ENGLI

SHNOTESS1
ACDEMI
CYEAR2021
TABLEOFCONTENTS
LESSONI…………………………………………………………………………Useofsi
mpl
epr
esent
tense
LESSONII……………………………………………………………………….
.Composi
ti
on
(Descr
ipt
ivewr
it
ing)
LESSONI I
I…………………………………………………………………………. WH
quest
ions(i
nter
rogat
ivepr
onouns,
adj
ect
ives,
andadv
erbs)
LESSONIV………………………………………………………………………….
Aff
ir
mat
iveand
negat
ivef
orminsi
mplepr
esentt
ense
LESSONV………………………………………………………………………….
.I
nter
rogat
ivef
ormi
n
si
mplepr
esentt
ense
LESSONVI …………………………………………………………………………Theuseofr
elat
ive
pronouns
LESSONVI
I…………………………………………………………………………Adv
erbsoff
requency
LESSONVII
I…………………………………………………………………………Count
abl
eand
Uncount
abl
enouns
LESSONIX……………………………………………………………………….
Det
ermi
ner
sof
quant
it
yoramount(
quant
if
ier
s)
LESSONX……………………………………………………………………Adv
erbsoft
ime(
dur
ati
on)
LESSONXI
………………………………………………………………….
Simpl
epastt
ense
LESSONXII
……………………………………………………………….Si
mpl
epr
esentt
ensewi
th
fut
uremeani
ng
LESSONXI
I…………………………………………………………………Composi
ti
on(
essay
)
wri
ti
ng
 1
LESSONXI I
I…………………………………………………………………Theuseofpr
esent
cont
inuoustense
LESSONXI
V……………………………………………………………….
WHcl
auses
LESSONXV………………………………………………………………Theuseofpr
esentper
fect
tense
LESSONXVI………………………………………………………………Modal
ver
bs(
shoul
d
+by+i
ngf
orm)
LESSONXVI
I…………………………………………………………….
.Fi
rstcondi
ti
onal
(If1)
LESSONXVI
II
…………………………………………………………….Pastcont
inuoust
ense
LESSONXIX……………………………………………………………….
Timecl
auseswi
thsi
mpl
e
pastandpastcont
inuoust
ense
LESSONXX………………………………………………………………Passivevoice(
simpl
e
present
)wi
thmodal
ver
bswi
thcompar
ati
vesandsuperl
ati
ves
LESSONXXI
……………………………………………………………Adj
ect
ives
LESSONXXII…………………………………………………………….Degr
eesofcompar
ison
(compar
ati
vesandsuper
lat
ives)
LESSONXXIII
……………………………………………………………Connect
orsofcause
(r
eason)andofpur
pose(
goal
orbut
)
LESSONXXI
V…………………………………………………………….
.Ger
unds
LESSONXXV………………………………………………………………. .Connect
orsofti
me:
aft
er,f
irst
,then,
aft
ert
hat
,bef
ore,
whi
l
e,when,
whenever
,unt
il
/t
il
l,
assoon
as,aslongas.

FI
RSTTERM
LESSONI
:SI
MPLEPRESENTTENSE
1)Defi
nit
ion:thesi
mplepresenti
sapresenttensewhichindi
catesthatan
act
ionispresentnowrel
atedtothespeakerorthewri
tergeneral
ly
.Simply
i
tiscal
ledtodaytense.
For
m:subj
ectper
sonal
pronouns/
nouns+i
nfi
nit
ive-
to(
bar
einf
ini
ti
ve)
E.
g.●Igot
oschool
ever
yday
.
●West
udyEngl
i
sh.
●Theyal
way
sdr
inkmi
l
k.
Notes:Gener
all
yonthet
hir
dper
sonssi
ngul
arhe,
she,
andi
t,weaddsona
conjugat
edverb.
43
E.
g.-
Kar
angwaof
teneat
spot
atoes.
-
Itbar
ksl
oudl
y.
-
Mar
ycookspot
atoes.
Butwhenaver
bisendedbyoneoft hefol
lowi
ngconsonant
s:“
s,x,
ch,
sh,
ando”,
weaddesont hatconj
ugat
edv er
b.
E.
g.-
Shegoest
oKi
gal
i
.
-
Hef
ini
sheshi
stask.
-
Aboyguessest
hesubj
ect
.
-
Ourt
eacherf
ixest
hedat
e.
-
Alphat
eachesEngl
i
shwel
l
.
Ver
bsendi
ngi
n“e”weadd“
s”ont
hem t
ofor
mthei
rsi
mpl
epr
esent
.
E.
g.-
shel
i
vesi
ntheci
ty.
-
Itsel
dom di
es.
-
Pet
erwr
it
esal
ett
er.
Ver
bst
hatendinyfoll
owedbyaconsonantt
heychangedi
nIandweadd
esi
nsi
mplepresent
.
E.
g.-
Hest
udi
esEngl
i
shatschool
.
 -
Itf
li
esv
eryf
ast
.
-
Sheof
tencr
iesi
nthecl
assr
oom.
2)Useofsi
mpl
epr
esentt
ense
●Usedt
oexpr
essahabi
tual
act
ioni
npr
esent(
repeat
edact
ion)
E.
g.-
Ichangemyl
i
brar
yev
eryweek.
-
Het
akest
hedogoutt
wiceaday
.
-
Weal
way
sst
udyEngl
i
sh.
●Toexpr
essauni
ver
sal
,gener
alt
rut
h,orsci
ent
if
icpr
inci
ple
E.
g.-
Theear
tht
urnsar
oundt
hesun.
-
Wat
ercont
ainsoxy
genandhy
drogen.
-
Thesunr
isesi
ntheeast
.
-
Icemel
tsabov
e0◦Cel
sius.
●Total
kaboutschedul
edev
ent
sint
henearf
utur
e(pr
e-pl
annedact
ionor
fut
uredef
ini
teact
ion)
E.
g.-
Ourexami
nat
ionbegi
nsonnextMonday
.
-
Mycl
asst
eacherr
eti
resi
nMaynexty
ear
.
●Usedi
npr
over
bs
E.
g.-
Honest
yist
hebestpol
i
cy.
-
Timeandt
idewai
tsf
ornomor
e.
-
Empt
yvessel
smakemuchnoi
se.
-
Slowandst
eadywi
nst
her
ace.
●Usedt
oindi
cat
ethef
utur
ewi
thconj
unct
ionswhi
chshowt
het
ime.
E.
g.-
Wai
ther
eti
l
lher
etur
ns.
-
Playaf
tery
ouf
ini
shy
ourwor
k.
-
Stayher
ebef
orehecomes.
Key
wor
ds(
signal
wor
ds)ofsi
mpl
epr
esent
.
*
Usual
l
y *
Ever
yti
me *
int
heseday
s
*
Oft
en *
Nev
er *
Nowaday
s
*
Somet
imes *
Onl
y *
Ever
*
Sel
dom *
Alway
s *
Frequent
ly
*
Ever
yday
,mont
h,week,
year
*
Gener
all
y
*
Onceaweek
*
Twi
ceaday
*
Thr
iceaday
.

