2)

0 = 0
Infinite solution

Infinite solutions
Both lines are identical (same)
 38
[ only one line]
One solution (unique solution)
Lines cross each other at one point only
2 x  3 y  2    (1)
x  2 y  8    (2)

Solution set ={(4, 2)}

 39
No solution
Solve by elimination method and find 0 = any other number]

Example: 2x + 3 y = 6 ………….(I)
4x + 6y = – 12 ………….(II)
Multiplying equation (I) by – 2 and adding to equation (II)
– 4x – 6y = – 12
4x + 6y = – 12
0 = –24

No Solution

Lines are parallel, do not cross each other

 40
Graph of system of equations No. of solutions

One solution

No solution

Infinite many solutions

 41

System of equations No. of solutions

A)
x  3 y  10    ( I )
2 x  3 y  2    ( II ) One solution
3x=12
x=4
(I )  4+3y=10
y=2
(4, 2)

B)
2 x  4 y  8    ( I ) No solution
x  2 y  0    ( II )
(I )   2x  4 y  8
( II )  2, 2x  4 y  0

0 = 8

C)
4 x  2 y  10    ( I )
2 x  y  5    ( II ) Infinite many solutions
(I )  4 x  2 y  10
( II )  2,  4 x  2 y  10

0 = 0
 42

Solving quadratic equations

Quadratic equation
A quadratic equation is an equation of the form ax 2 + bx + c = 0 where a,
b and c are numbers and x is the unknown quantity.
Example: x 2 + 2x – 3 = 0

Square root property:

A 2  C , then A  C
Q1.
Factorize 9 x2  4  0
Solution:
9 x2  4  0
9 x2  4
4
x2 
9
4
x2 
9
2
x
3
2 2
x , 
Q2. 3 3
Solve using the square root property:

16 x 2  7  0
16 x 2  7
7
x2 
16
7
x
16
7
x
4
7 7
solution set  {  , }
4 4
 43
Q3.
Solve m 2  25  0
Solution: m 2  25  0
m 2  25
m   25
m  5

Q4: Solve
(2k  5)2  16
Solution: (2k  5)2  16
2k  5   16
2k  5   4

2k  5  4 2k  5   4
2k  4  5 2k   4  5
2k  9 2k  1
9 1
k  k 
2 2

Q4. Solve. ( x  4)  12
2

Solution:
( x  4)2  12

( x  4)2  12

x  4   12

x42 3

x4 2 3

x  4  2 3, 4  2 3
 44

Solving quadratic equations using the formula

When it is difficult or impossible to factorize the quadratic expression
a x 2 + bx + c, solutions of a quadratic equation can be found using the
following formula, known as the quadratic formula.

 b  b 2  4ac
If ax + bx + c = 0, then x 
2
2a

Example:
Solve by quadratic formula: 2x 2 – 10x +12 = 0
Solution:
a = 2, b = –10 and c = 12
b  b 2  4a c
x 
2a

(10)  (10)2  4(2)(12)

x=
2(2)
10  100  96
x=
4
10  4
x=
4
10  2
x=
4

10  2 10  2
x= x=
4 4
12 8
x= x=
4 4
x=3 x=2
 45
Q1.
Solve using quadratic formula x 2  2x  3  0
Solution: x 2  2x  3  0
a  1 b  2 c  3
(2)  (2)2  4(1)(3)
x 
2(1)
2  4  12
x 
2
2  8
x 
2
No real solution.

Q2.
Solve using quadratic formula 12x 2  7x  10
Solution: 12x 2  7x  10
12x 2  7x 10  0
a  12 b  7 c  10
7  72  4(12)(10)
x 
2(12)
7  49  480
x 
24
7  529
x 
24
7  23
x 
24

7  23 7  23
x  or x 
24 24
16 30
x  or x 
24 24
2 5
x or x  
3 4
 46

Measurements & Units

Metric units of length

The standard unit of length is the meter abbreviated to m.
1 kilometer (km) = 1000 meters (m)
1 meter (m) = 100 centimeter (cm)
1 cm = 10 millimeters (mm)
1 meter (m) = 1000 millimeters (mm)

Solution : 83.5 100  8350 cm

Solution : 397 100  3.97 m

Converting U.S. units of length:

Solution: 2  3  6 feet  6 12  72 in

 47

Solution: 76 12  6.33 ft

Solution: 26  3  8.66 ft

Q1) One of the highest dog jumps was 11.75 feet long. How many inches is that?
Solution: 1 ft = 12 in.
11.75 ft = 11.75  12 = 141 in.

Q2) The largest flying bird had a wing span of 24 ft. How many yards is that ?
Solution: 3 ft = 1yd

24 t = 24  3 = 8 yd.

Units of area
1 square meter, written 1 m 2 , is the area of a square having sides of
length 1 meter.
Key Point: 1m2 = 100 x 1 00 cm2 = 10000 cm2

Q:
How many square inches (Area) are there in a 4ft by 3 ft rectangle?

4ft  4  12  48 in
3ft  3  12  36 in

area  48 in  36 in  1728 in 2
 48
Metric units of volume
1 cubic meter, written 1 m 3 , is the volume of a cube with sides of length
1 meter. When measuring the volume of liquids, the liter is commonly
used.
1 litre = 1000 millitres (1L =1000 mL)
1 milliter = 1 cm 3 3
(1 cm = 1mL)
1 litre = 1000 cm 3 3
(1L =1000 cm )
1000 liters = 1 m 3 3
(1000 L = 1m )

Q1: How many fluid ounces are in 500 mL test Tube?

1 fl ounce= 30 mL

500
 16.7
30
 49
Q2:
How many cubic centimeters (cc) are in 6L saline?
6  1000  6000 cc

Q3:
How many fluid ounces are there in 60 mL?

60
2
30

Q3:
How many tablespoons are in 12 fl oz?
1oz  30 mL
12oz  30  12  360 mL
360
  24 tablespoons
15

Q4. Convert 68.3 cm3 to cubic meters.

1 cubic meter = 1000 L
1 cubic meter = 1000 × 1000 cm3 (1 L = 1000 cm3)
1 cm3 = 1 ÷ 1000000 cubic meter
-5
68.3 cm3 = 68.3 ÷ 1000000 = 6.83 × 10 cubic meter

Q7. Convert 7.2 m3 to liters

1 m3 = 1000 L
7.2 m3 = 7.2 × 1000 = 7200 L

Metric units of mass

The standard unit of mass is the kilogram abbreviated to kg.
1 tonne (t) = 1000 kilograms (kg)
1 kilogram (kg) = 1000 grams (g)
1gram (g) = 1000 milligrams (mg)
1 milligram (mg) = 1000 micrograms (  g)
 50

1. Convert 168 mg into grams.

0.168 grams

2. Convert 12 kg into grams.

12000 grams

3. 4 mg into micrograms.
4000

Practice questions:
1. Write the area 0.005 m2 as an area in mm2.

5000 mm2

2. A medicine bottle contains 200 mL. How many teaspoons is this?

40 teaspoons
3. A medicine bottle has volume 500 cm3. How many teaspoons is this?

