Chapter – 7

TRIGONOMETRY
This is a branch of Mathematics that deals with the Given a right-angled triangle ABC, and ∠ACB = θ the
relation between the sides and angles in any triangle. trigonometric ratios are defined as follows:
Trigonometry literally means three angle measure.
A
Measurement of angles
The angle between two lines can be measured in various hypotenuse
opposite
systems. We consider two of these systems,
side
(a) Sexagesimal System and
(b) Circular System. θ
B adjacent side or base C
(a) Sexagesimal System: A right angle is taken as the
unit of measurement.
1
/90th of a right angle is termed as a degree (1o). opp AB
1
/60th of a degree is termed as a minute (1'). sinθ = =
1
hyp AC
/60th of a minute is termed as a second (1'').
adj BC
cosθ = =
Basic Conversions hyp AC
60'' = 1'. opp AB
60' = 1°. tanθ = =
adj BC
and 90° = 1 right angle.
adj BC
cotθ = =
c
(b) Circular System: A radian (1 ) is taken as the basic opp AB
unit of this measure. hyp AC
A radian (1c) is defined as the angle subtended at secθ = =
adj BC
the centre of a circle by an arc whose length (ℓ)
hyp AC
equals the radius (r). cosecθ = =
i.e., ℓ = r opp AB
∴If arc PQ = r,
then ∠POQ = 1 radian. O R
From the ratios, we can easily observe the following
relations:
r
(a) Reciprocal Relations:
1c
Q 1 1
P r cosecθ = ; sinθ =
sin θ cos ecθ
Note: 1 1
(i) Radian is a real constant. secθ = ; cosθ =
cos θ sec θ
(ii) The circular and sexagesimal measures are related
1 1
by πc or π radians = 180°. tanθ = ; cotθ =
cot θ tan θ
2π radians = 360°.
(iii) 1 revolution = 2π radians.
sin θ cos θ
(b) tanθ = ; cotθ = .
Important Conversions cos θ sin θ

Sexagesimal Circular
Measure Measure
30° π/6
45° π/4
60° π/3
90° π/2
270° 3π/2

Signs of Trigonometric Ratios

(i) If θ lies in the first quadrant (0 < θ < π/2), all the trigonometric ratios are positive.
(ii) If θ lies in the second quadrant (π/2 < θ < π), only sin θ and cosec θ are positive and the rest of the ratios are
negative.
(iii) In the third quadrant (π < θ < 3π/2), only tan θ and cot θ are positive and the rest of the ratios are negative.

(iv) In the fourth quadrant (3π/2 < θ < 2π), only cos θ and sec θ are positive and the rest of the ratios are negative.

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The signs of the trigonometric ratios can be remembered with the help of the diagram given below.

Y
sine and cosec (+ve)
All (+ve)
Rest, (−ve)
I Quadrant
II Quadrant
0° to 90°
90° to 180°
X′ O X
tan and cot (+ve) cos and sec (+ve)
Rest, (−ve) Rest, (−ve)
III Quadrant IV Quadrant
180° to 270° 270° to 360°
Y′

(i) The absolute value of the ratio is to be arrived at as per the following table

Ratio when n is even when n is odd

sin (nπ / 2 ± θ) sin θ cos θ

cos (nπ / 2 ± θ) cos θ sin θ

tan (nπ / 2 ± θ) tan θ cot θ

(ii) Values of Trigonometric functions of some standard angles

θ 0 π/6 π/4 π/3 π/2 π 3π/2 2π

1 3
sinθ 0 1/2 1 0 −1 0
2 2
3 1
cosθ 1 1/2 0 −1 0 1
2 2
1 3
tanθ 0 1 ∞ 0 ∞ 0
3

Maximum and Minimum values of Trigonometric Ratios

(i) The sine and cosine of an angle can never be less than −1 and cannot be greater than +1.
(ii) The secant and cosecant of an angle will not have any value between −1 and +1.
(iii) The tangent and co-tangent of an angle can take any real value.

Graphs of sine, cosine and tangent functions

sine function: y = sin x

1–

–2π
• • • • • • • • • x
3π –π π 0 π π 3π 2π
− −
2 2 2 2
– –1

Range = [–1, 1]

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cosine function: y = cos x
y

–π π
• • π • • π • • • • x
− 0 3π 2π 5π
2 2 2 2

–1 Range = [–1, 1]

tangent function: y = tan x

y

x
–π/2 0 π/2 π 3π/2

Range = R or (–∞, ∞)