LESSONII
:COMPOSI
TION(
BRI
EFDESCRI
PTI
VE
WRITING)
1)Def
ini
ti
on:bri
efdescr
ipt
ivewri
ti
ngisawayofmaki
ngthedescr
ipt
ionof
somet
hing(obj
ects)
,someone(peopl
e),
andpl
acesbr
ief
ly.
a)Descr
ibi
ngaper
son
Whenwedescr
ibepeopl
e,wesayhowt
heyl
ookandt
hei
rchar
act
eri
n
t
ermsof
:
-
Thephysi
calappear
anceofhi
m/her
→ si
ze,
ski
ncol
or,
thehai
r,cl
othes
wor
n,andshoes.
-
Hisorheract
ions→ howhe/
shewal
ksoreat
s.
-
Whatheorshel
i
kesanddi
sli
kes.
-
Whatot
her
ssayabouthi
m orher
.
-
Whaty
out
hinkabouthi
m orher
.
b)Descr
ibi
ngpl
acesandobj
ect
s
Wedescr
ibepl
acesandobj
ect
s(t
hings)i
nter
msof
:
-
size:
big,
smal
l
,long,
shor
t.
-
col
our
:gr
een,
brown,
black,
yel
l
ow.
-
shape:
squar
e,ov
al,
irr
egul
ar,
round.
-
age:
new,
old,
young.
-
mat
eri
almadei
n:cot
ton,
leat
her
,wooden.
Wheni
tisf
oodorbev
erage
-
Smel
l
:good,
awf
ul.
-
Tast
e:sweet
,bi
tt
er.
E.
g.Descr
ipt
ionofmydeskmat
einnotmor
ethan15l
i
nes.
Thisismydeskmat e,weat tendthewhol edai
lylessonstogether,
hername
i
sNYI RAHABI MANAOl i
ve,andshei say ounggirlwit
htwelvey ear
sol d,
small sizewith42kilograms, br
ownski n,andblackhair,
sheiswear inga
whiteshi r
t,askyblueski r
t,andblackgoodshoes.Shewal ksveryniceand
peacef ull
y,ever
ydayatherhome, t
heyliketoeatpotatoes,beans,r
iceand
meat .Shel i
kesstudyingveryhard,li
steningmusicandpl ayi
ngwi t
hot hers.
Ourclassmat esoftensayt hatsheiscar
elessandar rogantgirl
because
shedoesn’tl
iketotalkwi t
hboy swhowantt odisruptherbutmeIal ways
seethatsheisav erynice,i
ntell
igent
,andpeaceful gi
rlbecausesheli
kes
study
ingandhel pmet oexpl ai
nf ormewhatIdon’ tunderstandandtogive
mepi ecesofadvicewher eIhav emadeami stake.
Tosum upOl
i
veismyl
ovel
ybestf
ri
end,
peacef
ulgi
rlandi
ntel
l
igentIwi
sh
shecoul
dbearol
emodelt
omanyofourcl
assmates.

LESSONI
II
:WHQUESTI
ONS
I
)WHquest
ions:
arequest
ioni
ngwor
dswhi
chst
artwi
thori
ncl
udeWH.
2)Ki
ndsofWHquest
ions
Theyar
esubdi
vi
dedi
ntot
hreet
ypes:
-i
nter
rogat
ivepr
onouns
-
int
err
ogat
iveadj
ect
ives
-
int
err
ogat
iveadv
erbs
A)I
nter
rogat
ivepr
onouns
I)ani
nter
rogat
ivepr
onouni
sawor
dwhi
chmodi
fi
esav
erbt
hati
susedt
o
aski
ngaquesti
on.
Theyi
ncl
ude:
what
,whi
ch,
who,
whom,
whose,
why
,when,
andwher
e
Notes:anint
err
ogati
vesent
encei
salwaysendedbyaquesti
onmark(?)
becausetheint
err
ogati
vepr
onounscanalsobeusedasr
elat
ivepr
onouns.
I
I)Usesofi
nter
rogat
ivepr
onouns
a)What
:usedt
oaskquest
ionsaboutobj
ect
s(t
hings)andani
mal
s.
E.
g.-
Whatdoy
ouwant
?
-
Whati
syourf
ri
end’
sname?
-
Whatar
eyoudoi
ng?
b)Whi
ch:
usedt
oaskquest
ionsaboutobj
ect
s(t
hings)
.
E.
g.-
Whi
chdoy
oupr
eferbet
weenpr
imusandFant
a?
-
Whi
chi
syourf
avor
it
esubj
ect
?
-
Whi
char
eyourchoi
ces?
I
tcanbeusedtoaskquest
ionsaboutpeopl
ewhenI
tisf
oll
owedbyt
he
pr
eposi
ti
onsorthewor
done
E.
g.-
Whi
choft
hesel
adi
esi
syourmot
her
?
-
Whi
chonei
syourki
d?
-
Whi
chamongt
hoseboy
sisy
our
s?
 -
Whi
chbet
weent
hesegi
rl
sishi
s?
c)Who:
usedt
oaskquest
ionsaboutpeopl
e.
E.
g.-
Whoi
sthat
?
-
Whowasdr
ivi
ngt
hecar
?
-
Whoi
syourf
ather
?
d)Whom:thi
sinter
rogat
ivepronounisrar
elyseent
hesedays,butisused
toaski
ngquest
ionsaboutpeople.(
Ital
waysgoeswithapreposit
ion)
.
E.
g.-
Whom di
dyouspeakt
o?
-
Whom doy
oupr
efert
ovot
efor
?
-
Whom doy
oul
i
vewi
th?
e)Whose:usedtoaskquest
ionsaboutpeopl
eorobj
ect
s,al
way
srel
atedt
o
possessi
on(I
tshowstheownershi
porapossessor)
E.
g.-
Whosei
sthi
ssweat
er?
-
Whosear
ethosepar
ent
s?
-
Whosei
sthi
sbag?
-
Whosei
sthatboy
?
f
)Why
:usedt
oaskquest
ionsaboutt
hecause(
reason)ofsomet
hing.
E.
g.-
Whyar
eyoucr
ying?
-
Whydi
dyoudot
hat
?
g)Where:
usedt
oaskquest
ionsaboutt
hepl
acesomet
hingorsomeonei
s
found.
E.
g.-
Wher
edoy
oucomef
rom?
-
Wher
ear
egoi
ng?
h)When:
usedt
oaskquest
ionsaboutt
het
ime.
E.
g.-
Whenwi
l
lyoucomet
ovi
sitme?
 -
Whenwi
l
lyougot
oKampal
a?
B)I
nter
rogat
iveadj
ect
ives
Ani
nter
rogat
iveadj
ect
iveisawor
dthatqual
i
fiesordescr
ibesanount
hat
i
susedtoaski
ngaquestion.
Theyi
ncl
ude:
what
,whi
ch,
andwhose
E.
g.-
Whi
chpenar
eyougoi
ngt
obuy
?
-
Whi
chbookar
etheygoi
ngt
oread?
-
Whatki
ndhashechosen?
-
whatpur
posedot
heyhav
e?
-
Whosebagi
sthi
s?
-
Whoseshi
rti
sthat
?
Not
e:whi
chasi
nter
rogat
iveadj
ect
ivecanbeusedt
oaskaboutpeopl
e.
E.
g.-
Whi
chper
sondoy
ouwantt
otal
kwi
th?
-
Whi
chboydi
dhebeat
?
C)I
nter
rogat
iveadv
erbs
Anint
err
ogati
veadverbisawordthatcanqual
i
f yanoun,
aver
b,an
adj
ect
iveandotheradver
busedtoaskaquestion.
Theyi
ncl
ude:
how,
howmany
,howmuch,
howof
ten,
howf
ar,
andhowl
ong.
How:
usedt
oaskt
hemannerofsomet
hingorsomeone.
E.
g.-
Howar
eyou?
-
Howi
syourf
ather
?
Howmany
:usedt
oaskt
henumber
.
E.
g.-
Howmanybooksdoy
ouhav
e?
-
Howmanysubj
ect
sdowest
udyi
nseni
orone?
Howmuch:
usedt
oaskt
heamountofuncount
abl
ethi
ngs.
E.
g.-
Howmuchmoneydoy
ouhav
e?
-
Howmuchwat
erl
efti
nthecal
abash?
-
Howmuchmi
l
kdoesourcowgi
ve?
Howof t
en(howmanyti
mes)
:usedt
oaskt
het
imessomet
hinghappens,
happenedorwi
ll
happen
E.
g.-
Howof
tendoy
ougot
oschool
inwi
thi
naweek?
-
Howof
tendot
heyeatmeat
?
-
Howof
tenwi
l
lyouat
tendt
heschool
meet
ing?
Howf
ar:
usedt
oaskt
hedi
stancebet
weent
woormor
epl
aces.
E.
g.-
Howf
ari
syourhomet
oschool
?
-
Howf
ari
sfr
om Amer
icat
oRwanda?
Howl
ong:
usedt
oaskt
hedur
ati
onofanact
ion.
E.
g.-
Howl
ongdoesi
ttakey
out
owal
kfr
om homet
oschool
?
-
Howl
ongdi
ditt
akey
out
oreadt
hatbook?
-
Howl
ongdoesi
ttaket
ofi
nishy
ourhomewor
k?