100 teaspoons

4. A petrol tank has capacity 20 liters. What is the capacity in cm3?

20000 cm3

Dose calculations:
( D) desire dose ( H ) on hand

( A) amount to give (V ) vehicle

Or

( D) desire dose
 (V ) vehicle  ( A) amount to give
( H ) on hand
 51

EXAMPLE:
A physician orders 750 mg of a medicine. However the label on the medicine bottle
states the dose strength is 250 mg per tablet

Desire dose= 750 mg

On hand= 250 mg
Vehicle v= 1 tablet

( D) desire dose
 (V ) vehicle  ( A) amount to give
( H ) on hand
750 mg
 1 tablet  3  1  3 tablets
250 mg

Q1:
A physician orders 500 mg of a medicine. However the label on the medicine bottle
states the dose strength is 125mg per capsule. How many capsules should be given to
this patient?

Desire dose= 500 mg

On hand= 125 mg
Vehicle v= 1 capsule

( D) desire dose
 (V ) vehicle  ( A) amount to give
( H ) on hand
500 mg
 1 capsule  4  1  4 capsule
125 mg
Q2:
A physician orders 250 mg of a medicine. However, only dose strength of 100 mg
per 2 ml is available. How many mL should be given to this patient?

Desire dose= 250 mg

On hand= 100 mg
Vehicle v= 2 mL

( D) desire dose
 (V ) vehicle  ( A) amount to give
( H ) on hand
250 mg
 2 mL  2.5  2  5mL
100 mg
 52

Q3:
A physician orders 60 mg of a medicine. However, only dose strength of 25 mg per 5
mL is available. How many mL should be given to this patient?

Desire dose= 60 mg
On hand= 25 mg
Vehicle v= 5 mL

( D) desire dose
 (V ) vehicle  ( A) amount to give
( H ) on hand
60 mg
 5 mL  2.4  5  12 mL
25 mg
Q4:
A physician orders 750 mg of a medicine. However the label on the medicine bottle
states the dose strength is 0.5 g per tablet. How many tablets should be given to this
patient?

Desire dose= 750 mg

On hand=0.5 g , First change into mg 0.5  1000  500 mg
Vehicle v= 1 tablet

( D) desire dose
 (V ) vehicle  ( A) amount to give
( H ) on hand
750 mg
 1 tablet  1.5  1  1.5 tablets
500 mg

Q5:
A physician orders 20 mg of a medicine. However, only dose strength of 30 mg per 6
mL is available. How many mL should be given to this patient?

Desire dose= 20 mg
On hand= 30 mg
Vehicle v= 6 mL

( D) desire dose
 (V ) vehicle  ( A) amount to give
( H ) on hand
20 mg
 6 mL  4 mL
30 mg
 53

The coordinate plane

Y
Quadrant II 8 Quadrant I
6
Vertical axis
(4 , 4)
4 
Horizontal axis
( 4, 2)
 2 Origin
(5 , 0) X

10 8 6 4 2 O 2 4 6 8 10

2 
(3,  2)

4

Quadrant III 6 Quadrant IV

8

Q: give a verbal description of the indicated subset of the plane in

terms of quadrants and axes.

Question Answer
{(x , y ) x  0} The-y axis
{(x , y ) y  0} The-x axis
{(x , y ) x  0, y  0} Quadrant I

{(x , y ) x  0, y  0} Quadrant III

{(x , y ) x  0, y  0} Quadrant II
{(x , y ) x  0, y  0} Quadrant IV
 54

Determine in which quadrant each point lies.

a) (-8, 12)

Quadrant II, since x is negative and y is positive

b) (-1, -20)

Quadrant III, since x is negative and y is negative.

c) (50, -10)

Quadrant IV, since x is positive and y is negative.

d) (20, 150)

Quadrant I, since x is positive and y is positive.

e) (5, -4)

Quadrant IV, since x is positive and y is negative.

f) (-10, -10)

Quadrant III, since x is negative and y is negative.

 55

The straight line and Variations

change in y y2 y1
Slope = m = 
change in x x2  x1

Key points:

If slope (m) is positive, the line will rise

as we move from left to right.

If slope (m) is negative, the line will fall

as we move from left to right.

If m=0, the line will be horizontal.

If slope (m)   (undefined) ,the line

will be vertical
 56

Q1: Find the slope from the given graph:

Ans:
Take any two points (x, y):
(1, 2), (3, 6)

x1  1, y1  2, x2  3, y2  6
y2  y1
Slope  m 
x2  x1
62 4
Slope  m   2
3 1 2
 57

Q2: Find the slope from the given graph:

Ans:
Take any two points (x, y):
(2, 700), (4, 400)

x1  2, y1  700, x2  4, y2  400
y2  y1
Slope  m 
x2  x1
400  700 300
Slope  m    150
42 2
 58
Q1: Find the slope of the line passing through A (2, 5) and B (4, 15)
Answer: x1  2, y1  5, x2  4, y2  15
y2  y1
Slope = m =
x2  x1
15  5 10
Slope = m =  5
42 2
Q2: Find the slope of the line that contains the points (2, 4) and B (3, 7)
Answer: x1  2, y1  4, x2  3, y2  7
y2  y1
Slope = m =
x2  x1
74 3
Slope =  3
3 2 1

Slope-intercepts form
y=mx+b
m= slope, b= y-intercept

Q3: What is the slope and y- intercept of the line y =8x – 11

slope =8 , y- intercept = -11

Q4: What is the slope and y- intercept of the line y = 7x?

slope =7 , y- intercept = 0

Q5: What is the slope and y- intercept of the line y = 2x+1?

slope =2 , y- intercept = 1

Q6: What is the slope and y-intercept of 5y +10x  15 = 0

Solution: [ y=mx+b]
5 y  10x  15
10 15
y  x
5 5
y  2x  3
Slope=  2 y-intercept= 3
 59
Q7: What is the slope and y-intercept of 4x+2y=0
Solution:
2 y   4x
4
y x
2
y   2x
Slope =  2
Q8: Find the equation of line with slope = 4 and y intercept=  10.
y  mx  b
Solution:
y  4 x  10
Q9: Find the equation of line with slope=8 and y intercept=15.
y  mx  b
Solution:
y  8 x  15

Q 10: Find the equation of line with slope=6 and y intercept=0.

y  mx  b
Solution: y  6x  0
y  6x

Q11:
A straight line passes through A (1, 4) and B (5, 12). Find its equation.
Solution:
y y
m 2 1
x2  x1
12  4 8
m  2
5 1 4
m2
y  y1  m( x  x1 )

y  4  2( x  1)
y  4  2x  2
y  2x  2  4
y  2x  2
 60
Q: Below is a graph of the height of a boy between ages 2 and 5.
a) What is the boy age when his height is 37 inches?

b) At what rate the boy is growing?

