Unit-IV

• Syllabus
• Cloud Service Models:
• Infrastructure as a Service,
– Characteristics of IaaS.
– Suitability of IaaS,
– Pros and Cons of IaaS,
– Summary of IaaS Providers,
• Platform as a Service,
– Characteristics of PaaS,
– Suitability of PaaS,
– Pros and Cons of PaaS,
– Summary of PaaS Providers,
• Software as a Service,
– Characteristics of SaaS,
– Suitability of SaaS,
– Pros and Cons of SaaS,
– Summary of SaaS Providers,
• Other Cloud Service Models.
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 Cloud Service Models:
• Cloud computing is a model that enables the end users to access the
shared pool of resources such as compute, network, storage, database,
and application as an on-demand service without the need to buy or own
it. The services are provided and managed by the service provider,
reducing the management effort from the end user side.
• The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) defines three
basic service models, namely, IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS, as shown in Figure 1.

Fig1: Basic Service Models

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 Infrastructure as a Service(IaaS)
• Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) is a standardized, highly
automated offering in which computing resources owned by a
service provider, complemented by storage and networking
capabilities, are offered to customers on demand.

• Resources are scalable and elastic in near real time and

metered by use. Self-service interfaces, including an API and a
graphical user interface (GUI), are exposed directly to
customers.

• Resources may be single-tenant or multitenant, and are

hosted by the service provider or on-premises in a customer’s
data center.

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 Infrastructure as a Service(IaaS)
• Generally, the IaaS services are provided from the service
provider cloud data center.

• The end users can access the services from their devices
through web command line interface (CLI) or application
programming interfaces (APIs) provided by the service
providers.

• Some of the popular IaaS providers include Amazon Web

Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, Cisco Metapod, Digital
Ocean, Linode, Rackspace, Google Compute Engine,
OpenStack, and Eucalyptus
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 Platform as a Service(PaaS)
• Generally, PaaS services are provided by the service provider on

an on-premise or dedicated or hosted cloud infrastructure.

• The developers can access the development platform over the

Internet through web CLI, web user interface (UI), and

integrated development environments (IDEs).

• Some of the popular PaaS providers include Google App Engine,

Force.com, Red Hat OpenShift, Heroku, and Engine Yard

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 Software as a Service(SaaS)
• Generally, SaaS services are hosted in service provider–

managed or service provider–hosted cloud infrastructure.

• The end users can access the services from any thin clients or

web browsers.
(A thin client is a computer that runs from resources stored on a central server instead of a

localized hard drive.)

• Some of the popular SaaS providers include Saleforce.com,

Google Apps, and Microsoft office 365

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 Services management
• The different cloud service models target different audiences.
• For example, the IaaS model targets the information technology (IT)
architects, PaaS targets the developers, and SaaS targets the end users.
• Based on the services subscribed, the responsibility of the targeted
audience may vary as shown in Figure 2.

Fig2: User and service provider responsibilities of cloud service models: (a) IaaS, (b) PaaS, and (c) SaaS .
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 Deployment models with Services
• The NIST defines four different types of cloud deployment models, namely, public
cloud, private cloud, community cloud, and hybrid cloud.
• The public cloud is provided for the general public. The private cloud is used by an
organization for its multiple business units. The community cloud is for some
group of organization with the same goals. The hybrid cloud is any combination of
the public, private, and community clouds.
• The service delivery of cloud services through different deployment models is
shown in Figure 3.

Fig3: Deployment and delivery of different cloud service delivery models

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 IaaS
• IaaS uses virtualization technology to deliver scalable compute
resources such as servers, networks and storage to their
clients.

• This is beneficial for the clients, as they don’t have to buy

personal hardware and manage its components. Instead, they
can deploy their platforms and applications within the provider’s
virtual machines that offer the same technologies and
capabilities as a physical data center.

• An IaaS provider is responsible for the entire infrastructure, but

users have total control over it. In turn, users are responsible
for installing and maintaining apps and operating systems, as
well as for security, runtime, middleware and data.

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 IaaS
• The targeted audience of IaaS is the IT architect. The IT
architect can design virtual infrastructure, network, load
balancers, etc., based on their needs.