LESSONII
I:AFFI
RMATI
VEANDNEGATI
VEFORM I
N
SIMPLEPRESENTTENSE.
1)Aff
ir
mati
vefor
mi sasent
encet
hataf
fi
rmsapr
oposi
ti
on.Si
mpl
yiti
sa
posi
ti
vest
atement
.
E.
g.-
West
udyEngl
i
sh.
-
Kal
i
sai
saboy
.
2)Negati
veformisasent
encet
hatnegat
esapr
oposi
ti
on.Si
mpl
yiti
sa
negat
ivestat
ement.
E.
g.-
Wedonotst
udyEngl
i
sh.
 -
Kal
i
sai
snotaboy
.
Not
e:Af
fi
rmat
iveandnegat
ivef
ormsar
eseeni
nthev
erbofasent
ence.
3)Changi
ngaf
fi
rmat
ivef
ormt
onegat
ivef
orm.
Rul
e1.Gener
all
ywechanget
heaf
fi
rmat
ivef
ormtonegat
iveform by
put
ti
ngtheword“not
”aft
ert
hemai
nver
bbutiti
sdoneonv er
b“tobe”onl
y.
E.
g. Af
fi
rmat
ivef
orm Negat
ivef
orm
-
Iam aboy
. Iam notaboy
.
-
Kar
angwai
sadoct
or. Kar
angwai
snotadoct
or.
-
Wear
eint
hecl
assr
oom. Wear
enoti
nthecl
assr
oom.
Rule2.Forot
herv
erbs,
weuseanauxi
l
iar
y“t
odo”t
ohel
pinf
ormi
ngt
he
negati
veform.
For
m:subj
ect
+do/
does+not
+bar
einf
ini
ti
veofmai
n(gi
ven)v
erb+obj
ect
.
E.
g. Af
fi
rmat
ivef
orm Negat
ivef
orm
-
West
udyEngl
i
sh wedonotst
udyEngl
i
sh.
-
Pet
erpl
aysf
oot
bal
l Pet
erdoesnotpl
ayf
oot
bal
l
.
Rul
e3.
Modal
ver
bsi
nnegat
ivef
orm
For
m:subj
ect
+modal
+not
+mai
n(gi
ven)v
erb+obj
ect
.
E.
g. Af
fi
rmat
ivef
orm Negat
ivef
orm
-
Manyst
udent
scanst
udyEngl
i
sh. Manyst
udent
scannotst
udy
Engl
i
sh.
-Thet
eachermaybeatt
heboy
s. Thet
eachermaynotbeatt
he
boy
s.
Notcanbewr
it
teni
ncont
ract
ionf
orm asn’
t.
E.
g.-Thet
eachermustbeatt
heboy
s. Thet
eachermust
n’tbeatt
he
boys.
-
West
udyEngl
i
sh. Wedon’
tst
udyEngl
i
sh.
 -
Mar
ycookspot
atoes. Mar
ydoesn’
tcookpot
atoes.
Ther
ear
esomewor
dswhi
chchangesasf
oll
ow:
Af
fi
rmat
ivef
orm negat
ivef
orm
Some………………………………………………any
Somebody
……………………………………….
any
body
Someone………………………………………….
.any
one/
noone
Somet
hing……………………………………….
any
thi
ng/
not
hing
Somewher
e………………………………………any
wher
e
Just
/al
ready
……………………………………….
.noty
et
Wi
th/
wit
hin……………………………………….
.wi
thout
Somemor
e………………………………………….
any
mor
e

LESSONIV:
INTERROGATI
VEFORM I
NSI
MPLE
PRESENTTENSE.
1)Int
errogat
ivef
ormisaki
ndofasent
enceusedwhenwear
easki
nga
questi
on.Iti
salway
sendedbyaquest
ionmark(
?).
2)Ki
ndsofi
nter
rogat
ivef
orm.
a)I
nter
rogat
ivef
orm byusi
ngi
nter
rogat
ivepr
onouns.
b)I
nter
rogat
ivef
orm wi
thoutusi
ngi
nter
rogat
ivepr
onouns.
(
a)I
nter
rogat
ivef
orm byusi
ngi
nter
rogat
ivepr
onouns.
For
m:i
nter
rogat
ivepr
onoun+auxi
l
iar
yver
b+subj
ect
+mai
nver
b.
E.
g.-
Whatdoessci
encemean?
 -
Whydomanygi
rl
sli
ket
odance?
-
Whosedoest
hisbagbel
ongt
o?
(
b)I
nter
rogat
ivef
orm wi
thoutusi
ngi
nter
rogat
ivepr
onouns.
Rule1.Gener
all
y,weformint
err
ogat
ivef
orm bymaki
ngan“
inv
ersi
onof
subject
”buti
tisonlydoneonverb“
tobe”.
For
m:v
erb+subj
ect
+obj
ect
+?
E.
g. Af
fi
rmat
ivef
orm i
nter
rogat
ivef
orm
-
Iam aboy
. Am Iaboy
?
-
Mar
yisanur
se. I
sMar
yanur
se?
-
Wear
eint
hecl
assr
oom. Ar
ewei
nthecl
assr
oom?
Rule2.Forotherver
bs,
weuseanauxi
l
iar
y“do”t
ohel
pinf
ormi
ng
i
nterr
ogativeform.
For
m:Do/
does+subj
ect
+mai
nver
b(gi
venv
erb)+obj
ect
+?
E.
g. Af
fi
rmat
ivef
orm i
nter
rogat
ivef
orm
-
Jul
i
apl
ayst
enni
s. DoesJul
i
apl
ayt
enni
s?
-
All
thepeopl
eof
tenneedpeace. Doal
lthepeopl
eof
tenneedpeace?
-
Iwor
katSer
enahot
el. DoIwor
katSer
enahot
el?

LESSONV:
RELATI
VEPRONOUNS
1)Def i
nit
ion:ar
elat
ivepronounisawor dwhichjoi
nsorl
i
nkanounwit
ha
statementortwostatement s.I
tisusedaf
ternountomakei
tcl
earwhi
ch
personort hi
ngwear etal
kingabout.
Theyi
ncl
ude:
who,
whom,
whose,
whi
ch,
andt
hat
Ther
ear
eal
sor
elat
iveadv
erbsi
ncl
udi
ng:
wher
e,when,
andwhy
.
Thei
nfor
mat
iont
hatf
oll
owst
her
elat
ivepr
onoun/
adv
erbi
scont
ainedi
n
whatwecal
lrel
ati
vecl
auses.
2)Usageofr
elat
ivepr
onouns
●Weuser
elat
ivepr
onounsaf
ternoun.
●Wealsouserel
ati
vepr
onounst
omakei
tcl
earwhi
chper
sonort
hingwe
ar
etal
kingabout
.
Who:isusedforpeopl
eandi
tisal
way
sfol
l
owedbyav
erbt
obei
tsubj
ect
andsometimescanbeanobj
ect.
E.
g.-
Themanwhol
entmet
hebook.
-
Pet
eri
saboywhoi
sthef
ir
sti
nourcl
assr
oom.
-
Thecol
l
eaguewhoy
ouar
etel
l
ingmeabout
.
-
Chr
ist
opheCol
om i
samanwhodi
scov
eredAmer
ica.
Whose:i
susedforpeopleandthingstoshowt
hepossessi
onorthe
owner
ship(Someone’
sthingorpersonandsomet
hing’
sthi
ng)andi
tis
al
waysfoll
owedbysubjectnouns.
E.
g.-
Isawamanwhoseheadwasexci
ti
ng.
-
ThemanwhosebookIbor
rowed.
-
Thedogwhosel
egwasbr
oken.
-
Ther
ear
esomel
ear
ner
swhosebagswer
ecut
.
That
:usedforpeopl
eorthi
ngs,
itcanbeeithersubj
ectorobj
ectwheni
tis
anobjecti
sal
way sf
oll
owedbysubjectpr
onouns.
E.
g.-
Themant
hatIt
oldy
ouwasamazi
ngi
ndeed.
-
Themant
hatl
entmet
hebook.
-
Ther
ewasacart
hatmadeanacci
dent
.
-
MrKagabohasadogt
hati
sabl
etobar
kev
eryday
.
Not
e:t
hatcanwor
kaswhoandwhi
ch.
E.
g.-
Thecol
l
eaguewho/
thaty
ouwer
etel
l
ingmeabout
.
 -
thebookwhi
ch/
thatIt
oldy
oui
slongman.
Whom:usedforpeopl
e,i
tcanrepl
aceobj
ectnounsorpr
onouns,
isal
way
s
f
oll
owedbysubjectpr
onounsandital
way
sgoeswi t
hapreposi
ti
on.
E.
g.-
Shei
sthegi
rlwi
thwhom Iwor
k.
-
Hei
saper
sonwi
thwhom Igo.
-Themanf r
om whom Iborr
owedthebook.(
Ver
yfor
mal
)Ort
heman
whom Ibor
rowedthebookfrom.(
Lessfor
mal)
Which:
usedf
ort
hings,
itcanbeeit
hersubj
ectorobj
ect
,wheni
tisan
obj
ecti
sal
waysf
oll
owedbysubjectpr
onouns.
E.
g.-
Pet
erhasadogwhi
chi
sver
ycr
azy
.(Subj
ectofav
erb)
-
Thebookwhi
chIt
oldy
oui
sint
erest
ing.(
Obj
ect
)
-
Myf at
herhasashi
rtwhi
chwascutbyoury
oungbr
other
.(Subj
ectofa
v
erb).
Where(atwhich)
:usedtoment
iont
hepl
aceandi
tisal
way
sfol
l
owedby
subj
ectpronounsornouns.
E.
g.-
Hedoesn’
tknowwher
ehei
sgoi
ngt
ost
artf
rom.
-
Tel
lmet
heci
tywher
eyouv
isi
tedl
astweek.
-
Mugabor
eal
l
ygoeswher
ethest
udent
swi
l
lmeetf
ormeet
ing.
When(onwhich)
:usedtodenot
ethet
imeandi
tisal
way
sfol
l
owedby
subj
ectpr
onounsornouns.
E.
g.-
Thel
ear
ner
swer
etol
dwhent
heywi
l
lst
artt
heexams.
-
Theheadt
eachert
oldmet
ogoout
sidewhenImadeami
stake.
-
Wehav
ebeent
oldwhent
heMay
orwi
l
lvi
si
tus.
Why(
forwhich)
:usedt
oexpressther
eason(Causeofsomet
hing)andi
tis
al
way
sfoll
owedbysubjectpr
onounsornouns.
E.g.
-TheMayorofRut
sir
oDi
str
ictt
oldt
hepeopl
ewhyf
orest
sar
eimpor
tant
tothei
rli
ves.
 -
Mugi
shaexpl
ainedwhyhehascomel
atet
oschool
.
Note:
“what”and“how”ar
enotr el
ati
vepr
onounsbecauset heycannot
comeafternoun,i
nst
eadtheyrepl
aceanounandar elat
ivepronounbut
someti
mest heycanbeusedtointr
oduci
ngrel
ati
veclauses.
What
=thet
hingwhi
ch
E.
g.-
Thesent
encewhatIr
eadi
nthebooksur
pri
sedme.
-
Thesent
encewhi
chIr
eadi
nthebooksur
pri
sedme.(
Ver
yfor
mal
)
-
Ihav
enoi
deaonwhaty
ouar
etal
ki
ngabout
.
How=t
hemanneri
nwhi
ch
E.
g.-
Ist
il
lrememberhowwemet
.