Answer:
Start on the height axis at 37 and move to the right, until hitting the line
move down to see where the age axis is intersected, boy age is 4 years at height 37
inches

The rate the boy is growing= slope

Take any two points on the graph

(2, 31), (4, 37)

y y
slope(rate)  2 1
x2  x1
37  31 6
  3
42 2

Rate= 3 inches per year

 61

Applications:

Example#1:
An IV drip was ordered for a patient. At the start, the IV bag contained 1000 mL.
Two hours later, the bag contained 750 mL. Find the rate at which the IV bag is
draining. Use the result to predict how many milliliters will be in the IV bag after 5
hours.
Solution:
Time = x and Volume= y
At the beginning of any procedure the time is zero. So the first point is (0, 1000).
After 2 hours, the bag contains 750 mL. So the second point is (2, 750).
x1  0, y1  1000
x2  2, y2  750
y2  y1 750  1000  250
Rate  slope  m      125
x2  x1 20 2
y  y1  m( x  x1 )
y  1000   125( x  0)
y  1000   125 x
y   125 x  1000
When time = x=5 hours, Volume = y =?
y   125 x  1000
y   125  5  1000
y   625  1000
y  375
375 mL
 62
Example # 2:
An IV drip was ordered for a patient. At the start the bag contains 1000 ml. three
hours later, the bag contained 600 ml. find the rate at which The IV bag is draining.
Use the result to predict how many ml will be in the bag after 6 hours.
Solution:
Time = x and Volume= y
At the beginning of any procedure the time is zero. So the first point is (0, 1000).
After 3 hours, the bag contains 600 mL. So the second point is (3, 600).
x1  0, y1  1000
x2  3, y2  600

y2  y1 600  1000  400

m     133.33
x2  x1 30 3
y  y1  m( x  x1 )
y  1 0 0 0   1 3 3 . 3 3( x  0)
y 1 0 0 0   1 3 3 . 3 3 x
y  1 0 0 0 1 3 3 . 3 3 x
y  ? w h en x6
y   1 3 3 . 3 3 6 1 0 0 0
y  200
200 mL
 63
Direct variation:
If y varies directly with x, then it is expressed mathematically as
yx
ykx
Where k is some constant, called the proportionality constant, to be determined.
Example # 1:
If y varies directly with x and if y =12 when x=6, determine the proportionality
constant k.
Solution:
ykx
When y =12, x = 6
12  k  6
2k
Example: if y varies directly with x. and if y =30 when x=4. What is y when x=20

ykx
When y =30 , x = 4
30  k  4
30
k
4
7.5  k

y  k x  y  7.5 x
y  ? when x  20
y  7.5 20
y  150
Example #2:
If y varies directly with x and if y =15 when x=3, determine the proportionality
constant k. Then find the value of y when x = 8

Solution:
ykx
When y =15 , x = 3
15  k  3
5k

y  k x  y  5x
y  ? when x  8
y  5 8
y  40
 64
Example #3:

If the amount of a medicine (y) varies directly with the weight(x) of patient. If 15 kg
patient receives 90 mg of a medicine, find the proportionality constant and explain
what this mean. Find the amount of medicine a 20 kg patient should take.
Solution:
y  medicine , x  weight
y x
ykx
90 mg  k  15
90 mg
k
15 kg
6 mg
k
1 kg
This means 6 mg of medicine should be taken for I kg weight of patient.

6 mg
ykx  y  20 kg  120mg
1 kg

Example #4:
If the number of molecules (y) varies directly with the volume(x). And there are
3 108 molecules in 1.5 ft3. How many molecules will be in 14 ft3.
number of molecules  volume
y k x
3  108  K  1.5
3  108
K
1.5
2  108  K

If Volume = 14 ft3, number of molecules=?

number of molecules  constant  volume

number of molecules  2  108  14

number of molecules  28  108

number of molecules  2.8  101  108  2800000000

number of molecules  2.8  109

 65
Inverse variation:
If y varies Inversely with x, then it is expressed mathematically as
k
y
x

Example #1:
If y varies Inversely with x. if y=9 when x=5, Find y when x=3

k
y
x
k
9
5
k  9  5  45
y ? , x  3
k 45
y y
x 3
y  15

Example #2:
If y varies inversely with x and if y=16 when x=2. Find the proportionality constant.
Find y when x=8
k k
y   16 
x 2
k  32
y ? , x 8
k 32
y y
x 8
y4
 66
Example #3:
The volume of a gas (y) varies inversely with pressure(x), if the temperature is
constant. If the volume is 3 ft3 when pressure is 15 lb/ft2. What is the pressure(x)
when the volume is 4.5 ft3?
Solution:
y  volume, x  pressure
as volume is inversely proportional to pressure
k
y
x
y  3 ft 3 , x  15

k k
y 3  k  3  15  45
x 15
x  ?, k  45, y  4.5 ft 3
k 45
y  4.5 
x x
4.5  x  45
45
x
4.5
x  10
 67

Q:

a) What is he value of y when x=0?

b) What is the approximate value of y when x= - 4?

 68
Q.
3
Graph the line through 1, 2  and with a slope of .
5
 69

Functions
Q: Explain which is meant by a function.
Answer:
A function is a rule which operates on an input and produces an output.
We can think of the function as a mathematical machine which processes the input,
using a given rule, in order to produce an output.
The set of all first components in a function is called the domain of the function,
and the set of all second components is called the range.

Notation Used for Functions:

We let f be the function “add 2 to the input” and we let x be the input. In
mathematical notation we write
f:x  x+2
This means that the function takes an input x and produces an output (x + 2).
Alternatively,
f (x) = x + 2

Example1: Determine whether the given set is function. If it does, state the domain
and range. g = {(2, 6), (3, 7), (4, 8)}
Solution: Yes it is a function.
Domain = {(2, 3, 4}
Range = {6, 7, 8)}
Example 2: Determine whether the given set is a function. If it does, state the
domain and range. S= {(1, 4), (2, 3), (3, 2), (4, 3), (5, 4)}
Solution:
Yes it is a function.
Domain = { 1, 2, 3 ,4, 5}
Range ={ 2, 3 ,4}
Q: Find the domain and rang of the function:
{(2, 4), (3, 6), (4, 8), (5,10)}

Yes it is a function.
Domain: {2, 3, 4, 5}, Range: {4, 6, 8, 10}
 70
Example 3:
T = {(1, 4), (2, 3), (3, 2), (2, 4), (1, 5)}
Not a function
because there are order pairs with the same first components (1, 4), (1, 5)

Vertical Line Test for a Function

An equation defines a function if each vertical line in a rectangular coordinate

system passes through at most one point on the graph of the equation.

If any vertical line passes through two or more points on the graph of an equation,
then the equation does not define a function.

Function

Not a function

Function
 71

Function

Not a function

Not a function

Function

Not a function
 72

Not a function

Function

Function

Function

Function

Not a function
 73
Equation defining a function:
Which of the following equation defines a function with independent variable x?

y x 2 4 Function
Because power of dependent variable is odd

x 2  y 2  16 Not a function
Because power of dependent variable is even

y2 x4 4 Not a function

Because power of dependent variable is even

y3 x3 3 Function
Because power of dependent variable is odd

Q1: Find the domain of the function defined by the equation: y  x 3,
assuming x is independent variable.
Answer: For y to be real,(x-3) must be greater than or equal to 0
x3 0
x3
Domain is {x x  3} or [3, )

15
Q2: Find the domain of the function defined by the equation: y  , assuming
x4
x is independent variable.

Answer:

Domain is {x x  4} or (,4)  (4, )

 74
Piecewise function
Sometimes a function uses different rules on different intervals. For example we
could define a function as