• The IT architects need not maintain the physical servers as

it is maintained by the service providers.

• The physical infrastructure can be maintained by the

service providers themselves. Thus, it eliminates or hides
the complexity of maintaining the physical infrastructure
from the IT architects.

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 IaaS
• IaaS changes the computing from a physical infrastructure to a
virtual infrastructure.

• IaaS provides virtual computing, storage, and network

resources by abstracting the physical resources.

• Technology virtualization is used to provide the virtual

resources.

• All the virtual resources are given to the virtual machines

(VMs) that are configured by the service provider.

• The end users or IT architects will use the infrastructure

resources in the form of VMs as shown in Figure 4.
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 IaaS

Fig 4: Overview of IaaS

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 IaaS
Key Features
• Highly scalable resources
• Enterprise-grade infrastructure
• Cost depends on consumption
• Multitenant architecture, i.e. a single piece of hardware serves many users
• The client gets complete control over the infrastructure
IaaS Advantages
• The most flexible and dynamic model.
• Cost-effective due to pay-as-you-go pricing
• Easy to use due to the automate d deployment of hardware
• Management tasks are virtualized, so employees have more free
time for other tasks
IaaS Disadvantages
• Data security issues due to multitenant architecture
• Vendor outages make customers unable to access their data for a
while
• The need for team training to learn how to manage new
infrastructure
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 IaaS
• Typical IaaS provider may provide the flowing services as
shown in Figure 5.

Fig 5: Services provided by IaaS providers.

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 IaaS
1. Compute: Computing as a Service includes virtual central
processing units (CPUs) and virtual main memory for the VMs
that are provisioned to the end users.

2. Storage: STaaS provides back-end storage for the VM images.

Some of the IaaS providers also provide the back end for
storing files.

3. Network: Network as a Service (NaaS) provides virtual

networking components such as virtual router, switch, and
bridge for the VMs.

4. Load balancers: Load Balancing as a Service may provide load

balancing capability at the infrastructure layer.
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 Characteristics of IaaS
• IaaS providers offer virtual computing resources to the consumers on a pay-
as-you-go basis.
• IaaS contains the characteristics of cloud computing such as on-demand
self-service, broad network access, resource pooling, rapid elasticity, and
measured service.
• IaaS has its own unique characteristics as follows:

1. Web access to the resources

2. Centralized management:

3. Elasticity and dynamic scaling:

4. Shared infrastructure:

5. Preconfigured VMs:

6. Metered services:
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 Suitability of IaaS
• IaaS reduces the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) and increases the Return On
Investment (ROI) for start-up companies that cannot invest more in buying
infrastructure.
• IaaS can be used in the following situations:

1. Unpredictable spikes in usage:

If you are a rapidly growing company and your demands are unstable and
changeable

As business needs change and grow—including unexpected spikes in demand—

cloud scalability allows IT to respond quickly.

2. Limited capital investment:

If you are a small company or a startup that has no budget for creating your own
infrastructure

New start-up companies cannot invest more on buying infrastructure for their
business needs. And so by using IaaS, start-up companies can reduce the capital
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investment
 Suitability of IaaS
3. Infrastructure on demand:
– If you are a large company that wants to have effective control over
infrastructure but pay only for the resources you actually use

– Some organizations may require large infrastructure for a short

period of time.

– For this purpose, an organization cannot afford to buy more on-

premise resources. Instead, they can rent the required infrastructure
for a specific period of time.

– IaaS best suits the organizations that look for infrastructure on

demand or for a short time period

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 Not Suitability of IaaS
In following situations, IT users should avoid using the IaaS:
1. When regulatory compliance does not allow off-premise hosting
For some companies, its regulation may not allow the application and data to
be hosted on third party off-premise infrastructure.
2. When usage is minimal
When the usage is minimal and the available on-premise infrastructure itself is
capable of satisfying their needs
3. When better performance is required
4. When there is a need for more control on physical infrastructure

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 Pros and Cons of IaaS
The following are the benefits provided by IaaS:
• Pay-as-you-use model:
• Reduced TCO: total cost of ownership
• Elastic resources:
• Better resource utilization:
• Supports Green IT:
– In traditional IT infrastructure, dedicated servers are used for different
business needs. Since many servers are used, the power consumption
will be high. This does not result in Green IT.