LESSONVI
:ADVERBSOFFREQUENCY
1)Defi
nit
ionofanadver
b:anadverbisawordt
hatmodif
iest
hemeani
ngof
averb,
anadjecti
ve,
anotheradv
erb,aphr
aseoracl
ause.
E.
g.-
Thecookpr
epar
esdi
shesqui
ckl
y.
-
Hei
sver
yfastr
unner
.
-
Ihav
ewal
kedal
lthr
ought
hisest
ate.
-
Her
unsv
eryf
ast
ly.
Adver
bquickl
ymodifi
esthev er
bprepar
es,v
erymodi
fi
est
headj
ect
ivefast,
al
lmodif
iesthephr
asethroughthi
sestat
e,ver
ymodi
fi
est
headver
bfastly
.
2)Ki
ndsofadv
erbs
Ther
ear
efi
vemai
nki
ndsofadv
erbs:
a)Adv
erbsoff
requency(
f)
b)Adv
erbsofmanner(
m)
c)Adv
erbsofpl
ace(
P)
d)Adv
erbsoft
ime(
t)
e)Adv
erbsofdegr
ee(
d)
F,
M,P,
T,D
a)Adv
erbsoff
requency
Adverboffrequencyar
ethoseoneswhichqual
if
ytheacti
onsoft hever
bs
i
nasent encetoreveal
thefr
equency(t
imes)ofsuchact
ions.Theyshow
howof t
en(howmanyt imes)ornotsomethi
nghappens,
happenedorwi l
l
happeninsomet ime.
Si
mpl
y,t
heyanswert
hequest
ion“
howof
ten?
”
Theyi
nclude:Al
way s/ev
eryday /
ever
,fr
equently/
oft
en/regular
ly,
someti
mes, sel
dom, r
arely
/hardl
ynever,usual
ly,
once,t
wi ce,t
hri
ce,
four
ti
mes,fi
vetimes,never,
annually
,dai
ly,
weekl y
,hour
ly,
mont hl
y,y
ear
ly,
agai
n,only
,onceupont i
me, occasi
onal
ly,andaday.
E.
g.-
Iof
tent
akeabat
hinadaydur
ingt
hesummer
.
-
Themasoni
snev
erl
atef
ort
hiswor
k.
-
Weeatcassav
aoncei
namont
h.
-
Theschool
sar
einspect
edannual
l
y.
Pl
ace/
orderofadv
erbsoff
requency
Theygeneral
l
yusedi
nthemiddl
eofthesentencebet
weensubjectand
ver
bincompoundtenset
headverbi
splacedbetweenanauxi
l
iaryandthe
mainverb.
For
m:subj
ect
+adv
erb+v
erb+………………….
OR
Subj
ect
+auxi
l
iar
y+adv
erb+mai
nver
b+………………….
.

E.
g.-
Theyof
tent
aket
hei
rdogst
othebeach.
-
Wesomet
imespi
ckupdi
nneront
hewayhome.
 -
Iusual
l
yvi
sitmygr
andpar
ent
sonThur
sday
.
-
Isel
dom eatguav
as.
-
Weal
way
sinsi
stonwel
l
-cookedf
ood.
-
Theyusual
l
ygot
ochur
ch.
-
Sheof
tenst
udi
esEngl
i
sh.
-
Student
sonl
yknowt
hei
rbehav
ior
.
-
Younev
erknowwhoIam.
-
Somepeopl
eev
erdot
hei
rwor
ks.
-
Hesomet
imesseesanai
rpl
ane.
Adver
bsoffr
equencycanal
sobeusedatt
hebegi
nni
ngoratt
heendofa
sent
ence.
E.
g.-
Hegoest
oschool
oft
en.
-
Somet
imes,
wepi
ckupdi
nneront
hewayhome.
-
Usual
l
y,Iv
isi
tedmygr
andpar
ent
sonThur
sday
.
-
Wehav
ethr
eemeal
saday
.
-
Mar
yeat
sfr
uit
sfr
equent
ly.
-
Theywor
kint
hegar
denweekl
y.
-
Pet
ereatabal
anceddi
etdai
l
y.
-
Kal
i
sal
ear
nsEngl
i
shmont
hly
.
-
Thet
eachermeet
sthem ont
her
oadev
eryday
.
-
Onceupont
imeIwasi
nAmer
ica,
Isawat
rai
n.
-
Somet
imeswegot
oschool
lat
e.
-
Ever
ydayt
hesechi
l
drendi
sobeyt
hei
rpar
ent
s.
Somet
imesnev
erandev
ercomebet
weenanauxi
l
iar
yver
bandamai
nver
b.
E.
g.-
kar
angwahasnev
ergonet
ovi
sithi
sgr
andf
ather
.
 -
Mar
yandMut
esi
hav
eev
erwr
it
tenapol
ogyl
ett
ers.
-
Homewor
kisnev
erdonebymrJohn.
Butwenev
erputt
headv
erbaf
terav
erbdi
rect
ly.
E.
g.-
Wepi
ckupdi
nnersomet
imesont
hewayhome.(
Mist
ake)
-
Student
sar
ebeat
enal
way
satschool
.(Mi
stake)
-
Theyst
udyMat
hemat
icsusual
l
yonFr
iday
.(Mi
stake)
But:twice,once,t
hri
ce,
fourti
mes, f
ivetimes,etc.ar
eusedasindi
rect
objectsincetheycomeafterdi
rectobjetthatf
ollowsthemai
nv er
band
theycanbeusedwi t
hotheradverbsoffrequencyinthesamesentence.
E.
g.-
Theyeatcabbagest
wiceamont
h.
-
Alphagoest
oschool
thr
iceaweek.
-
Weusual
l
yst
udyMat
hemat
icsoncei
nay
ear
.
-
Youeatf
ivet
imesaday
.