Example: A piece wise function is defined by

x 2  1 when 1  x  2

y (x )   3x when 2x 6
 2x  1 when x 6


Evaluate
a) y (0) =0 2 +1=1

b) y (4) =3(4) =12

c) y (2)=2 2 +1=5

d) y (7) =2(7) +1=15

Finding the Inverse of a function

Example1:
Find the inverse of f = {(2, 9), (1, 0), (3, 9)}
1
f  {(9, 2), (0,1), (9, 3)}
f  1 Not a function (9 corresponds to two different elements)
Example2:
Find the inverse of f and find domain and range of f  1
f = {(1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6)}
Solution:
1
f  {(2,1), (4, 3), (6, 5)}
1 1
Domain of f = {2, 4, 6} Range of f = {1, 3, 5}
 75
Composite Function:
Sometimes we are required to apply two or more functions, one after the other. A
function in which two or more functions are combined such that the output of one
function becomes the input of the next function is known as a composite function.
Example:
Suppose f(x) = 2x and g(x) = x + 3. If the output of g(x) is the input to f(x)
Then f (g(x)) = f (x + 3) = 2(x + 3) = 2x + 6

The functions g(x) and f(x) have been combined and

f (g(x)) is known as Composite function.
Example 1: If
s ( x)  8 x
1
r ( x) 
4x
t ( x)  x  5

Find

a) r(s(x))=ros

b) r (t(x)) =rot

c) s (t(x)) =sot

Answer:

1 1
a) r( s( x ))  r( 8 x )  
4( 8 x ) 32 x
1 1
b) r( t ( x ))  r( x  5 )  
4( x  5 ) 4x  20
c) s( t ( x ))  s( x  5 )  8( x  5 )  8x  40
 76
Example 2:
Find f  g if f (x )  x 2  x , g (x )  3  2x
Solution: f g = f g
 f (3  2x )

 (3  2x ) 2  (3  2x )
(3  2x )(3  2x )  (3  2x )

9  6x  6x  4x 2  3  2x

4x 2  10x  6
Example 3: Find h  k if h (x )  11  x 2 , k (x )  4x  1
Solution: h k = h k
 h (4x  1)

 11  (4x  1) 2
 11  (4x  1)(4x  1)

 11  16x 2  4x  4x  1

 16x 2  8x  12

Q1: Find f  g if f (x )  4x , g (x )  x  1
f  g  f ( x  1)
 4( x  1)
 4x  4

Q2: Find f  g if f (x )  3x , Q3: Find f  g if f (x )  3x  5 ,

g (x )  x 2  4 g (x )  x 2  1
f  g  f (x 2  4) f  g  f (x 2  1)

 3(x 2  4)  3(x 2  1)  5

 3x 2  12  3x 2  3  5

 3x 2  2
 77

Exponential functions
An exponential function is any function of the form
f ( x)  a x , a  0 and a  1 . x can take any value .
Note:
x
The most common exponential expression is e
Where e is exponential constant, 2.718…
x
The expression e is found to occur in the modeling of many natural phenomena.
1) Population growth.
2) Spread of bacteria.
3) Radioactive decay.

APPLICATIONS OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

Growth and Decay

Growth Decay

p  t   p0 e k t , k  0 [ k positive ] p  t   p0 e k t , k  0 [ k negative]

p  t  =population at any time p  t  =population at any time

p0 = population size at time zero p0 = population size at time zero

K= growth rate( due to positive ) K= decay rate( due to negative )

Q2: Given the exponential model p  t   4500 e0 . 65 t . Answer the questions

below.

a) Does this represent exponential growth or exponential decay?

exponential growth because value of k is positive

 78
b) What is the initial population size?
p  t   4500 e0 . 65 t
For initial population size t=0
Initial Size  4500 e0 . 65 t
 4500
c) What is the size of the population when the time is 10 hours?

p  t   4500 e0 . 65 t
For population size when the time is 10 hours t =10
P(t  10)  4500 e0 . 65 10

 4500 e6 . 5
 2993137

Q3: Given the exponential model p  t   45500 e  0 . 5 t . Answer the questions

below.
a) Does this represent exponential growth or exponential decay?

Exponential decay because value of k is negative

b) What is the initial population size?

For initial population size t=0

Initial Size  45500 e  0 . 5 t

 45500  e0
 45500
c) What is the size of the population when the time is 12 days?

For population size when the time is 12 days t =12

P(t  12)  45500 e0 . 5 12

 45500 e6
 112 . 78  113
 79
Example1:
t
Thallium-201 is often used in stress test. It obeys the rule p  t   p 0 2 73 where

time is in hours. If a patient with coronary artery disease is administered 100 units
thallium 201. How much will still remain in patient system after 24 hours.
p0 =100, t = 24
p  t   p0 2
t
73
,

p  t   100 2
 24
73
,

p  t   100  0.80

p  t   80
Example2:
t
Thallium-201 is often used in stress test. It obeys the rule p  t   p 0 2 73 , where

time is in hours. If a patient with coronary artery disease is administered 150 units
thallium 201. How much will still remain in patient system after 3 days.
p0 =150, time is in hours t = 3  24  72 hours

p  t   p0 2
t
73
,

p  t   150  2
 72
73

p  t   150  0.80

p  t   75.7  76 units

Example3:
The number of E.coli bacteria is given by p  t   p0 . 2 20 , where t is in minutes. If
t

the initial size of this e-colony is 100 cells, find the number of cells after 3 hours.
p0 =100, time is in minutes t = 3  60  180 minutes

p  t   p0 . 2
t
20
,

p  t   100  2
180
20

p  t   100  512

 51200
 80
Example4:
The number of E.coli bacteria is given by p  t   p0 . 2
t
20
, where t is in minutes. If
the initial size of this e-colony is 40 cells, find the number of cells after 5 minutes.

p0 =40, time is in minutes t =5 minutes

p  t   p0 . 2
t
20
,

p  t   40  2
5
20

p  t   47 . 56

 48

Example5:
The amount of a radioactive material is modeled by p  t   p e  0 . 3 t , where t is in
days. If the initial size of the material is 8  g , how much will be left after 4 days.

p0 =8, time is in days t = 4 days

p  t   p e  0 . 3 t ,

p  t   8  e  0 . 3 4 ,

p  t   2 . 409

 2 . 41 μ g
 81
Logarithm functions
log a y  x , can be read as log of y to the base a is x.
(exponential form) then log a y  x is logarithm form. The
x
If we have y = a
commonly used bases are 10 and e.
Logarithm to the base 10 is denoted by log or log 10 .
Logarithm
Q: Write two properties that are common to both y= log x and y = lnx.
Answer:
 log 1 = ln1 = 0
 log 0 = ln 0 = not defined
to the base e is denoted by ln or log e .

Q: Use a scientific calculator to evaluate

a) log 150 =2.1760
b) ln 150 = 5.010
c) log0.316 = - 0.5003
d) ln 0.1 = - 2.3025
log m
loga m 
log a
Q: Evaluate the following.
log6 0.7781
a) log 4 6 =   1.2925
log 4 0.6020
log 7 0.8450
b) log 3 7 = =  1.771
log3 0.4771
log 270 2.4313
c) log 20 270 =   1.8687
log 20 1.3010
log5.2
d) log3 5.2   1.5007
log3
1
e) log 2 ( )  5
32
 82
APPLICATIONS OF LOGARITHMS
Q1: Find the pH of a solution where H   10 2

Answer: pH   log(H  )
pH   log(10 2 )
pH  2
Q2: Find the pH of a solution where H   10 5
Answer:
pH   log(H  )
pH   log(10 5 )
pH  5

Q3: What is H  molar concentration for a pH of 4?