Some important trigonometric identities 2. Double angle formulae

1. (a) sin²θ + cos²θ = 1 2 tan θ
(b) 1 + tan²θ = sec²θ (i) sin2θ = 2sinθ cosθ =
1 + tan 2 θ
(c) 1 + cot²θ = cosec²θ
(ii) cos2θ = cos²θ − sin²θ = 2 cos²θ − 1
2. (a) sin(−θ ) = −sin θ 1− tan 2 θ
(b) cos(−θ) = cos θ = 1 − 2sin²θ =
(c) tan(−θ) = −tan θ 1 + tan 2 θ
(iii) From (ii) above,
Note : (sinθ)² is represented as sin²θ and so on. 1+ cos 2θ 1− cos 2θ
cos θ = ; sin θ =
2 2
Compound Angle: An angle made by the sum or
difference of two or more angles is called a compound
angle. 2 tan θ
(iv) tan2θ =
1 − tan 2 θ
1. Addition and Subtraction formulae
(i) sin (A + B) = sinA cosB + cosA sinB cot 2 θ − 1
(v) cot2θ =
(ii) sin (A − B) = sinA cosB − cosA sinB 2 cot θ
(iii) cos (A + B) = cosA cosB − sinA sinB
(iv) cos (A − B) = cosA cosB + sinA sinB 3. Half - angle formulae
tan A + tan B
(v) tan (A + B) = Replacing θ by θ/2 in the formulae given in (2), we
1 − tan A tan B get the following formulae.
tan A − tan B
(vi) tan (A − B) = (i) sin θ = 2sin θ/2 cosθ/2
1 + tan A tan B
2 tan θ / 2
cot A cot B − 1 =
(vii) cot (A + B) = 1 + tan 2 θ / 2
cot A + cot B
(ii) cos θ = cos² θ/2 − sin² θ/2
cot A cot B + 1
(viii) cot (A − B) = = 2 cos² θ/2 − 1
cot B − cot A
1 − tan 2 θ / 2
(ix) sin (A + B) sin (A − B) = sin²A − sin²B = cos²B = 1 − 2sin² θ/2 =
1+ tan 2 θ / 2
− cos²A
(x) cos (A + B) cos (A − B) = cos²A − sin²B = 2 tan θ / 2
(iii) tan θ =
cos²B − sin²A 1 − tan 2 θ / 2
cot 2 θ / 2 − 1
∑ tan A − π tan A (iv) cot θ =
(xi) tan (A + B + C) = 2 cot θ / 2
1 − ∑ tan A tan B
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4. Triple angle formulae: Heights and Distances
(i) sin3θ = 3sinθ − 4sin θ 3

(ii) cos3θ = 4cos3 θ − 3cosθ O' B

3 tan θ − tan θ
3 β
(iii) tan3θ =
1− 3 tan 2 θ
cot 3 θ − 3 cot θ 3 cot θ − cot 3 θ
(iv) cot3θ = =
3 cot θ − 1
2
1 − 3 cot 2 θ
α
5. Formulae for changing the Product into Sum O A
or Difference:
2 sinA cosB = sin(A + B) + sin(A − B) Let AB be a vertical line drawn from B to A to meet the
2 cosA sinB = sin(A + B) − sin(A − B) horizontal line drawn from O (which is at a lower level
2 cosA cosB = cos(A + B) + cos(A − B) than B) and let BO' be the horizontal drawn through B
2 sinA sinB = cos(A − B) − cos(A + B) (i.e., BO' is parallel to OA)

6. Formulae for changing the Sum or Difference Then ∠AOB is called the angle of elevation of point B as
into Products: seen from point O and ∠O' BO is the angle of
 C + D  cos  C − D  depression of point O as seen from point B. It can be
sinC + sinD = 2sin     readily seen that α = β i.e.,
 2   2 
 C + D  sin C − D Angle of Elevation = Angle of Depression (since AO is
sinC − sinD = 2cos    
 2   2  parallel to BO').