LESSONVII:
COUNTABLEANDUNCOUNTABLE
(NON-COUNTABLE)NOUNS.
A)Def
ini
ti
onofanoun:
anouni
sanami
ngwor
doranameofsomet
hing.
B)Ki
ndsofnouns
-
commonnouns
-
propernouns
-
count
abl
enouns
-
uncount
abl
enouns
-
concr
etenouns
-
abst
ractnouns
-
col
l
ect
ivenouns
-
compoundnouns
I
.Count
abl
enouns
Def
ini
ti
on:count
abl
enounsaret
henamesoft
hingswhi
chwecancount
.
Si
mplytheycanbeputi
nplur
alf
orm.
E.
g.-
book -
brot
her -
doct
or -
tr
ee
-
Fri
end -
teacher -
cow -
mango
Numberofnouns.
I
nEngli
shgr
ammar
,thenumberr
efer
stot
hecount
ingofnounora
pr
onoun.
E.
g.-
Oneboy
→twoboy
s
-
Onewi
fe→ f
ivewi
ves
-
My→ our
Ki
ndsofnumber
.
Ther
ear
etwot
ypesofnumber
:a)si
ngul
arnumber(
for
m)
b)Pl
ural
number(
for
m)
(
a)Si
ngul
arnumber(
for
m).
I
trefer
stot
hecount
ingofonl
yonenessofanounorapr
onoun.Si
mpl
yiti
s
basedonanounofonethi
ng.
E.
g.-
apen -
atabl
e -
anaunt -
afat
her -
agoose
(
b)Pl
ural
number(
for
m).
I
tref
erstothecount
ingofmor
ethanonenessofanounorapr
onoun.
Si
mplyiti
sbasedonnounsofmanythi
ngs.
E.
g.-
pens -
tabl
es -
aunt
s -
fat
her
s -
geese
Howt
ochangenumber
?
Ther
ear
edi
ff
erentr
ulesr
espect
edt
ochanget
henumberf
rom si
ngul
art
o
pl
ural
.
Rul
e1.
I
ngener
alan“
s”i
saddedatt
heendofasi
ngul
arnount
omakei
tpl
ural
.
E.
g. Si
ngul
ar pl
ural
-
apenci
l→ penci
l
s
-
acow→ cows
-
atool
→ t
ool
s
-
anel
ephant
→ el
ephant
s
-
anegg→ eggs
Not
e:i
npl
ural
number(
for
m)ar
ti
clesaandanshoul
dbeomi
tt
ed.
Rul
e2.
Nounsendi
ngi
n“s,
sh,
x,chando”
,weadd“
es”t
ofor
mthei
rpl
ural
.
E.
g. Si
ngul
ar pl
ural
-
abus→ buses
-
adi
sh→ di
shes
-
abr
anch→ br
anches
-
abox→ boxes
-
amango→ mangoes
-
atomat
o→ t
omat
oes
Rul
e3.
Nounsendi
ngi
n“z”t
hezi
sdoubl
edandt
henweadd“
es”
E.
g.-
aqui
z→ qui
zzes
-
afez
→fezzes
Rul
e4.
Nounsendi
ngin“
y”andi
tispr
ecededbyaconsonant
,theychangedi
nI
andthenweadd“
es”.
E.
g.-
ast
ory
→ st
ori
es
-
ahobby
→ hobbi
es
-
afami
l
y→f
ami
l
ies
-
afl
y→f
li
es
-
asky
→ ski
es
-
ababy
→ babi
es
-
aspy
→ spi
es
Rul
e5.
Nounsendingi
n“y
”andi
tispr
ecededbyav
owel
,weonl
yadd“
s”t
ofor
m
t
heirpl
ural
.
E.
g.-
adonkey
→ donkey
s
-
atoy
→toy
s
-
aday
→ day
s
-
apl
ay→ pl
ays
Rul
e6.
Nounsendi
ngi
n“forf
e”t
hefchangedi
nvandweaddesorswher
ether
e
i
sfe.
E.
g.-
athi
ef→t
hiev
es
-
awi
fe→ wi
ves
-
akni
fe→ kni
ves
-
awol
f→ wol
ves
-
aleaf
→leav
es
-
li
fe→ l
i
ves
Rul
e7.
Nounsendi
ngi
n“e”weadd“
s”t
omaket
hem pl
ural
.
E.
g.-
bot
tl
e→ bot
tl
e
-
ahouse→ houses
-
amobi
l
e→ mobi
l
es
-
asi
ngl
e→ si
ngl
es
-
ati
tl
e→ t
it
les
-
adev
ice→ dev
ices
I
rr
egul
arpl
ural
for
ms
E.
g.-
aman→ men
-
awoman→ women
-
afoot
→feet
-
amouse→ mi
ce
-
atoot
h→ t
eet
h
-
agoose→ geese
-
anox→ oxen
-
achi
l
d→ chi
l
dren
-
aper
son→ peopl
e
2)Uncount
abl
e(non-
count
abl
e)nouns.
Uncountabl
e( non-
count
able)nounsaret
henamesoft
hingst
hatwe
cannotcount.Simpl
ytheycan’tbeputi
nplur
al.
Li
qui
dsandsomef ood:wat
er,butt
er,r
ice,mi
lk,
beer,wine,
jui
ce,
meat
,sal
t,
meal
,maize,
beans,wheatf
lour,
bread,sugar
,oi
l,chi
cken…
I
deasandconcept
s:l
ove,
fun,
wor
k,money
,peace,
saf
ety
,
I
nfor
mat
ion:
adv
ice,
inf
ormat
ion,
news,
knowl
edge,
evi
dence,
resear
ch,
har
dwar
e,sof
twar
e
Categori
es:musi
c,fur
nit
ure,equipment,j
ewelr
y,accommodation,
expendit
ure,
catt
le,
soil
,people,sheep,
deer,
luggage,t
raf
fi
c,scenery
,
species
Bodysubst
ances:
sal
i
va,
weep/
tear
s

LESSONVI
II
.DETERMI
NERS
1)Defi
nit
ion:
adet
ermineri
sawordthatcomesbef
oreanount
omakei
t
cl
ear.I
tshowswhatthenouni
sref
erri
ngto.
E.
g.-
Thesepeopl
e.(
Toexhi
bitt
hatgr
oupsoast
obeknownwel
l
)
-
Alotofmi
l
k.(
Tohel
ptoknowhowmuchi
sthemi
l
kort
heamountofi
t)
Ther
ear
esev
eral
typesofdet
ermi
ner
s.
2)Det
ermi
ner
sofquant
it
yoramount(
Quant
if
ier
s).
Adetermi
nerofquant
it
ytel
l
susaboutthequant
it
yorcer
tai
namountof
somethi
ng.Theycanal
sobecal
l
edindefi
nit
enumberadj
ect
ives.
Someoft
hem ar
e:much,
li
tt
le,
ali
tt
le,
many
,few,
afew,
some,
alotof
,and
any
,
3)Usagesofdet
ermi
ner
sofquant
it
y
Quant
if
ier
sar
eusedi
ndi
ff
erentway
s:
*
Much,
li
tt
le,
ali
tt
lear
eusedbef
oreuncount
abl
enouns.
Much:usedbefor
euncount
abl
e-l
argequant
it
ynounsusual
l
yinquest
ions
andnegat
ivesent
ences.
E.
g.-
Ther
eisn’
tmuchr
ice.
-
Myf
atherhasgi
venmemuchmoney
.
-
Ther
ewer
etoomuchr
ainy
est
erday
.
Li
tt
le:
usedbef
oreuncount
abl
e-v
erysmal
lquant
it
ynouns.
E.
g.-
Ihav
eli
tt
leev
idence.(
Ver
yli
tt
le)
-
Theyhav
eli
stenedl
i
ttl
enewsabouty
ou.
Al
itt
le:
isusedbefor
euncount
abl
e-smal
lquant
it
ynounst
omean“
not
muchandnotli
tt
le”.
E.
g.-
Ther
eisal
i
ttl
ewat
eri
nthecal
abash.
-Wel
eftwi
thal
i
ttl
esugari
nthecup.
*
Many
,few,
afew:
areusedbef
orecount
abl
enouns.
Many:i
susedbeforecount
ablepl
uralnouns,
mai
nlyi
naf
fi
rmat
iveand
negat
ivesent
ences,
eveninquest
ions.
E.
g.-
Pet
erhasmanybooks.
-
Ther
ear
emanypeopl
eint
hebus.
-
Shehasn’
tmanyf
ri
endsatschool
.
-
Doy
ouhav
emanyst
udent
siny
ourcl
ass?
Few:i
susedbefor
ecount
able-
plural
nounstomean“veryf
ew/ v
erysmall
number”
,atl
eastt
wo,i
naffi
rmativ
e,negat
ive,
andi
nterr
ogati
vesentences.
E.
g.-
Shehasf
ewbags.(
2bags)
-
Ther
ear
efewhouses.(
2houses)
Afew:i
susedbef
orecount
abl
e-pl
ural
nounstomean“
notmanyandnot
f
ew”,i
nbothaf
fi
rmati
veandnegat
ivestat
ement
s.
E.
g.-
Pet
erhasaf
ewpens.(
Theycanbe3,
4,5,
and6)
-
Ihav
enotgotaf
ewmar
ks.