H   anti log( pH)

 anti log( 4)

 110 4
 0.0001
Q4: Suppose that you test apple juice and find that the hydrogen ion concentration is
H   0 . 0003 . Find the pH value.
pH   log(0.0003)
pH  3.522

Q5: Suppose that you test some ammonia and find that the hydrogen ion
concentration is H   1 . 3 10 9 . Find the pH value.

pH   log(H  )

pH   log(1.3 10 9 )
pH  8.88
 83

Laws of logarithm
log A  log B  log(A  B )  log AB
A
log A  log B  log( )
B

n log A  log A n

Q1: write as a single log: 5log x  3log y

5log x  3log y  log x5  log y 3

 log( x5 y3 )

Q2: write as a single log: 2log x  5log y  log z

2log x  5log y  log z

 log x 2  log y 5  log z

x 2y 5
 log( )
z

Q3: Use the properties of logarithms to expand log( x3 y 2 )

log( x3 y 2 )  log x3  log y 2

 3log x  2log y

Q4: Use the properties of logarithms to expand log( x2 y 4 )3

log( x 2 y 4 )3  log( x6 y12 )

 log x 6  log y12

 6log x  12log y
 84
Q5: Write in expanded form:
c2
log( )
b4k8
 log(c2 )  log b4  log k8
 2logc  4log b  8log
Q6: Given that log x = 3 and log y = 10, find log( x4 y 2 ) .
log( x 4 y 2 )  log x 4  log y 2
 4log x  2log y
 4(3)  2(10)
 32
Solving exponential and logarithm equations
Q1: Solve for x: log x  1.6
Solution: log x  1.6
lo g1 0 x  1 .6

x  1 01 .6
x  3 9 .8
Q2: Solve for x: 10x  59 .
Solution:
x = log59
x = 1.7709

Q3: Solve for x: ln x  2

ln e x  2

x  e2
x  7.38
Q4: Solve for x: e x  100
Solution: e x  100
x = ln100
x = 4.6052
 85
Q5: Solve for x: log3 x  2

Solution: x  32
x9

Q6: Solve for x: log x 81  4

x 4  81

4 4
x  4 81
x3

Q 7: Solve for x: log5 x  2

x  52
x  25

Q8: Solve for x: log5  log x  2

log (5 x)  2
log1 0 (5 x)  2

5x  102
5x  100
x = 20

Q9: Solve for x: log x  log 7  1

x
log( )  1
7
x
log ( )  1
10
7
x
10 1

7
x  70
 86
Q9: Solve for x: log(2 x  1)  log( x  2  1
2x  1
log( ) 1
x2
2x  1
 101
x2
2x  1
 10
x2
10(x  2 )  2 x  1
10 x  20  2 x  1
10 x  2 x  20  1
8 x  21
21
x  2 . 625
8

Q10: Solve for x: log x  log x3  2

log x  log x3  2
Answer:
log10 ( x  x3 )  2

x  x3  102

x 4  100

x 4  100
4 4
x  4 100
x  3.16
x  3.16
 87
Q1: What is the pH of a solution with hydrogen ion concentration equal to 0.000001

pH   log(H  )
  log(.000001)
6
Q2: What is the ph of a solution with hydrogen ion concentration equal to 4.1  109 .

pH   log(H  )

  log(4.110 9 )
 8.4
Q3: What is the half life of a radioactive isotope with a decay constant   0.0629
per day.
ln 2
T1/2life 

ln 2
T1/2life   11 days
0.0629

Q4: What is the half life of a drug that is eliminated by first order kinetics with
elimination rate constant K el  0.57 per hour?

ln 2
T1/2life 

ln 2
T1/2life   1.2 hour
0.57
 88

Geometry
ANGLES AND THEIR MEASURE

Angle

Positive angle

Negative angle
 89
Types of angels

An angle between 0  and 90 

An angle of 90 

An angle of 180 

An angle between 90  and 180 

 90

Complementary angles:

Two positive angles are said to complementary angles if their sum is 90  .

α and β are complements

Q: What is the complemt of a 57 angle.
Ans: 90  57  33

Supplementary angles:
Two positive angles are said to Supplementary angles if their sum is 180  .

θ and γ are supplements

Q: What is the supplement of a 132 angle.

Ans: 180  132  48
 91

Units of an angle
The two units for measuring angles are:
 Degree
 Radian
Degree:
A full revolution is 360  .
1 rotation = 360 

1 1
 rotation =  360  180
2 2

1 1
 rotation =  360  90
4 4

Radian:
A radian is the angle made at the center of a circle by an arc whose length is equal to
the radius of the circle.

180  =  radians
360  = 2  radians

Conversion of an Angle from Degrees to Radians:


multiply the angle by
180

Example:
 
60  = 60   =
180 3

Conversion of an Angle from Radians to Degrees:

180
multiply the angle by


Example:
3 radians = 3  180
= 171.9  .

 92
Note:
An angle in degrees has the symbol  . Otherwise assume that the angle is in radians.

Q1: Find then radian measure in terms of π .

60
π π
60  
180 3

120
π 2π
120  
180 3

300
π 5π
300  
180 3

Q2:Find the degree measure.

π
6
π 180
  30
6 π

π
2
π 180
  90
2 π
 93
Arc length:

S = arc length
r = radius
θ = central angle in radian
Arc length  radius  θ
s  r θ

Example: If arc length =24 cm, radius (r) =6 cm. Find the central angle ( θ ).
s
θ
Solution:
r
24
θ  4 radians
6
Q1. Given that  =180 and r = 280 m, find arc length (s).
First change angle from degree to radians:

180     3.14 Radians
180
s  rθ
s = (280)(3.14) = 879.2 m

Sector:
A sector is that portion of the circle lying between two radii
r2  θ
Area of sector =
2
r= radius of the circle
θ = (radian) angle between two radii

Q1. Given that θ = 5 and r = 6.8 km, find the area of the sector.
r2  θ
Area of sector 
2
6 . 82  5
Area of sector   115 . 6 km 2
2
 94

Perimeter:
The distance around the object

Q: Find the perimeter of parallelogram shown.

Perimeter= 2(8+4) = 24 ft

Q:
Find the perimeter of
rectangle shown.

Perimeter=2(3+7) = 20 in

Q:
Find the circumference (perimeter) of the circle
shown

Perimeter of circle  2  r
 2  3.14  3  18.84 mm

Q: Find the circumference (perimeter) of the circle shown

First find radius.

12
r 6
2

Perimeter of circle  2  r
 2  3.14  6  37.68 ft
 95

Area and Volume

Area: The area of a shape is measured by finding how many square units
it contains.

Area of rectangle = length  width

A=l  w

Area of a square = side2

A = s2

Area of parallelogram: length of base  height

 96

Area of trapezoid=
a  b  h
2

(5  6 )  4
A  22 cm2
2

Area of a circle = πr2

Area of a triangle:
(when base and height are given)
bh
A=
2
 97
bh
A=
2
12  9
A = 54 cm2
2

bh
A=
2

45
A = 10 ft2
2

bh
A=
2

5  12
A = 30 in2
2

a b  h
2
1
(4  7 )  2
A 2 =11.5 in2.
2
 98
Volume:
The volume of a solid is measured by finding how many cubic units it
contains.
Volume of rectangular box
Length  width  height

Q1: A blood sample is place on 20 mm by 20 mm slide to count the number of white

blood cells. The depth of the blood sample between the slide and cover slip is 0.1
mm. What is the volume of blood in this sample?