C + D C − D Using the trigonometric ratios on angles of elevation and

cosC + cosD = 2cos   cos  
 2   2  depression, we can find out heights and distances as
seen in the examples given in the later part of this
 C + D  sin  D − C 
cosC – cosD = 2sin     chapter.
 2   2 
Examples
Other Standard Results
5π
(1) Sine rule: 7.01. Convert radians into degrees.
12
a b c
= = = 2R
sin A sin B sin C Sol: π radians = 180°
(R is the circumradius) 5π 5
radians = (180°) = 75°
12 12
(2) Area of a triangle A
ABC, (∆) = (1/2) ab sinC 7.02. An athlete ran 2000 m around a circular path of
(where C is the angle c b circumference 200 m. Find the angle covered by
included between the him (in radians).
sides of the lengths a B C
and b) a
2000
Alternatively ∆ = 1/2 bc Sol: The athlete makes = 10 rounds of the
sinA and 1/2 ca sinB can also be taken. 200
circular path.
(3) Cosine Rule: 1 round = 2π radians.
10 rounds = (10) (2π radians)
b2 + c 2 − a 2
cosA = = 20π radians.
2bc
a2 + c 2 − b2 7.03. The angles of a triangle are in arithmetic
cosB =
2ac progression with a common difference of 20°.
a2 + b2 − c 2 Find the measures of the angles in radians.
cosC =
2ab Sol: Let the measures of the angles be
P°, Q° and R°
(4) P + Q + R = 180°
O O is the centre P = Q − 20 and R = Q + 20
r PQ is the chord ∴ (Q − 20) + Q + (Q + 20) = 180
A ⇒ Q = 60
P Q P = 40 and R = 80
The measures of the angles (in radians) are
Chord PQ = 2rsin
A
, r = radius of the circle. 2π π 4π
, and .
2 9 3 9
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7.04. Find the angle covered by the minutes hand in
7
36 minutes. 7.08. If cos θ = − and θ is not in second
2 2
Sol: The angle covered by the minute hand in quadrant, then find the value of
60 minutes = 360° cos ec 2θ + sec 2 θ
Angle covered by it in 36 minutes .
36 6π cos ec 2θ − sec 2 θ
= (360)° = 216° = radians.
60 5
7
Sol: Given cos θ = − and θ∉Q2 ⇒ θ ∈ Q3
1 2 2
7.05. If tan2α = and α lies in the IInd quadrant find
3
∴ cosec θ = − 2 2
the values of sinα and cosα.
−2 2
and sec θ =
1 1 7
Sol: tan2α = ⇒ tanα = ±
3 3
8  1
8+ 81 + 
cos ec 2θ + sec 2 θ 7  7
Since α lies in the IInd quadrant, sinα > 0, ∴ = =
cosα < 0 and tanα < 0. cos ec 2θ − sec 2 θ 8 − 8  1
7 81 − 
1  7
∴ tanα = −
8 7 4
3 = × =
7 6 3
y

7.09. If θ = π then find the value of sin6θ + cos6θ.

6

2
α
6
1 
6
π  π
6
 1
6
 3
x Sol:  sin  +  cos  =   +  
0  6  6 2  2 
3  
1 + 27 7
= =
64 16

7.10. Find the value of cos ( –1200°).

2
secα = 1+ tan 2 α = − Sol: We know that cos (– θ) = cos θ.
3 ⇒ cos (–1200°) = cos 1200°
∴ cosα = − 3 and sinα = tanα cosα = cos (3 × 360° + 120°)
2 = cos 120°
− 1  − 3  1
= .
= cos (180° – 60°)
= = – cos 60° = –1/2
3  2  2

4 5
cos θ cos θ 7.11. If sin α = and cos β = , then find the
7.06. Show that + = 2secθ 5 13
1 − sin θ 1 + sin θ
α −β
value of sin .
cos θ cos θ 2
Sol: +
1 − sin θ 1 + sin θ
cos θ(1 + sin θ + 1 − sin θ) Sol: Consider cos (α − β) = cos α cos β + sin α
=
(1 − sin θ) (1 + sin θ) sin β
2 cos θ 2 cos θ 3 5 4 12
= = = 2secθ = . + .
1 − sin2 θ cos 2 θ 5 13 5 13
63
⇒ cos (α– β) =
7.07. Show that (secθ − tanθ) (secθ + tanθ) + sin2θ − 65
(sinθ + cosθ)2 = 0 We know that
 α −β 1 − cos(α − β)
Sol: (secθ − tanθ) (secθ + tanθ) = sec2θ − tan2θ = 1 sin   =
(sinθ + cosθ)2 = sin2θ + cos2θ + 2 sinθ cosθ  2  2
= 1 + sin2θ
63
∴ sin 2θ – (sin θ + cosθ)2 = −1 1−
65 = 2 1
∴ (secθ − tanθ) (secθ + tanθ) + sin2θ − = =
(sinθ + cosθ)2 = 1 + (−1) = 0 2 2(65 ) 65

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7.12. Find the value of cos 20°cos 40°– sin 5°sin 25°. 7.15. From a point P on the ground the angles of
elevations of the tops of two buildings (B and A)
1 are 15° and 75° respectively. Each building
Sol: Required value = [2cos 20° cos 40° – 2 sin is 300 m high. Find the distance between the
2
5° sin 25°] tops of both the buildings. (tan 15° = 2 − 3 and
1 tan 75° = 2 + 3)
= [cos 60° + cos 20° + cos 30° – cos 20°]
2
1 1 3 3 +1 Sol:
=  +  =
2  2 2  4 B
A

3 1
7.13. Find the value of − .
sin 20° cos 20°

300 m
 3 1 
2 cos 20° − sin 20°
3 cos 20° − sin 20°  2 2 
Sol: = 
sin 20° cos 20° 1
(2 sin 20° cos 20°) 75° 15°
2 M P N
4(sin 60° cos 20° − cos 60° sin 20°)
=
sin 40° Distance between the tops of the two buildings
 sin 40°  = AB = MP + PN
= 4  =4 = 300 (cot 75° + cot 15°)
 sin 40° 
= 300 (tan 15° + tan 75°)
7.14. If the lengths of the sides of a triangle are 8, 9 (
= 300 2 − 3 + 2 + 3 )
and 10, find the cosine of the least angle in it. = 1200 m.