*Some,any
,andalotof(
lot
sof
)canbeusedbef
orebot
hcount
abl
eand
uncount
abl
enouns.

Some:isusedbefor
ecount
able-
plur
alnouns,
uncountabl
enounstomean
“notal
l
”mainlyi
nquest
ionsandnegati
vesentences.I
tcanr
eplace“
ali
tt
le”
or“
afew”
.

E.
g.-
Ther
ear
en’
tsomebooksi
nthel
i
brar
y.

-
Giv
emesomewat
er.

-
Doest
het
eacherhav
esomechal
ksi
nthebox?
Alotof/
lot
sof:i
susedbeforecount
able-plur
alnouns,
uncount
ablenouns,
i
naffi
rmati
ve,
int
err
ogati
ve,andnegati
vesentences.I
tcanrepl
ace“much”
or“many”t
omakef or
malspeakingorwrit
ing.
E.
g.-
Ther
eisal
otof
/lot
sofsugar
.(Tomeanmuch)
-
Mar
yhasn’
tal
otofmoney
.
-Ar
ether
eal
otofpassenger
sinmybus?
-
Ihav
eal
otofbooks.(
Tomeanmany
)
Any:i
susedbeforecount
abl
e-singul
arandpl
uralnouns,
uncount
abl
e
nouns,i
nnegat
iveandint
err
o-negati
vesent
ences.
E.
g.-
Ther
eisn’
tanyeggsi
nthebox.
-
Ihav
en’
tgi
venhi
m anybag.
-
Doesn’
thepl
ayanygame?
-
pet
erdoesn’
thav
eanymoneyi
nhi
spocket
.
None:i
susedbefor
ecountable-
plur
alnouns,uncount
ablenouns,
isal
way
s
usednegat
ivel
yandi
tisf
ollowedbyapr eposit
ion“of
”.
E.
g.-
Noneofmoneyhasbeenused.
-
Noneoft
het
eacher
swant
sfai
l
uref
orst
udent
s.
-
Noneoft
hest
udent
swant
stof
ail
.
-
Noneoft
hebot
tl
esi
sther
e.

SECONDTERM
LESSONI
X:ADVERBSOFTI
ME(
DURATI
ON)
.
1)Defi
nit
ion:adver
bsofti
mear ethoseoneswhi
chrevealt
hetimeof
act
ionpertai
ningtothev
erb.Theytel
luswhensomethinghappened.
Theyincl
ude:-
Today,yester
day ,
tomor r
ow, nextday/week/
month/year,
last
ni
ght/day/
week/month/year,atpresent
, now,atthi
smoment ,si
nce,for
,
befor
e,aft
er,
lat
ely,
soon,anhour ,sti
ll
,then,fi
nal
ly,
ago,yet,
alr
eady,never,
event
uall
y,when,whil
e.
Adver
bsofdur
ati
onincl
ude:one-
week,two-
year
,month-l
ong,
day
-l
ong,
si
nce,f
or,
oneyear
,twodays,twoweeks,t
hreeweeks,
fourmont
hs.
E.
g.-
Mar
yhasn’
tseenhi
m si
nce1999.
-
Tom hasst
ayedi
nEngl
andf
oroney
ear
.
-
Iwi
l
ldoi
tint
hreeweeks.
2)Usesofadv
erbsoft
ime
Theseadv
erbsar
eof
tenused:
●total
kaboutt
hepast
:y est
erday,
ago,f
inal
ly
,thedaybefore,
last
t
h
day/
week/month/
year
,in1995,inthe19 centur
y,l
ate,
formerly
,whi
l
e,
when.
E.
g.-
Johnwentt
otheci
nemay
est
erday
.
-
Hehadt
owor
kthedaybef
ore.
-
Lastweekhewasonv
acat
ion.
-
In1995,
RwandabecameaBel
gianpr
otect
orat
e.
-
I he19thcent
nt ury
,Eur
opeanscol
oni
zedRwanda.
-
Ihadgonet
obedwhensomeoner
angt
hebel
l
.
-
Whi
l
eMar
ywascooki
ng,
hisar
m caughtf
ir
e.
●t
otal
kaboutt
hepr
esent
:st
il
l,
yet
,whi
l
e,nev
er,
alr
eady
,just
,anhour
,si
nce,
f
or,
now,
bef
ore,
aft
er,
lat
ely
.
E.
g.-
WhenJul
i
atal
kst
oherboy
fri
end,
shei
sreal
l
yhappy
.
-
Iti
sst
il
lchangi
ngdayt
oday
.
-
Shehasn’
tseenhi
myet
.
-
Ihav
ejustr
ecei
vedmydocument
s.
-
Theyhav
eal
readyseeni
npr
imar
yschool
.
-
wehav
ebeendr
ivi
ngf
oraboutanhour
.
-
Ihav
ewor
kedi
nSer
enahot
elsi
nce2014
●tot
alkaboutt
hefutur
e:soon,t
hen,i
ntwodays,t
omor r
ow,
event
ual
l
y,t
he
dayaf
tertomor
row,nextday/
week/month/
year
/decade.
E.
g.-
Thef
ami
l
ywi
l
lgoonv
acat
ionsoon.
-
Nextmont
htheywi
l
lgot
oIt
aly
.
-
Thent
heywi
l
lfi
ndi
tther
e.
3)Adv
erbsoft
imeor
der
Usually
,adver
bsofti
mecomeaf t
erthev
erbandtheobj
ectandsometi
mes
betweenauxil
iar
yandmainverb.Inmanycasesatt
heendofthesent
ence.
Howev eryoucanal
soputtheadverbofti
meatthebegi
nni
ngofthe
sentence.
Theposi
ti
onoft
headv
erbsdependsony
ouri
ntent
ion:
●I
fyouwanttopointoutafact
,li
keanacti
on,youuset
heusual
wor
dor
der
i
nthesent
ence:subject
+verb+object
+adver
b.
E.
g.-
Johnwentt
otheci
nemay
est
erday
.
S V O
-
Hehadt
owor
kthedaybef
ore.
S V O
●I
fyouwantt
opoi
ntoutt
het
ime,
youputanadv
erboft
imeatt
he
begi
nni
ngoft
hesent
ence:
Adv
erb+subj
ect
+ver
b+obj
ect
.
E.
g.-
Yest
erdayJohnwentt
otheci
nema.
S V O
-
Thedaybef
orehehadt
owor
k.
S V O