V  l w  h
V  20 mm  20 mm  0.1 mm
V  40 mm3  40 cubic millimeters

Q2:A blood sample is place on 18 mm by 18mm slide to count the number of red
blood cells. The depth of the blood sample between the slide and cover slip is one
tenth of a millimeter. What is the volume of blood in this sample?
1
one tenth of a millimeter  mm
10
1
one tenth of a millimeter  mm
10
V  l w  h
1
V  18 mm  18 mm  mm
10
V  32.4 mm3  32.4 cubic millimeters
 99
Q3: A blood sample is place on 20mm by 24 mm slide to examine the platelets. The
depth of the blood sample is three tenth of a millimeter. What is the volume of
blood in this sample?
3
three tenth of a millimeter  mm
10
V  l w  h
3
V  20 mm  24 mm  mm
10
V  144 mm3  144 cubic millimeters
Q4:
A rectangular tank measures 30 ft by 3 ft by 2 ft. How many gallons of water will
hold if 1 ft3 = 7.5 gallons?
Solution: V  l  w h
3.
V  30  3  2 = 180 ft
1 ft3 = 7.5 gallons
So 180 ft3 = 180  7.5 = 1350 gallons

Volume of cylinder =  r 2 h

Example:
If the diameter (d) in the coronary artery in a patient is 3 mm. find the volume of
blood in artery of length 5 mm in length. Assume that artery is cylindrical in shape.
first find radius
d 3
r   1.5 mm
2 2

Volume of cylinder   r 2 h

V  3.14 1.52  5
V  35.33 mm3
 100
Q:

10
10 ft  yd
3
6
6 ft   2 yd
3
18
18in  yd
36
volume  L  W  H
10 18
  2   3.33 yd 3
3 36

Volume of a sphere = 4  r 3
3
 101
Q1:
When red blood cells (RBC) from patients with species are suspended in an isotonic
solution. They often have a spherical shape. Find the volume of such RBC with a
radius of 10 m .
4 r 3
Volume of spher 
3
4  3.14  103
Volume of spher 
3
Volume of spher  4186.67

Volume of spher  4187  m3

π r 2h
Volume of a cone =
3

Q: Find the volume of a cone with height 8 m and base of radius 2 m.

Solution: r=2m h=8m
π r 2h
Volume of Cone =
3
3.14  22  8
=
3
3
= 33.49 m
 102
Practice questions:
Q1:
A circle of radius 7 cm is cut out of a sheet of paper 14 cm square. What is the area
of the remaining paper?
2
Solution: Area of the square =14  14=14 =196

Area of the circle =πr 2 =3.1428 x 7

2
Remaining paper area = Area of the square – Area of the circle
= 196 – 154
= 42 cm 2
Q2:
Find the capacity (volume in liters) of a cylinder with diameter of 36 meters and
height of 12 meters.
Solution: First find the radius of the base.
diameter 36
radius = =
2 2
=18 m
Now find the volume.
Volume of Cylinder = π r 2 h
= 3014  18 2  12
= 12208.32 m3
Since 1 m3 = 1 000 liters, so
Volume of the cylinder = 12208.32  1000 liters
= 12208320 liters

Q3:
The height of a right cone is 36 cm and its radius is 15 cm. Find the volume (liters) of cone?
Solution:
π r 2h
Volume =
3
3.14  152  36
=
3
3
[1000cm  1L ]
3
= 8478 cm

8478
= = 8.478 liters
1000
 103

Surface area:
The surface area of an object is the total area of its exterior surface:

Surface area of rectangular solid: 2lw+2wh+2lh

Q1: Find the Surface area of the rectangular solid shown.

Q2:

Surface area of a cube: 6s2

Example:
Find the surface area of a closed cylinder that has a radius of 3 inches and a height
of 4 inches.

r= 3in , h=4 in
Surface area for closed cylinder is:

2 rh  2 r 2

= 2  3.14  3  4  2  3.14  32  131.88 in2

 104
Example:
A 20 mm long cylindrical stent with a diameter of 3 mm was surgically placed into
the coronary artery of a patient to help the blood flow. Find the surface area of this
open cylindrical stent

length =height=h= 20 mm
d 3
r    1.5mm
2 2
Surface area for an open cylinder is: 2 rh
2  3.14 1.5  20  188.4 mm2

Example:
A 16 mm long cylindrical stent with a diameter of 2.9 mm was surgically placed into
the coronary artery of a patient to help the blood flow. Find the surface area of this
open cylindrical stent

length=height=h= 16
2.9 2.9
r   1.45mm
2 2
Surface area for an open cylinder is: 2 rh
2  3.14 1.45 16  154.7 mm2

Density
mass
density 
volume

Q1: A radiation technologist is asked to find out how much 25 cc ( 25 cm3 ) of a lead
weighs. If lead has a density of 11.34 g/ cm3
m
d
v
m
11.34 
25
m  11.34  25
m  283.5 g
 105
Q2: Oxygen has a density of 1.43 g / L . If the weight of a container of oxygen (not
including the container) is 5 g. What is the volume of the container?

w
d
v
5
1.43 
V
V  1.43  5
5
V
1.43
V  3.5 L

Q3. In determining the density of a rectangular metal bar, a student made the
following measurements: length, 8.53 cm; width, 2.4 cm; height, 1.0 cm; mass,
52.7064 g.
Solution
3
Volume = 8.53 × 2.4 × 1.0 = 20.472 cm
Mass = 52.7064 g
mass 52.7064
Density = = = 2.574 g/cm3
volume 20.472
 106

TRIGONOMETRY
 107
SOLVING RIGHT TRIANGLES

Acute-angled triangle:
Acute-angled triangle is one in which all the angles are less
than 90  .

Obtuse-angled triangle:

An obtuse-angled triangle has one angle greater than 90  .

Right-angled triangle:
A right-angled triangle is one containing a right angle

Isosceles triangle:
It has two equal sides. Two angles are also equal.

Equilateral triangle:
In this triangle, three sides are equal and each angle is of 60 
 108
Properties of triangle:
1. The sum of three angles of a triangle is 180.
2. a + b > c, a+c > b, b+c >a

Example:
Find angle  .
α = 180  – 58  – 53  = 69 

Q1:
Suppose that triangle has sides a= 12 cm, b=10 cm and c=25 cm
Explain why the triangle has no solution.
Answer:
“Sum of any two sides should be greater than third side”

sides a and b are not long enough to construct triangle

a  b  12 + 10 =22 which is less than third side

Q2: Explain why the triangle has no solution.   95 ,   88 ,   23

Answer:

The sum of three angles of a triangle is 180.

      95  88  23  206

No solution because no triangle is formed.

 109
Sides of a Right-Angled Triangle:
Consider the right-angled triangle ABC. There is a right angle at C.

The side opposite the right angle is always called the hypotenuse.
The side opposite the angle  is known as the opposite side.
The remaining side is said to be the adjacent side.
Pythagoras law:

In a right angled triangle, the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of
the squares of the two remaining sides. or

c2  a2  b2

Example:
Find the length of the side c in the shown triangle.

c2  a2  b2
c2 = 102 + 92

c2 = 100 + 81

c2 = 181

c= 181

c = 13.45 mm
 110

Q10:
Find the length of the side b in the shown figure.

