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Chap 3 - 3.5 - Extrema of Function Two Variables

This document discusses finding the extrema of functions with two variables. It explains that critical points where the first order partial derivatives are equal to zero need to be found. The second order partial derivative test is then used to classify these points as relative maxima, minima, or saddle points by evaluating the determinant d, which is defined in the document. Two examples are provided to demonstrate applying this process to determine the extrema of specific two-variable functions.

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syafiq
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120 views

Chap 3 - 3.5 - Extrema of Function Two Variables

This document discusses finding the extrema of functions with two variables. It explains that critical points where the first order partial derivatives are equal to zero need to be found. The second order partial derivative test is then used to classify these points as relative maxima, minima, or saddle points by evaluating the determinant d, which is defined in the document. Two examples are provided to demonstrate applying this process to determine the extrema of specific two-variable functions.

Uploaded by

syafiq
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 3: FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES

3.5 EXTREMA OF FUNCTIONS OF TWO VARIABLES


Finding absolute and relative extrema are the application of partial derivatives. In
this topic, second order partial derivatives test will be used to find the relative
extrema in a function of two variables f  x, y  . It is also known as a surface on the

point  x, y  . Consider the function f  x, y  is a continuos function and defined

the closed bounded in the region R with the values f  a, b  and f  c, d  . Here

we can say the point  x, y  is bounded between the points  a, b  and  c, d  ;

 a , b    x, y    c, d  as shown in the figure below.

In the theorem 13.15 below, explained about the Extreme Value Theorem for a single variable and it is
extended to a function of two variables.

Based on the theorem, minimum value it is called absolute minimum and maximum value it is called absolute
maximum. In a single variable, it has a distinction between absolute maxima and relative maxima.

The definition of relative maxima will be explained in the table below.

3.5.1 CRITICAL POINT


S.Hanifah/FSKM Page 1
CHAPTER 3: FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES

In order to locate the relative maxima a surface of a f  x, y  , we need to set the gradient or first order

partial derivative of f  x, y  is zero. It is used to determine ‘unexist’ point of f  x, y  . the point known as

critical point which defined in the table below.

S.Hanifah/FSKM Page 2
CHAPTER 3: FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES

3.5.2 THE SECOND ORDER PARTIAL TEST


Second order partial test is used to determine the relative maxima and saddle (neither minimum nor
maximum) point on an open region R. in order to classify the relative maxima and saddle point, it is based
on the derterminant , d in the theorem below.

Figure below shows the relative maxima and saddle point.

S.Hanifah/FSKM Page 3
CHAPTER 3: FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES

EXAMPLE 8: Using the Second Partial Test


Find the relative maxima of f  x, y    x 3  4 xy  2 y 2  1.

SOLUTION:
Find critical point(s).
Let f x  x, y   0 ; f y  x, y   0

 
f x  x, y  
x
 
 x 3  4 xy  2 y 2  1  3x 2  4 y ; f y  x, y  
y
 
 x 3  4 xy  2 y 2  1  4 x  4 y


f xx  x, y  
x
 
3x 2  4 y1  6 x


f yy  x, y    4 x  4 y   4
y

f xy  x, y  
y

3x 2  4 y  4 
d  f xx  x, y  f yy  x, y    f xy  x, y  
2

f x  x, y  : 3x 2  4 y  0 (1)
f y  x, y  : 4 x  4 y  0 (2)

Solve simultaneous equations.


From (2):
4x  4 y
x y
Substitute x  y into (1):

3x 2  4 x  0
x  4  x   0 ; x  0 and x4

When x  0 ; y  0 When x  4 ; y  4

Hence, the critical points:  0, 0  and  4, 4  .


Critical f xx  x, y  f yy  x, y  f xy  x, y  d  f xx  x, y  f yy  x, y    f xy  x, y  
2 Conclusion
Point(s)
6 x 4 4

 0, 0  0 -4 4 d=-16 saddle

 4, 4  -24 -4 4 d   24  4    4  80  0
2 Relative
maximum

S.Hanifah/FSKM Page 4
CHAPTER 3: FUNCTIONS OF SEVERAL VARIABLES

EXAMPLE 9: JUNE 2019 (Q8)


Locate all relative extrema(s) and saddle point of f  x, y   x 4  y 4  4 xy  2.

SOLUTION:
Find critical point(s).
Let f x  x, y   0 ; f y  x, y   0

  4
f x  x, y  
x
x 4

 y 4  4 xy  2  4 x 3  4 y ; f y  x, y  
y
 
x  y 4  4 xy  2  4 y 3  4 x


f xx  x, y  
x
 4x 3

 4 y  12 x 2


f yy  x, y  
y
4y 3

 4 x  12 y 3


f xy  x, y  
y
 4x 3

 4 y  4

d  f xx  x, y  f yy  x, y    f xy  x, y  
2

f x  x, y  : 4 x 3  4 y  0 (1)
f y  x, y  : 4 y 3  4 x  0 (2)

Solve simultaneous equations.


From (2):
4 y3  4 x ; x  y3

Substitute x  y 3 into (1):

   
3
4 y3  4y  0 ; y9  y  0 ; y y8  1  0 ; y0 and y 1

When y  0 ; x  0 When y  1 ; x  1

Hence, the critical points:  0, 0  and 1,1 .


Critical f xx  x, y  f yy  x, y  f xy  x, y  d  f xx  x, y  f yy  x, y    f xy  x, y  
2 Conclusion
Point(s)
12 x 3 12 y 3 4

 0, 0  0 0 -4 d=-16 saddle

1,1 12 12 -4 d  12 12    4  128  0


2 Relative
minimum

S.Hanifah/FSKM Page 5

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