LESSONX:
SIMPLEPASTTENSE
1)Defi
nit
ion:si
mplepasttensei
sapastt ensewhichi
susedtoexpressan
act
ionthattookpl
aceinthepast.General
lyi
tisf
ormedbyadding“ed”or“
d”
toaverb.Simplyi
tiscal
l
edy est
erdaytense.
For
m:-
regul
arv
erbs+edord
-
ir
regul
arv
erbs(
tobememor
ized)
,thesecondcol
umn.
E.
g.-
Ipl
ayedf
oot
bal
lyest
erday
.
-
Lastweekhesawanel
ephant
.
-
Wet
rav
ell
edt
oDel
hi.
2)Except
ionst
osomev
erbs
●General
ly
,wefor
mthesi
mpl
epastt
ensebyaddi
ng“
ed”t
othev
erbsi
n
thei
rbasefor
m.
E.
g.Ver
b si
mpl
epast
-St
ay→ st
ayed
-Pack→ packed
-Vi
sit
→ v
isi
ted
●Thev
erbsendi
ngi
n“e”weadddt
ofor
mthei
rsi
mpl
epast
.
E.
g. Ver
b si
mpl
epast
I
nvi
te→ i
nvi
ted
 Ar
ri
ve→ ar
ri
ved
Lodge→ l
odged
●Somev er
bs,wedoubl
ethel
astconsonantandt
hen“
ed”i
saddedt
ofor
m
thei
rsi
mplepast
.
E.
g.-
plan→ pl
anned
-
tr
avel
→tr
avel
l
ed
-
omi
t→ omi
tt
ed
-
commi
t→ commi
tt
ed
-
stop→ st
opped
●Theverbsendi
ngin“y”pr
ecededbyaconsonant
,theychangedt
oIand
edisaddedtofor
mt hei
rsi
mplepast.
E.
g.-
hur
ry→ hur
ri
ed
-
par
ty→ par
ti
ed
-
study
→ st
udi
ed
-
suppl
y→ suppl
i
ed
3)Usesofsi
mpl
epastt
ense
●Usedt
otal
kaboutaspeci
fi
cmomenti
nthepast
.
E.
g.-
Isawi
tlastweek.
-
Yest
erday
,Iwentt
othemar
ket
.
-
West
udi
edt
hisl
essonl
asty
ear
.
●Usedt
otal
kaboutapasthabi
tual
act
ion(
pastr
epeat
edact
ion)
.
E.
g.-
WhenIwasachi
l
d,If
etchedwat
er.
-
Ever
yday
,lastweekMar
ybr
okeonecup.
-
Whenhewasi
np6,
hest
udi
edhar
d.
●Usedt
oli
staser
iesofcompl
etedact
ionsi
nthepast
.
E.
g.-
Hefini
shedwor
ks,
wal
kedt
other
oad,
andf
oundabi
gshopt
o
pur
chase.
Keyorsi
gnal
wor
dsofsi
mpl
epastt
ense.
-
Yest
erday -
onedayl
astweek/
mont
h/y
ear
-
Lastday
/week/
mont
h/y
ear -
once
-
In1980 -
inanci
entt
ime
-
lasti
n2001
-
ago
-
longago
-
twoy
ear
sago

LESSONXI:
SIMPLEPRESENTTENSEWI
THFUTURE
MEANING
Sometimessimplepr
esentt
ensecanhaveafut
uremeaning,whenwewant
total
kaboutschedul
ed(pl
anned)ev
ent
sinthenearf
utur
e( f
utur
edef
ini
te
ti
meact i
ons)
.
Butthoseact
ionswhi
chwi
l
lhappeni
nthef
utur
ear
etal
kedaboutasi
fthey
happentoday
.
E.
g.-
Ourf
ami
l
ymov
est
oSandyBeachesEst
atenextmont
h.
-
Mybr
othert
rav
elst
oSout
hAf
ri
caf
orahol
i
dayi
ntwoweeks.
-
Thepr
esi
dentv
isi
tsourdi
str
ictnextweek.
-
Ourexami
nat
ionbegi
nsonnextMonday
.
-
Thest
affmeet
stheMi
nist
erofEducat
ionwhent
heschool
closesf
or
t
hehol
i
days.
-
Ournat
ional
team pl
aysagai
nstAr
gent
inanextweekatAmahor
o
St
adi
um.

LESSONXI
I:COMPOSI
TION(
ESSAYWRI
TING)
.
1)Def i
nit
ion:acomposit
ion(
academi
cessay
)wri
ti
ngi
sawayofcol
lecti
ng
togetherdif
ferenti
deast
omakeonetextwhi
chgi
vest
hemessaget
ot he
readers.
Bef
orewr
it
ingacomposi
ti
on
-
Ther
emustbeat
opi
ctowr
it
eon.
-
Prepar
eanout
li
neordi
agr
am ofy
ouri
deas.
-
Tohaveacri
ti
cal
thi
nki
ngabouthowy
ouar
egoi
ngt
olengt
henorexpand
y
ourt
opic.
Par
tsofacomposi
ti
on
I
thasf
ourpar
ts:
a)Ti
tl
e
b)I
ntr
oduct
ion
c)Body
/dev
elopment
d)Concl
usi
on
(
a)Ti
tl
e
Thi
sisashor
tphr
asethatsummari
zest
heent
ir
etopi
c.I
tcanbei
noneor
twophr
asesandi
tmustbeunder
li
ned.
(
b)I
ntr
oduct
ion
Iti
sthest
art
ingpartofacomposi
ti
onthatdef
inest
het
opi
candshowy
our
entr
ancei
nwr i
ti
ng.Iti
sonepar
agraph.
I
nthi
spar
t:-wedef
inet
het
opi
c(def
ini
ti
onoft
het
opi
c).
-wementi
on(show)theideasorar
gument
sthatar
egoi
ngt
o
bet
alkedabouti
nthebody/dev
elopment.
(
c)Body
/dev
elopment
I
tisthesecondpartofacomposit
ioni
nwhichi
deasorar
gument
sar
e
t
alkedaboutinexpandedmanner(Det
ail
edt
ext
).
I
nthi
spar
t:
-onei
dea=onepar
agr
aph
-
3ideas=3par
agr
aphs
-
Par
agr
aphshoul
dhav
ecoher
ence(
avoi
dcont
radi
cti
onorof
f-
t
opi
c).
(
d)Concl
usi
on
Thi
sisthelastpar
tofacomposi
ti
oni
nwhichawri
tersay
sbr
ief
lywhat
havebeensaidint
hebody.Si
mpl
yiti
saonepar
agraphsummaryoft
he
body.
I
nthi
spar
t:awri
tershowshissi
deaboutt
het
opi
cwhennecessar
yand
gi
vesomepi
ecesofadvice.
Way
sofi
ntr
oduci
ngbody
’spar
agr
aphs.

●Fi
rst
ly……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………..

●Secondl
y………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

●Thi
rdl
y……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
●Last
ly(
fi
nal
l
y)…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………….
Howt
oconcl
udeacomposi
ti
on?
Concl
usi
onsi
gnal
s:-
Tosum up
-
Toconcl
ude
-
Toend
-
Inconcl
usi
on
-
Final
l
y
-
In/
att
heend,
Wr
it
ingst
yles
-
Bri
ti
shst
yle:
tost
artwr
it
ingatext
remi
tyofapaper
.
●………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………….
.

●………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………. .
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
.
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
-
Amer
icanst
yle:
tost
artwr
it
ingi
nthemi
ddl
eoft
hepaper
.
●…………………………………………………………….
.
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
●……………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
.

LESSONXI
II
:PRESENTCONTI
NUOUSTENSE.
1)Defi
nit
ion:presentconti
nuoustenseist
hepresenttenseusedtoshow
thatweareinthemi ddleofanacti
on,tomeanthattheact i
onisi
nprogr
ess
atthi
sti
me.Si mplythewor dsandtheacti
onshappenatt hesameti
me.
For
m:v
erb“
tobe”i
nsi
mpl
epr
esent
+mai
n(gi
ven)v
erb+i
ngf
orm
I
+am+mai
nver
b+i
ngf
orm
He,
she,
it+i
s+mai
nver
b+i
ngf
orm
We,
you,
they
+ar
e+mai
nver
b+i
ngf
orm
E.
g.-
Iam goi
ngt
oschool
.
-
Hei
swal
ki
ngonf
oot
.
-
Wear
eeat
ingcassav
a.
-ALi
oni
sshout
ingl
oudl
y.
2)Useofpr
esentcont
inuoust
ense.
●Usedt
oexpr
essanact
iont
hati
sgoi
ngonatt
het
imeofspeaki
ng.
E.
g.-
Hei
swor
kingi
nthegar
dennow.
-
Theboy
sar
ewat
chi
ngacr
icketmat
chatpr
esent
.
-
Thechi
l
drenar
epl
ayi
nggamesatt
hist
ime.
●Usedtoexpressf
utur
eact
ions,
simpl
ywhi
char
epossi
bleori
mpossi
blei
n
thenearf
utur
e.
E.
g.-
Theaunt
yisgoi
ngt
oMumbai
tomor
row.
-
Myf
atheri
scomi
ngf
rom Del
hinextMonday
.
-
Wear
edoi
ngourt
estonTuesday
.
Not
e:someverbswedoubl
ethei
rlastconsonantwhenusedincont
inuous
t
enses.Ar
ethoseoneswhi
chconsistofconsonant+vowel
+consonant
(
CVC)
E.
g.-
put
,cut
,hi
t,si
t,commi
t,anddi
g….
Key
/si
gnal
wor
dsofpr
esentcont
inuous.
-
Now -
sti
l
lnow -
anyl
onger
-
Sti
l
l -
att
hismoment -
any
mor
e
-
Atpr
esent -
evennow -
unt
il
/t
il
lnow