Using Pythagoras law

a 2  b2  c2

102  b 2  26.52

b 2  26.52  102

b 2  602.25

b 2  602.25
b  24.54

Trigonometric Ratios (Right Triangle Ratios)

opposite side
sin  
hypotenuse

adjacent side
cos  
hypotenuse

opposite side
tan  
adjacent side
 111

Applications of trigonometry

Q1: Find the angle 

In the given diagram

opposite = 8
adjacent =3

8
tan =
3
8
 = shift tan( )
3

 =69.44 

Q2: In the given diagram:

hypotenuse =17
opposite =5
opposite
sin θ 
hypotenuse
5
sin =
17

5
 = shift sin( )
17
 =17.10 
 112

Q3: In the given diagram:

hypotenuse = 5
adjacent =3
adjacent
cos θ 
hypotenuse
3
cos =
5
3
  shift cos( )
5
 = 53.13 

Q4: Determine the length of „x’ in the

shown right triangle.

adjacent
Cos θ =
hypotenuse
x
Cos 30° =
8
x
0.866 =
8
0.866  8 = x

6.92 in = x
 113
Q5:
Find the height of the tree shown.
h= height of tree
opposite
Tan θ =
adjacent
h
Tan 55° =
50

(50) (tan 55°) = h

(50) (1.43) = h

h = 71.5 ft

Q6:
Find the height of the tree shown.

opposite
Tan θ =
adjacent

h
Tan 50° =
40

h = (40)(Tan 50°)

h = 47.67 yd
 114

Q7: Find the angle in the shown triangle.

32.2  90  α  180
122.2  α  180
α  180  122.2
α  57.8

Q8: Find the side a in the shown right triangle.

a
cos β 
c
a
cos 32 . 2 
6 . 25
a  6 . 25  cos 32 . 2

a = 5.29 feet

Q9: Find the side b in the shown right triangle

b
sin β 
c
b
sin 32 . 2 
6 . 25
b  6 . 25  sin 32 . 2

b = 3.3 feet
 115

LAW OF SINES

sin  sin  sin 

 
a b c

Note:
The sine rule is used when we are given either
a) two angles and one side. (ASA or AAS) or
b) two sides and a non-included angle. (SSA)

Example 1 (The ASA case)

Solve the given triangle if c  120 cm,   28 ,   45
Solution:
28   45     180 
73     180 
  180   73 
  107 

sin  sin  sin 

 
a b c
sin 28 sin 45  sin107 
 
a b 120

sin 28 sin107  sin 45  sin107 

 
a 120 b 120
b  sin107   120  sin 45 
a  sin107   120  sin 28
120  sin 28  120  sin 45 
a b
sin107  sin107 
= 58.91 cm .
b  88 . 73 cm
 116
Q1: Solve the triangle by using law of sine
a  9.27 inches ,   54.5 ,   27.5

  27.5   54.5   180 

  82  180 
  180   82 
  98

sin  sin  sin 

 
a b c

sin 98 sin 27.5  sin 54.5 

 
9.27 b c

sin98 sin 27.5  sin 98 sin 54.5 

 
9.27 b 9.27 c
b  sin98  9.27  sin 27.5  c  sin 98  9.27  sin 54.5 
9.27  sin 27.5  9.27  sin 54.5 
b c
sin98  sin 98
c  7.62 inches
b = 4.32 inches.
 117
THE LAW OF COSINES

 a2  b2  c2  2bc cos α

 b2  a2  c2  2ac cos β

 c2  a2  b2  2ab cos γ

Note:
The cosine rule is used when we are given either
a) Three sides (SSS) or
b) Two sides and the included angle (SAS)

Example 1
Solve the triangle by using the law of cosines:
α  77 . 5  , b = 10.4 ft, c = 17.7 ft.

Solution: a2  b2  c2  2bc cos

a 2  10 . 42  17 . 7 2  2(10 . 4)(17 . 7 )cos 77 . 5 
a 2  341 . 8
a  341 . 8
a  18 . 5 f eet
1a2  c 2  b 2
β  cos ( )
2ac

18.52  17.7 2  10.42

1
β  cos ( )
2(18.5)(17.7)
β  cos  1 0.7944
β  33.3 

      180 
77.5  33.3    180 
  180   77.5  33.3
  69.2 
 118

Example 2:
Solve the triangle with a = 1.25 yards, b = 2.05 yards, and c = 1.52 yards.
Solution:
1 b  c  a
2 2 2
  cos ( )
2bc
 1 2.05  1.52  1.25
2 2 2
α  cos ( )
2(2.05)(1.52)
α  cos  1 0.7944
 37.4 

a 2  c 2  b2
1
  cos ( )
2ac

1.252  1.522  2.052

1
  cos ( )
2(1.25)(1.52)

  cos 1( 0.08673)

  94.97 

      180 
37.4  95    180 
132.4    180 
  180   132.4
  47.6 
 119

Cyclic behavior of sine and Cosine

 120

Graphs of Sine
 121

Graph of Cosine
 122

Example #1
The body temperature of a patient with a 9 – day infection is approximated by ..
T(t) = 101° + 2° sin(30°t),
Where „t‟ is in days.
a) What is the patient‟s temperature at the beginning of the illness?
b) What is the temperature after 3 days?
c) What is the temperature after 6 days?
d) What is the temperature after 9 days?
Solution:
a) At the beginning, the time is zero.
Substituting zero for t gives

T(0) = 101° + 2° sin(30° . 0)

T(0) = 101° + 2° sin(0)
T(0) = 101° + 2° .0
T(0) = 101° + 0
T(0) = 101°

b) After 3 days, t = 3

T(3) = 101° + 2° sin(30° .3)

T(3) = 101° + 2° sin(90°)
T(3) = 101° + 2° .1
T(3) = 101° + 2°
T(3) = 103°

c) After 6 days, t = 6
T(6) = 101° + 2° sin(30° .6)
T(6) = 101° + 2° sin(180°)
T(6) = 101° + 2° .0
T(6) = 101° + 0
T(6) = 101°

d) After 9 days t = 9
T(9) = 101° + 2° sin(30°. 9)
T(9) = 101° + 2° sin(270°)
T(9) = 101° + 2° (–1)
T(9) = 101° – 2°
T(9) = 99°
 123
Example #2
The average monthly temperature of a certain coastal town is given by
T(t) = 30° – 20° cos(30°t) 1≤ t ≤ 12,
where t = 1 represents the month of January and t = 12 represents the month of
December.
What is the average temperature for the month of
January? March? June? October? December?
Solution:
For January, t = 1
T (1) = 30° – 20° cos(30°  1)
T (1) = 30° – 20°  0.866
T(1) = 12.68°

For March, t = 3.
T(3) = 30° – 20° cos(30°  3)
T(3) = 30° – 20° cos(90°)
T(3) = 30° – 20°(0)
T(3) = 30° – 0
T(3) = 30°

For June, t = 6
T(5) = 30° – 20° cos(30°  6)
T(5) = 30° – 20° cos(180°)
T(5) = 30° – 20° (– 1 )
T(5) = 30° + 20°
T(5) = 50°

For October, t = 10
T(10) = 30° – 20° cos(30° . 10)
T(10) = 30° – 20° cos(300°)
T(10) = 30° – 20°(0.5)
T(10) = 20°