– In IaaS, the need of buying dedicated servers is eliminated as single

infrastructure is shared between multiple customers, thus reducing
the number of servers to be purchased and hence the power
consumption that results in Green IT.

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 Cons of IaaS
The following are the drawbacks of IaaS:

• Security issues:

• Interoperability issues:

• Performance issues:

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 Summary of IaaS Providers

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 PaaS
• PaaS changes the way that the software is developed and deployed.
• PaaS changes the application development from local machine to online.
• PaaS providers provide the development PaaS from the data center.
• The developers can consume the services over the Internet as shown in
Figure 6

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 PaaS
• PaaS allows the developers to develop their application online and also
allows them to deploy immediately on the same platform.
• PaaS consumers or developers can consume language runtimes, application
frameworks, databases, message queues, testing tools, and deployment tools
as a service over the Internet. Thus, it reduces the complexity of buying and
maintaining different tools for developing an application.
• Typical PaaS providers may provide programming languages, application
frameworks, databases, and testing tools as shown in Figure 7.
• Some of the PaaS providers also provide build tools, deployment tools, and
software load balancers as a service:

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 Characteristics of PaaS

1. All in one:

2. Web access to the development platform:

3. Offline access:

4. Built-in scalability:

5. Collaborative platform:

6. Diverse client tools:

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 Characteristics of PaaS

1. All in one:
Most of the PaaS providers offer services to develop, test, deploy, host, and
maintain applications in the same IDE.

Additionally, many service providers provide all the programming languages,

frameworks, databases, and other development-related services that make
developers choose from a wide variety of development platforms.

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 Characteristics of PaaS

2. Web access to the development platform:

A typical development platform uses any IDEs for developing applications.

Typically, the IDE will be installed in the developer’s machines. But, PaaS
provides web access to the development platform. Using web UI, any
developer can get access to the development platform.

The web-based UI helps the developers create, modify, test, and deploy
different applications on the same platform

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 Characteristics of PaaS

3. Offline access:
A developer may not be able to connect to the Internet for a whole day to
access the PaaS services.

When there is no Internet connectivity, the developers should be allowed to

work offline. To enable offline development, some of the PaaS providers allow
the developer to synchronize their local IDE with the PaaS services.

The developers can develop an application locally and deploy it online

whenever they are connected to the Internet.

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 Characteristics of PaaS

4. Built-in scalability:
Scalability is an important requirement for the new generation web or PaaS
applications.

It is very difficult to enable the dynamic scalability for any application

developed using traditional development platforms.

But, PaaS services provide built-in scalability to an application that is

developed using any particular PaaS.

This ensures that the application is capable of handling varying loads

efficiently

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 Characteristics of PaaS

5. Collaborative platform:
Nowadays, the development team consists of developers who are working
from different places.

There is a need for a common platform where the developers can

collaboratively work together on the same project.

Most of the PaaS services provide support for collaborative development.

To enable collaboration among developers, most of the PaaS providers

provide tools for project planning and communication.

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 Characteristics of PaaS

6. Diverse client tools:

To make the development easier, PaaS providers provide a wide variety of
client tools to help the developer.

The client tools include CLI, web CLI, web UI, REST API, and IDE.

The developers can choose any tools of their choice. These client tools are
also capable of handling billing and subscription management

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 Suitability of PaaS
Most of the start-up SaaS development companies and independent software
vendors (ISVs) widely use PaaS in developing an application.

PaaS is a suitable option for the following situations:

1. Collaborative development:

To increase the time to market and development efficiency, there is a need for
a common place where the development team and other stakeholders of the
application can collaborate with each other.

Since PaaS services provide a collaborative development environment, it is a

suitable option for applications that need collaboration among developers and
other third parties to carry out the development process.

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 Suitability of PaaS

2. Automated testing and deployment:

Automated testing and building of an application are very useful while

developing applications at a very short time frame.

The automated testing tools reduce the time spent in manual testing tools.
Most of the PaaS services offer automated testing and deployment
capabilities.

The development team needs to concentrate more on development rather

than testing and deployment. Thus, PaaS services are the best option where
there is a need for automated testing and deployment of the applications.