Sol: Let a = 8, b = 9 and c = 10.

The least angle of the triangle will be opposite
to the least side in it.
∴ ∠A is the least angle.
b2 + c 2 − a 2 9 2 + 10 2 − 8 2
cos ∠A = = = 0.65
2bc (2) (9) (10 )
∠A = cos−1(0.65)

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 Concept Review Questions
Directions for questions 1 to 35: For the Multiple Choice Questions, select the correct alternative from the given
choices. For the Non-Multiple Choice Questions, write your answer in the box provided.

2π c 13. cot (180° + θ) = _______.

1. Angle in sexagesimal measure is (A) tanθ (B) cotθ (C) −cotθ (D) −tanθ
3

degrees. 14. (1 + sinθ) (sec2θ) (1 − sinθ) = _______.

(A) 0 (B) secθ (C) sinθ (D) 1
2. Angle 300° in radians (circular measure) is _______.
4πc 5πc 5πc 3π
(A) (B) (C) (D) 15. (a) cosec(330°) =
3 3 6 2

3. The angle covered by a wheel in making one (b) sec(1020°) =

complete revolution at its centre is _______.
(A) 180° (B) 90° (C) 360° (D) 300°
16. If the measures of the angles of a triangle are in the
4. The angle covered by the minute hand in 12 minutes
ratio 1 : 2 : 3, then the ratio of the sides opposite to
is _______.
the angles (in the same order) is ________.
π 3π 2π 4π
(A) (B) (C) (D) (A) 1 : 2 : 3 (B) 1 : 2:3
5 5 5 5
(C) 1 : 2 : 3 (D) 1 : 3:2
5. The angle covered by the hour hand in 30 minutes
is ______.
17. Which of the following statements cannot be true?
π π π
(A) (B) (C) (D) π (A) sinθ = 0.5 (B) cosθ = 0.75
12 10 30 1
(C) tanθ = 100 (D) cosecθ =
6. In a right-angled triangle, if hypotenuse and one of 2
the sides are 17 and 8 respectively and the angle
between them is θ then sinθ and tanθ are _______ 18. If tanθ + secθ = a and secθ − tanθ = b then the
respectively. relation between a and b is _______.
15 15 8 8 a
(A) , (B) , (A) =1 (B) ab = 1
12 17 17 15 b
15 15 8 17 (C) a2 + b2=1 (D) a2 − b2=1
(C) , (D) ,
17 8 17 15
19. cosec4θ + cot4θ − 2cosec2θ cot2θ =
7. Given that cosθ is positive and tanθ is negative then
θ is in ______. 1
(A) Q1 (B) Q2 (C) Q3 (D) Q4 20. If secθ = −2 and cotθ = − , then sinθ = _______.
3
8. Which of the following statements is false? 1 3 − 3 1
(A) tan 500 ° < 0 (B) cosec (– 200°) > 0 (A) − (B) (C) (D)
(C) cot (– 500°) > 0 (D) sec (–400°) < 0 2 2 2 2

9. The number of points in which the graph of cosx 3π

meets the x-axis is _______. 21. Find the value of cosec .
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) Infinite 4
(A) 2 (B) – 2 (C) –2 (D) 2
10. sinθ expressed in terms of tanθ is ________.
tan θ tan θ 1
(A) (B) 22. If cosecθ = + cotθ, then find sinθ.
1 − tan θ 1 + tan θ 2
tan θ tan 2 θ
(C) (D)
1 + tan 2 θ 1 + tan θ
59
23. If tan2θ + 2sec2θ = , then find tanθ.
17 16
11. If secθ = ; θ ∉ Q1, then cotθ = _______.
8 ±
15 −8 8 −15
(A) (B) (C) (D)
8 15 15 8 24. Which of the following is never possible?
12. If a = cos10° – sin10° and b = cos70° – sin70°, (A) tanθ = 4/3
which of the following is true? (B) cosecθ = 5/2
(A) a < 0, b < 0 (B) a < 0, b > 0 (C) cotθ = 3/4
(C) a > 0, b < 0 (D) a > 0, b > 0 (D) secθ = 2/5
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25. sin44° sec46° + cos44° cosec46° = 32. At an instant of time if the length of the shadow of a
1
pole is times its height then find the angle of
26. The value of tan1°tan2°tan3°……. tan89°is 3
elevation of the sun. (in degrees)