For December, t = 12
T(12) = 30° – 20° cos(30° . 12)
T(12) = 30° – 20° cos(360°)
T(12) = 30° – 20°(1)
T(12) = 10°
 124
Example #3
The body temperature of a patient with a 6 – day infection is approximated by T(t) =
101° + 2° cos(30° .t),
where t is in days
a) What is this patient‟s temperature at the onset of the illness?
b) What is the temperature after 3 days?
c) What is the temperature after 6 days?
Solution:
a) At the beginning, the time is zero(t = 0)
T(0) = 101° + 2° cos(30°.0)
T(0) = 101 + 2° cos(0)
T(0) = 101° + 2°.1
T(0) = 101° + 2°
T(0) = 103°

b) After 3 days, t = 3
T(3) = 101° + 2° cos(30°.3)
T(3) = 101 + 2° cos(90°)
T(3) = 101° + 2°.0
T(3) = 101° + 0°
T(3) = 101°

c) After 6 days, t =6
T(6) = 101° + 2° cos(30°.6)
T(6) = 101 + 2° cos(180°)
T(6) = 101° + 2°(–1)
T(6) = 101° – 2°
T(6) = 99°
 125
Practice questions

Find the height of the tree shown;

Q: The body temperature of a patient with a serious 10 – day infection

is approximated by T(t) = 101.5° + 2.5° sin(30° .t),where t is in days

a) What is this patient‟s temperature at the onset of the illness?

b) What is the temperature after 3 days?
c) What is the temperature after 6 days?
d) What is the temperature after 9 days?
Q: The body temperature of a patient with a 6 – day infection is
approximated by T(t) = 101° + 2.4° cos(60° .t), where t is in days

a) What is this patient‟s temperature at the onset of the illness?

b) What is the temperature after first day?
c) What is the temperature after second day?
d) What is the temperature after third day?
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Statistics
 127

Data:
Numerical facts and figures obtained from any field of study are known as
data.

Qualitative data:
 Deals with descriptions.
 Data can be observed but not measured.
 Colors, textures, smells, tastes, appearance, beauty, etc.

Quantitative data:
 Deals with numbers.
 Data which can be measured.

Discrete data:
It can take only some specific values.
Examples:
 numbers of children in a family
 number of students in a class
 number of deaths
 number of chairs.
Continuous data:
It can take every possible value in a given interval.
Examples:
 age of a student
 weight of a baby
 height of a room.
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Central tendency:
It is the central value.
Types of central tendency:
1. Mean 2. Median 3. Mode

Arithmetic mean:
The mean is found by adding up all the data values and dividing that result by the
total number of data vales.
x
x
n
Q1: Find the mean of the following data set:
12 20 11 16 16 13 18

 x 12  20  11  16  16  13  18 106
x    15.14
n 7 7

Q2: Seven students sit a mathematics test and their marks are:
4, 6, 6, 7, 7, 7 and 8.
Find the mean.

4  6  6  7  7  7  8 45
x   6 . 43
7 7
Median:
When data are arranged in some order, median is the value which divides the data
into two equal parts i.e. 50 % before and 50 % after that value.
Q4: Find the median of the numbers:
1, 2, 9, 11, 11, 11, 14, 7, and 6
Answer:
First arrange the data in order.
1
2
6
7
9 ← Median = 9

11
11
11
14
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Q5: Find the median of 227,110, 120, 115, 122, and 125.
Answer:
First arrange the data (n = 6, even)

110 115 120 122 125 227

120  122 242

median   121 =  121
2 2
Q6: Find the median of the data set:
6 12 15 8 10 14

Arrange the data:

6 8 10 12 14 15

10  12
median   11
2

3. Mode:
Mode is that value in the data set that appears most frequently.
There can be more than one mode.
Q6: Find the mode of the set of numbers:
1, 1, 4, 4, 5, 6, 8, 8, 8, 9
Answer: 8
Q7: Find the mode of the set of numbers:
20, 20, 21, 21, 21, 48, 48, 49, 49, 49
Answer: 21, 49 (there are two modes)

Q8: 3 4 5 6 7 11 15

Answer: No mode
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Standard deviation:
The standard deviation of a data set gives information about how dispersed or spread
out, a given data set is.
2
( x  x )
standard deviation 
n 1

Q: Find the mean, variance , and standard deviation of the following data:

11 13 17 19
Answer:
x = 11 13 17 19
n=4 (number of terms)

mean  x 
x 11  13  17  19 60
n x   15
4 4
2
( x  x )
Variation 
n 1

(11  15)2  (13  15)2  (17  15)2  (19  15)2 40

Variation  =  13.33
4 1 3

standard deviation  13.33  3.65

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 Frequency:
The number of occurrence of something is called its frequency

Bar chart:
It is a chart in which information is represented in the form of rectangles or bars. The
bars may be drawn horizontally or vertically. The length of each bar corresponds to a
frequency
Q: Prepare bar chart for the data.

Year Frequency
1986 20
1987 15
1988 15
1989 16
1990 16
1991 20
1992 20
Answer:

25

20

15
Frequency
10

0
1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992
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Multiple bar chart

Q: Prepare a multiple bar diagram to show the points out of 100 made by four
students in two games.

Names points game I points game II

Saad 72 48

Anam 88 62

Lee 42 57

Yasir 80 90

Answer:

multi bar diagram representing

comparison of game points

100
80
Points

60 points game I
40 points game II

20
0
Saad Anam Lee Yasir
Names
 133
Pie Diagram or Circle Graph
The pie diagram or circular graph is used for the comparison of values of
different items by making the sectors of the circle. To make a pie diagram,
draw a circle of suitable size.
Now find the angle in the circle by dividing each individual figure by the total
figure and multiply it by 360. Divide the circle into different sectors according
to these angles by using the protractor. Finally, represent the different sectors
by different colors to make it attractive.
Q1:
720 people were asked to state their favorite flavor of potato crisp: 150
preferred plain crisp, 240 preferred cheese and onion, 180 preferred salt and
vinegar and the remaining 150 preferred beef.
Item frequency
plain crisp 150
cheese and onion 240
salt and vinegar 180
beef 150
Total 720

Draw a pie chart to represent this data.

f
Answer:  360  Angle
f
First find the angle of the sector.

Item Frequency Angle of the sector

plain crisp 150 150
 360  75
720
cheese and onion 240 240
 360  120
720
salt and vinegar 180 180
 360  90
720
beef 150 150
 360  75
720
Total 720
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Pie chart

Q2: 180 women were asked how many children they have in their family.
Information is shown below, draw a pie chart.
Number of children Frequency
One child 30
Two children 60
Three children 40
Four children 10
No child 40
Answer:
Number of children Frequency Angle
One child 30 30
 360  60
180
Two children 60 60
 360  120
180
Three children 40 40
 360  80
180
Four children 10 10
 360  20
180
No child 40 40
 360  80
180
Total 180
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Q3:
In a group of 100 students, forty like to eat fish. On a pie chart, what is the angle for
fish?
Answer:
Individual frequency
 360  Angle
Total frequency

40
 360 = Angle
100


144 = Angle

Q4:

A pie chart shows the grades of students. If the angle for grade A is 20 and there are
total 18 students in the group, find the number who get grade A.
Answer:

frequency of gradeA
 360  angle
total frequency

frequency of gradeA
 360  20
18

Frequency of grade A=1

 136
Q5:
The bar chart shows the scores obtained by a group of students in a test.

35
30
25
Frequency

20

15
10
5
0
a. How 1many students
2 3got score
4 of 5?
5 6 7 8 9 10
Score
25 students

b. How many students got score of 6 or more than 6?

30  20  10  5  10  75

c. How many students in the sample?

10  15  10  15  25  30  20  10  5  10  150