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 Suitability of PaaS
3. Time to market:
The PaaS services follow the iterative and incremental development
methodologies that ensure that the application is in the market as per the time
frame given.
For example, the PaaS services are the best option for application
development that uses agile development methodologies. If the software
vendor wants their application to be in the market as soon as possible, then
the PaaS services are the best option for the development.

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 Not-Suitability of PaaS
There are some situations where PaaS may not be the best option:.

1. Frequent application migration:

2. Customization at the infrastructure level:

3. Flexibility at the platform level:

4. Integration with on-premise application:

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 Pros and Cons of PaaS
Pros

1. Quick development and deployment:

2. Reduces TCO(Total Cost of Ownership)

3. Supports agile software development:

4. Different teams can work together:

5. Ease of use:

6. Less maintenance overhead:

7. Produces scalable applications:

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 Pros and Cons of PaaS
Cons

1. Vendor lock-in:

2. Security issues:

3. Less flexibility:

4. Depends on Internet connection:

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 Summary of PaaS Providers

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 Summary of PaaS Providers

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 SaaS
• SaaS changes the way the software is delivered to the
customers.

• In the traditional software model, the software is delivered as a

license-based product that needs to be installed in the end user
device.

• Since SaaS is delivered as an on-demand service over the

Internet, there is no need to install the software to the end
user’s devices.

• SaaS services can be accessed or disconnected at any time

based on the end user’s needs.

• SaaS services can be accessed from any lightweight web

browsers on any devices such as laptops, tablets, and
smartphones.
 SaaS
• Some of the SaaS services can be accessed from a thin client
that does not contain much storage space and cannot run
much software like the traditional desktop PCs.
– A thin client is a computer that runs from resources stored on a central server instead of
a localized hard drive. Thin clients work by connecting remotely to a server-based
computing environment where most applications, sensitive data, and memory, are
stored.

• The important benefits of using thin clients for accessing the

SaaS application are as follows:

– it is less vulnerable to attack, (Increased security)

– has a longer life cycle,
– consumes less power, and
– less expensive. (Reduced Cost)
 SaaS
• A typical SaaS provider may provide business services, social
networks, document management, and mail services as
shown in Figure
 SaaS
1. Business services: Most of the SaaS providers started providing a
variety of business services that attract start-up companies. The
business SaaS services include ERP,(Enterprise Resource Planning)
CRM, billing, sales, and human resources.

2. Social networks: Since social networking sites are extensively used by

the general public, many social networking service providers
adopted SaaS for their sustainability. Since the number of users of
the social networking sites is increasing exponentially, cloud
computing is the perfect match for handling the variable load.

3. Document management: Since most of the enterprises extensively

use electronic documents, most of the SaaS providers started
providing services that are used to create, manage, and track
electronic documents.

4. Mail services: E-mail services are currently used by many people. The
future growth in e-mail usage is unpredictable. To handle the
unpredictable number of users and the load on e-mail services, most
of the e-mail providers started offering their services as SaaS
services.
 Characteristics of SaaS
1. One to many:

2. Web access:

3. Centralized management:

4. Multi-device support:

5. Better scalability:

6. High availability:

7. API integration:
 Characteristics of SaaS
1. One to many:
SaaS services are delivered as a one-to-many model where a
single instance of the application can be shared by multiple
tenants or customers
2. Web access:
SaaS services provide web access to the software. It allows
the end user to access the application from any location if
the device is connected to the Internet
3. Centralized management:
Since SaaS services are hosted and managed from the central
location, management of the SaaS application becomes
easier.
 Characteristics of SaaS
4. Multidevice support:
SaaS services can be accessed from any end user devices
such as desktops, laptops, tablets, smartphones, and thin
clients.
5. Better scalability:
Since most of the SaaS services leverage PaaS and IaaS for its
development and deployment, it ensures a better scalability
than the traditional software.
6. High availability:
SaaS services ensure the 99.99% availability of user data as
proper backup and recovery mechanisms are implemented
at the back end.
 Characteristics of SaaS
7. API integration:
SaaS services have the capability of integrating with other
software or service through standard APIs.
 Suitability of SaaS
1. On-demand software:
Many end users are looking for a software that they can use
as and when they needed.
If the end users are looking for on-demand software rather
than the licensing-based full-term software, then the SaaS
model is the best option.
2. Software for start-up companies:
When using any traditional software, the end user should
buy devices with minimum requirements specified by the
software vendor.
This increases the investment on buying hardware for start-
up companies. Since SaaS services do not require high-end
infrastructure for accessing, it is a suitable option for start-up
companies that can reduce the initial expenditure on buying
high-end hardware.
 Suitability of SaaS
3. Software compatible with multiple devices:
Some of the applications like word processors or mail services
need better accessibility from different devices. The SaaS
applications are adaptable with almost all the devices.
4. Software with varying loads:
We cannot predict the load on popular applications such as
social networking sites.
The user may connect or disconnect from applications
anytime. It is very difficult to handle varying loads with the
traditional infrastructure.
With the dynamic scaling capabilities, SaaS applications can
handle varying loads efficiently without disrupting the normal
behavior of the application.
 Not Suitability of SaaS
1. Real-time applications:
2. Applications with confidential data:
3. Better on-premise application:
 Pros and Cons of SaaS
Pros

1. No client-side installation:
2. Cost savings:
3. Less maintenance:
4. Ease of access:
5. Dynamic scaling:
6. Disaster recovery:
7. Multitenancy:
 Pros and Cons of SaaS
Cons
1. Security:
2. Connectivity requirements:
3. Loss of control:
Summary of SaaS Providers
 Other Cloud Service Models
• NaaS (Network as a Service)
• Is an ability given to the end users to access
virtual network services that are provided by
the service provider.
• Like other cloud service models, NaaS is also a
business model for delivering virtual network
services over the Internet on a pay-per-use
basis.
 Other Cloud Service Models
• Desktop as a Service (DEaaS)
Is an ability given to the end users to use
desktop virtualization without buying and
managing their own infrastructure.
DEaaS is a pay-per-use cloud service delivery
model in which the service provider manages
the back-end responsibilities of data storage,
backup, security, and upgrades.
 Other Cloud Service Models
• STaaS(STorage as a Service)
• STaaS is an ability given to the end users to
store the data on the storage services
provided by the service provider.
• STaaS allows the end users to access the files
at any time from any place.
 Other Cloud Service Models
• DBaaS(Data Base as a Service)
• DBaaS is an ability given to the end users to
access the database service without the need
to install and maintain it.
The service provider is responsible for
installing and maintaining the databases. The
end users can directly access the services and
can pay according to their usage.
 Other Cloud Service Models
• Data as a Service (DaaS) is an ability given to
the end users to access the data that are
provided by the service provider over the
Internet. DaaS provides data on demand. The
data may include text, images, sounds, and
videos
 Other Cloud Service Models
• SECaaS(Security as a Service)
• SECaaS is an ability given to the end user to
access the security service provided by the
service provider on a pay-per-use basis. In
SECaaS, the service provider integrates their
security services to benefit the end users.
 Other Cloud Service Models
• IDaaS(Identification as a Service)
• IDaaS is an ability given to the end users to access
the authentication infrastructure that is managed
and provided by the third-party service provider.
The end user of IDaaS is typically an organization or
enterprise. Using IDaaS services, any organization
can easily manage their employees’ identity without
any additional overhead.
Generally, IDaaS includes directory services, federated
services, registration, authentication services, risk
and event monitoring, single sign-on services, and
identity and profile management.
 Other Cloud Service Models
• Now, cloud computing moves to the scenario where everything can be
given as a service. This can be termed as Everything as a Service (XaaS). In
the future, we expect many new service models to achieve the goal of
XaaS.
• XaaS may include
– Backup as a Service (BaaS),

– Hadoop as a Service (HaaS),

– Disaster Recovery as a Service(DRaaS)

– Communication as a Service (CaaS),

– Testing as a Service (TaaS),

– Firewall as a Service (FWaaS),

– Virtual Private Network as a Service (VPNaaS),

– Load Balancers as a Service (LBaaS),

– Message Queue as a Service (MQaaS), and

– Monitoring as a Service (MaaS).