27. If 180° < β < 270° and cos β = –4/5, then find cosecβ
+ cotβ. 33. At a point on the ground, the top of a flag pole
(A) –1/3 (B) –1/2 (C) –2 (D) –3 subtends an angle of 60°. If the height of the pole is
300 m, find the distance (in meters) between the
28. An angle ‘θ’ in sexagesimal measure is such that point of observation and the foot of the pole.
its complement is equal to 2/5 th of its supplement.
(A) 75 3 (B) 90 3 (C) 100 3 (D) 50 3
θ=
34. A ladder is placed against a wall of height 18 m. If
α the top of the ladder makes an angle of 60° with th e
29. If sinα + sinβ + sinγ = 3, then the value of cot +
2 wall, then the length of the ladder is ________.
β γ (A) 36 m (B) 12 3 m
cot + cot is
2 2
(C) 18 3 m (D) 48 m

30. If the two sides of a triangle are 5 and 3 2 and the 35. Mohit and Rohit stand on either side of a pole and
angle included by them is 45° then the area of the observe the top of the pole at an angle of elevation
triangle is ________. of 60° and 45° respectively. If the distance betwee n
Mohit and Rohit is 100 m, then the height of the
(A) 15 sq units. (B) 15 2 sq units. pole is ________.
(C) 7.5 2 sq units. (D) 7.5 sq units. (A) 100( 3 )( 3 − 1) m

30. In the above problem, the length of the third side (

(B) 75 ( 3 ) 3 − 1 m )
is _______. (C) 50( 3 )( 3 − 1) m
(A) 13 (B) 13 (C) 2 13 (D) 13 2
(D) 125( 3 )( 3 − 1) m
31. A person standing 50 m away from the foot of a tower
observes the top of a tower to be at an angle of
elevation of 60°. Find the height of the tower in meters.
(A) 25 3 (B) 25 (C) 50 (D) 50 3

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 Exercise − 7(a)
Directions for questions 1 to 30: For the Multiple Choice Questions, select the correct alternative from the given
choices. For the Non-Multiple Choice Questions, write your answer in the box provided.
1. If the angles of a triangle are in an arithmetic 1
progression and the measure of the least angle is 20°, (C) Sine of each angle is greater than .
then find the measure of the greatest angle in radians. 2
1
(D) Cosine of exactly two angles is greater than .
πc 2
9
11. If x = cos50° + cos55° + cos60° and
2. If sinθ and cosθ are the roots of the quadratic
y = sin20° + sin25° + sin30°, then ______.
equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, then which of the
x x
following relations hold? (A) >1 (B) <1
(A) b2 = a2 + 2ac (B) b2 = a2 − 4ac y y
x
(C) a2 + b b 2 − 4ac = 0 (D) a2 = b2 (b2 − 4ac) (C) =1 (D) x + y = 0
y

1 − cos 2θ  1° 
3. If tanθ = , then tan  22  = _______. 12. If two sides of a triangle are 6 cm and 9 cm and the
1 + cos 2θ  2  included angle is 45°, then the area of the triangl e in
 
sq.cm is _______.
(A) 2 − 3 (B) 2 + 3
(A) 27 2 (B) 27/2 (C) 27 2 (D) 27
(C) 2−1 (D) 2+1
13. In a triangle ABC, if a = 4 cm, b = 7 cm and
4. If 3tan2θ − 1 = 0 and θ lies in ΙΙΙrd quadrant, then ∠C = 90°, then the length of the longest side
cosecθ = _______. is _______.
3 (A) 63 cm (B) 65 cm
(A) − 3 (B) −1 (C) − (D) −2
2 (C) 7 cm (D) 9 cm

5. If 13sinθ − 12 = 0 and ‘θ’ is acute, then 14. (i) Which of the following relations best describes
the given graph?
cot θ − tan θ
= ________. y
sec θ − cos ecθ
17 −17 −131 131 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
13 13 91 91

6. In a cyclic quadrilateral ABCD, the value of cosA +

−π• O
•π •
π
• x
cosB + cosC + cosD is 2π
2 2

7. If sinθ and cosecθ are the roots of the equation

−1
cx2 + ax + b = 0, then ________.
(A) b – c = 0 (B) a + c = 0
(C) a + b = 0 (D) a − c = 0
(A) y = sinx (B) y = −cosx
8. If secθ + tanθ = p, then cosθ = _______. (C) y = cosx (D) y = −sinx
p2 + 1 p2 + 1 2p p
(A) (B) (C) 2 (D) 2 (ii) Which of the following relations best describes
2p p2 − 1 p +1 p +1 the given graph?
y
1
9. If sinθ = x + for x > 0, then _______.
x 1
(A) 0≤x≤1
(B) no such value of x exists
(C) x ∈ R+
(D) no such value of x exists

10. Which of the following can be true for an acute • • • • • x

(0, 0) π π 3π
angled triangle?
1 4 2 4
(A) Sine of each angle is less than .
2 (A) y = |sin2x| (B) y = |cos2x|
1 x x
(B) Sine of exactly two angles is less than . (C) y = cos (D) y = sin
2 2 2

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(iii) Which of the following relations best describes the 22. The angles of elevation of the tip ‘P’ of a pole PQ
given graph? from two points, A and B, lying on either sides of the
pole are found to be 30° and 60° respectively.
y A point ‘C’ lying on the line segment joining AB is
such that 2∠APC = ∠APB. Find the length of AC if
π • BC = 30 m.
(A) 30 3 m (B) 60 m (C) 10 3 m (D) 45 m
(0, 0)
• • • x 23. Find the angle of elevation of the sun at an instant
−1 1
when the length of the shadow of a pole is 3 times
its height. (in degrees)

• –π

24. A pole EP is errected vertically in the midpoint of the

(A) y = sinx (B) y = cosx diagonal E of a square ABCD in such a way that the
(C) x = siny (D) x = cosy side AB subtends an angle of 60° at P. If the side of
the square is 5 m, find the height of the tower in
cos 20° + sin 50° meters.
15. Value of is _______.
sin 20° + cos 50° 2
(A) 3 (B) 3 (C) 1/3 (D) 1/ 3
25. A flag staff EP is situated at the midpoint E of side
16. The maximum value of sin x + cos x is 6 6 AB of a square ABCD. If the side DC subtends an
angle of 30° at P, then find the height of the flag
staff, given side of the square is 6m.
17. If h(y) = 3 [ sin y + cos y ], then which of the (A) 18(4 + 3 )m (B) 9(3 + 3)m
following represents the range of h(y)? (C) 18(3 + 3)m (D) 9(3 + 4 3 )m
(A) 3 ≤ h(y) ≤ 3 2 (B) 0 ≤ h(y) ≤ 3 2
(C) 3 ≤ h(y) ≤ 4 (D) None of these 26. If x2 + y2 ≤ 9 and tan 2 πx + cos 2 πy = 0, then the
18. If the angles of elevation of the top of a tower from number of possible values of (x, y) is
the top and the foot of a pole of height 20 m are
30° and 60° respectively, then the height of the
tower is (in m) 27. If θ < 45°, then find the value of

2 + 2 + 2 + 2 cos 2θ .
(A) 4cos2 θ/4 (B) 4sin2 θ/4
19. At a point halfway between the line joining the foot of
the towers X and Y, the angles of elevations of the (C) 2cos θ/4 (D) 2 sin θ/4
tops of the towers are found to be 30° and 45°
28. ABC is a triangle.
respectively. If the towers are separated by a
4 sinA + 6 cosB = 8
horizontal distance of 600 m, find the ratio of their
4 cos A + 6 sin B = 6
heights.
∠C equals _______.
(A) 3 : 1 (B) 1 : 3 (C) 2 : 1 (D) 1 : 2 (A) 60° (B) 120°
(C) 90° (D) cannot be determined
20. Vinod observes an aeroplane flying exactly 1⋅5 km
above the ground at an angle of elevation of 45°. I f, 5 sin Q + 4 sin R 33
29. PQR is a triangle. = . If the
after 9 seconds, the plane has moved away from 5 sin Q − 4 sin R 13
him and is making an angle of elevation of 30° at t he
sides of PQR are integers, the sum of PQ and PR
same height, then the average speed of the plane in
km/sec is _______. has a minimum value of
3 −1 3 +1 1 6
(A) (B) (C) (D)
6 6 2 25
30. E = 10 sinxcosx(5 + sinxcosx). Which of the following
21. From a steamer moving towards a lighthouse at cannot be the value of E?
a constant velocity, the angle of elevation of the top 55
(A)
of the lighthouse is observed to be 30°. 10 minutes 2
from that instant, the angle of elevation changes to 45
60°. If the steamer reaches the light house at noon , (B) −
then find the time at which the first observation was 2
made. 57
(C)
: a.m 2
(D) More than one of the previous choices

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 Exercise − 7(b)
Directions for questions 1 to 40: For the Multiple Choice Questions, select the correct alternative from the given
choices. For the Non-Multiple Choice Questions, write your answer in the box provided.

5 11. PQRS is a cyclic quadrilateral.

1. If sinθ + cosecθ = , find the value of sec2θ + cot2θ. sin P + sin Q + sin R + sin S = _______.
2
(A) –2 (B) 1
(C) 2 (D) Cannot be determined
3
12. cot6θ – cosec6θ + 3cot2θ cosec2θ =
2. Which of the following is not possible?
1 4
(A) cotθ = (B) cosecθ = 13. If tan(α – 45°) + tan( α + 45°) = 0, then a possible
3 3
3 value of α is ________.
(C) secθ = 2 (D) sinθ = (A) 0° (B) 90°
2 (C) 30° (D) Either (A) or (B)
5 14. If 270°< α < 360°and sin α = –3/5, then find secα + tanα.
3. If cosec θ = (θ lies in the first quadrant), then find
3 (A) 1/2 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 1/3
the value of cotθ.
4 7 cot α − cos ecα
(A) (B) (C) 2 (D) 3 15. If sinα = 7/25 and α is acute, then find .
3 3 tan α − sec α
4. If sinθ + cosecθ + sin2θ + cosec2θ = 0, find the value 4 2 −4 −2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
of cotθ. 21 21 21 21
1 −1
(A) (B) 2 (C) (D) 0
2 2 3 −1 1
16. If cos(x + y) = and siny = , which of the
2 2 2
5. If secθ and tanθ are the roots of the equation following can be the respective values of y and x?
ax2 + bx + c = 0, then which of the following is true? (A) 30°, 45° (B) 30°, 135°
(A) b4 = 4ab2 c + a4 (B) b4 = 4ab2c – a4 (C) 60°, 45° (D) 60°, 135°
(C) b4 = a4 – 4ab4 c (D) b4 + a4 + 4ab 2c = 0
17. The angle covered by the minute hand of a clock in
6. If θ = 60°, then find the value of 18 minutes is ________.
sin2θ sec3θ – cosec2θ cotθ. (A) 120° (B) 108° (C) 136° (D) 126°
− 3 2 − 3 2
(A) + (B) − 18. log sin30° + log cos45° + log cos30° = _______.
2 3 2 3
 3 
3 2 (A) log   (B) 0
3 2  32 
(C) − (D) +
2 3 2 3
 32  1  3 
(C) log   (D) log 
1 + cos 2θ  3  2  32 
7. If cotθ = , then find cot 221/2°
1 − cos 2θ 19. If the angles of a triangle ABC are in A.P. with a
(A) 2 +1 (B) 2 −1 common difference of 30°, then the value of cosA
cosB cosC is _______.
(C) 2 +3 (D) 2 2 + 1 2 3 1
(A) 0 (B) (C) (D)
8. If PQR is a right angled isosceles triangle, then 3 4 2
cos ∠P + cos ∠Q + cos ∠R = _______.
20. If a = cosecθ, b = cotθ and θ lies in the first
(A) 2 (B) 2 + 1 (C) 2 + 2 (D) 0 a +1 a −1
quadrant, then − = ________.
9. If 1 + cosecθ + cotθ = x, then cosθ = _______. a −1 a +1
x 2 − 2x + 1 x 2 + 2x − 1 2 −2
(A) (B) (A) (B) (C) –2b (D) 2b
x 2 − 2x + 2 x 2 + 2x + 1 b b
x 2 − 2x x 2 − 2x + 2
(C) (D) 21. The minimum value of sin4 x + cos4 x is
x − 2x + 2
2
x 2 − 2x
10. If 13 sinθ – 12 = 0 and θ is acute, then find the value
22. If cosecα and cosec β are the roots of px2 + qx + r = 0
2 cos θ + 3 tan θ where α and β are supplementary angles, which of
of .
cos ecθ + cot θ the following is true?
(A) p2 = 4qr
(B) r2 = 4pq
(C) q2 = 4pr
195 (D) More than one of the previous choices.
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23. If PQRS is a cyclic quadrilateral. 31. A ladder was placed against a wall. It made an
cotP + cotR – (cotQ + cots) = angle of 15° with the ground. Its top was 10 m above
the foot of the wall. Find the distance (in m) between
the foot of the wall and the foot of the ladder. Given
24. Two sides of a triangle are 4 units and 6 units that tan 15° = 2 – 3
respectively. The angle between them is 30°. Find
the area of the triangle (in sq units.) (A) 5(2 + 3 ) (B) 15(2 + 3 )
(C) 10(2 + 3 ) (D) 20(2 + 3 )

32. From the top of a hill of 90 m height, the angles of

25. The sides of a triangle are 4, 6 3 and 8. Find the depressions of the top and foot of a tower are
observed as 15o and 60o respectively. Find the
  height of the tower. (in m)
 
least angle of the triangle. cos–1 
 3 
 ( )
(A) 30 3 - 1 ( )
(B) 60 3 - 3
(C) 90( 3 - 1) (D) 30(3 - 3 )
5 +1
26. In ∆PQR, if p = 8 cm, q = 10 cm and cosR= ,
4 33. The value of sec6θ – tan6θ – 3sec2θ tan2θ is
then find r.
(A) 2 41− 10 5 (B) 2 36 − 10 5 34. In a triangle if the length of one of the sides is

(C) 2 31 − 10 5 (D) 2 26 − 10 5 3 3 and the angle opposite to that side is 60° then
the circumradius of the triangle is ______.
(A) 1
27. Which of the following relations best describes the
(B) 2
graph?
(C) 3
y (D) Cannot be determined

35. In triangle ABC, BC = 4 2 , AC = 4 3 , ∠A = 45°

1 and C is the largest angle. Find the length of AB.

x (A) 2( 3 + 1) (B) 3( 2 + 1)
0 π 2π 3π 4π
(C) 2( 6 + 1) (D) 2( 6 + 2 )
(A) x = sin y (B) y = sin x
(C) x = sin y (D) y= sin x 36. Due to the influence of wind, the upper part of a pole
is broken and it made an angle of 30° with the
ground. The distance from the foot of the pole to the
28. Which of the following relations best describes the
point where the top of the pole touches the ground is
graph?
20 m. Find the length of the upper part of the pole.
y

1
m
3
x
–3π/2 –π/2 0 π/2 3π/2
37. Two buildings of equal heights stand on either side of
a road. At a point on the road in between the buildings,
(A) y = cos2x (B) y =cosx the angles of elevation of their tops were observed
to be 30° and 45°. If the distance between the
(C) x = cos y (D) y = cos x
buildings is 90 m, then find the height of each building.

29. The shadow of Ajay was equal to his height. ( 3 − 1) m

Find the angle of elevation of the sun (in degrees)

sin3 x cos 3 x cos 2 x sin2 x

38. If f(x) = 2
− 2
and g(x) = 3
− ,
cos x sin x sin x cos 3 x
30. An aeroplane is flying at a uniform height of 2 km
π π
above the ground. Rohit at a point P observed where < x < , then which of the following best
the plane at an angle of elevation of 60°. After th e 4 2
plane moved for half a minute towards him, he found describes the relation between f(x) and g(x)?
the angle of elevation to be 75°. Find its speed (A) f(x) ≥ g(x) (B) f(x) ≤ g(x)
(in kmph). (tan 75° = 2 + 3) (C) f(x) > g(x) (D) f(x) < g(x)

39. If 5cosθ + 12sinθ = 13(θ∈Q1), then find the value of

( )
tanθ.
3 2+ 3 (A) 5/12 B) 12/5 (C) 5/6 (D) 6/5
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40. If α, β are complementary angles, then the 42. Find the value of (cosA + sinA)² – (cosA – sinA)².
Ι. A = 0°.
maximum value of cos α + sin β is
2 2
ΙΙ. cos²A + sin²A = 1.

43. Find the value of tanA + tanB + tanC.

Directions for questions 41 to 45: Each question is
Ι. A, B, C are angles of a triangle.
followed by two statements, Ι and ΙΙ. Indicate your
responses based on the following directives: ΙΙ. ∆ABC is equilateral.

Mark (A) if the question can be answered using 44. Which is taller, The Eiffel Tower or The Statue of
one of the statements alone, but cannot be Liberty?
answered using the other statement alone. Ι. The angle of elevation of the head of The
Mark (B) if the question can be answered using Statue of Liberty from a distance of 15 m is 60°.
either statement alone. ΙΙ. The angle of elevation of the middle of
Mark (C) if the question can be answered using The Eiffel Tower from a distance of 15 m is 45°.
Ι and ΙΙ together but not using Ι or ΙΙ alone.
Mark (D ) if the question cannot be answered even 45. What is the height of the tower PQ?
using Ι and ΙΙ together. Ι. A man standing on the ground at a point A,
30 m from the foot of the tower observes the top
of the tower at an angle of elevation of 60o.
41. Does θ lie in 3rd quadrant?
ΙΙ. A man standing at a point B, 20 m from the fat
Ι. cosθ > 0.
of the tower observes the midpoint of the tower
ΙΙ. sinθ < 0. at an angle of elevation of 30°.

Key
Concept Review Questions

1. 120 7. D 13. B 18. B 24. D 30. (i) D 35. C

2. B 8. D 14. D 19. 1 25. 2 (ii) B
3. C 9. D 15. (i) –2 20. B 26. 1 31. D
4. C 10. C (ii) 2 21. A 27. A 32. 60
5. A 11. B 16. D 22. 0.8 28. 30 33. C
6. C 12. C 17. D 23. 0.75 29. 3 34. A

Exercise – 7(a)
1. 5 6. 0 11. A (iii) C 19. B 24. 2.5 29. 71
2. A 7. A 12. C 15. B 20. A 25. D 30. C
3. C 8. C 13. B 16. 1 21. 11, 45 26. 26
4. D 9. B 14. (i) B 17. A 22. A 27. C
5. B 10. C (ii) B 18. 30 23. 30 28. C

Exercise – 7(b)

1. 13 9. C 17. B 25. 1.625 33. 1 41. A

2. D 10. 1036 18. D 26. C 34. C 42. A
3. A 11. D 19. A 27. D 35. D 43. A
4. D 12. –1 20. A 28. D 36. 40 44. C
5. A 13. D 21. 0.5 29. 45 37. 45 45. B
6. B 14. A 22. C 30. 480 38. C
7. A 15. A 23. 0 31. C 39. B
8. A 16. A 24. 6 32. B 40. 2

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