LESSONXI
V:WHCLAUSES
1)Defi
nit
ionofaclause:aclausei
sapartofasent
encet
hatcont
ainst
he
subj
ectandthepredicat
e(verb+it
sobj
ect)
.
Ki
ndsofcl
auses
Ther
ear
etwot
ypesofcl
auses:
-i
ndependentcl
ause(
mai
ncl
ause)
-
dependentcl
ause(
subor
dinat
ecl
ause)
I
)Mai
ncl
ausei
sacl
auset
hatcanst
andal
onet
obemeani
ngf
ul.
E.
g.-
Igi
vey
ouagi
ft
.
I
I)Subor
dinat
ecl
ausei
sacl
auset
hatcan’
tst
andal
onet
obemeani
ngf
ul.
E.
g.-
becausey
ouar
emyf
ri
end.
Ty
pesofdependentcl
auses
(
a)Nouncl
ause
(
b)Adj
ect
ivecl
ause
(
c)Adv
erbcl
ause
(
B)Rel
ati
veorWHcl
auses(
Adj
ect
ivecl
auses)
.
Def
ini
ti
on:
arel
ati
veorWHcl
ausei
soneki
ndofdependentcl
ausewhi
ch
hasasubj
ectandapr
edi
cat
ebutcan’
tst
andal
oneasameani
ngf
ul
sent
ence.
●i
tfunct
ionsasanadj
ect
ivet
hat
’swhyi
tsomet
imescal
l
edanadj
ect
ive
cl
ause.
●I
tal
waysbegi
nswi
thar
elat
ivepr
onounwhi
chsubst
it
utesf
oranounor
pr
onoun.
Someofrel
ati
vepronounsthatstar
tarel
ati
vecl
ausear
e:who,
whom,
whose,
which,
thatwhere,when,andwhy.
a)Who:i
susedf
orpeopl
eandi
tisal
way
sfol
l
owedbyav
erbt
obei
t
subj
ect
.
E.
g.-
Themanwhol
entmet
hebook.
-
Pet
eri
saboywhoi
sthef
ir
sti
nourcl
assr
oom.
-
Kar
angwai
saboywhomakesnoi
sei
nourcl
assr
oom.
-
Chr
ist
opheCol
om i
samanwhodi
scov
eredAmer
ica
b)Whose:i
susedforpeopleandthingst
oshowthepossessi
onort
he
owner
ship(Someone’
sthingorpersonandsomet
hing’
sthi
ng)andi
tis
al
waysfoll
owedbysubjectnouns.
E.
g.-
Isawamanwhoseheadwasexci
ti
ng.
-
ThemanwhosebookIbor
rowed.
-
Thedogwhosel
egwasbr
oken.
-
Ther
ear
esomel
ear
ner
swhosebagswer
ecut
.
.
c)That
:usedforpeopl
eorthi
ngs,
itcanbeeithersubj
ectorobj
ectwheni
t
i
sanobjecti
salwaysfoll
owedbysubjectpr
onouns.
E.
g.-
Themant
hatIt
oldy
ouwasamazi
ngi
ndeed.
-
Themant
hatl
entmet
hebook.
-
Ther
ewasacart
hatmadeanacci
dent
.
 -
MrKagabohasadogt
hati
sabl
etobar
kev
eryday
.
Not
e:t
hatcanwor
kaswhoandwhi
ch.
E.
g.-
Thecol
l
eaguewho/
thaty
ouwer
etel
l
ingmeabout
.
-
thebookwhi
ch/
thatIt
oldy
oui
slongman.
d)Whom:usedf
orpeopl
e,i
tcanrepl
aceobjectnounsorpr
onouns,
is
al
way
sfol
l
owedbysubjectpr
onounsanditalwaysgoeswit
hapreposi
ti
on.
E.
g.-
Shei
sthegi
rlwi
thwhom Iwor
k.
-
Hei
saper
sonwi
thwhom Igo.
-Themanf r
om whom Iborr
owedthebook.(
Ver
yfor
mal
)Ort
heman
whom Ibor
rowedthebookfrom.(
Lessfor
mal)
e)Which:
usedforthi
ngs,
itcanbeeit
hersubjectorobj
ect
,wheni
tisan
obj
ecti
salway
sf ol
l
owedbysubjectpronouns.
E.
g.-
Pet
erhasadogwhi
chi
sver
ycr
azy
.(Subj
ectofav
erb)
-
Thebookwhi
chIt
oldy
oui
sint
erest
ing.(
Obj
ect
)
-
Myf at
herhasashi
rtwhi
chwascutbyoury
oungbr
other
.(Subj
ectofa
v
erb).
f)Where(
atwhich)
:usedtoment
iont
hepl
aceandi
tisal
way
sfol
l
owedby
subj
ectpr
onounsornouns.
E.
g.-
Hedoesn’
tknowwher
ehei
sgoi
ngt
ost
artf
rom.
-
Tel
lmet
heci
tywher
eyouv
isi
tedl
astweek.
-
Mugabor
eal
l
ygoeswher
ethest
udent
swi
l
lmeetf
ormeet
ing.
g)When(onwhich)
:usedtodenot
ethet
imeandi
tisal
way
sfol
l
owedby
subj
ectpr
onounsornouns.
E.
g.-
Thel
ear
ner
swer
etol
dwhent
heywi
l
lst
artt
heexams.
-
Theheadt
eachert
oldmet
ogoout
sidewhenImadeami
stake.
-
Wehav
ebeent
oldwhent
heMay
orwi
l
lvi
si
tus.
h)Why(f
orwhich)
:usedt
oexpressthereason(
Causeofsomet
hing)andi
t
i
salway
sf ol
l
owedbysubjectpr
onounsornouns.
E.g.
-TheMayorofRut
sir
oDi
str
ictt
oldt
hepeopl
ewhyf
orest
sar
eimpor
tant
tothei
rli
ves.
-
Mugi
shaexpl
ainedwhyhehascomel
atet
oschool
.

Not
e:“what”and“how”arenotrel
ati
vepr
onounsbecauset
heycannot
comeaft
ernoun,i
nst
eadtheyrepl
aceanounandar elat
ivepr
onounbut
somet
imestheycanbeusedtoint
roduci
ngr
elat
iveclauses.
What
=thet
hingwhi
ch
E.
g.-
Thesent
encewhatIr
eadi
nthebooksur
pri
sedme.
-
Thesent
encewhi
chIr
eadi
nthebooksur
pri
sedme.(
Ver
yfor
mal
)
-
Ihav
enoi
deaonwhaty
ouar
etal
ki
ngabout
.
How=t
hemanneri
nwhi
ch
E.
g.-
Ist
il
lrememberhowwemet
.

LESSONXV:
PRESENTPERFECTTENSE
1)Def
ini
ti
on:Pr
esentperf
ectt
enseist
hepresentt
ensewhi
chshowst
hat
anact
ionhasfi
nishedi
nashort(f
ew)passedti
me.
For
m:v
erb“
tohav
e”i
nsi
mpl
epr
esent
+pastpar
ti
cipl
eofmai
n(gi
ven)v
erb.
I
/you/
we/
they
:hav
e+pastpar
ti
cipl
eofmai
n(gi
ven)v
erb.
He/
she/
it
:has+pastpar
ti
cipl
eofmai
n(gi
ven)v
erb.
E.
g.-
Ihav
efi
nishedmyt
ask.
-
Mar
yandMut
oni
hav
edonemanyexer
cises.
-
Hehasst
udi
edEngl
i
sh.
 -
Mybr
otherhasnotcomesi
nce1997.
-
Ther
ehasbeennor
ainf
orsi
xmont
hs.
2)Usageofpr
esentper
fectt
ense.
●Usedtodescr
ibegeneralex
per
iencei
nthepastoranact
ionhappenedat
anunspeci
fi
edtimebeforenow.
E.
g.-
Ihav
ehear
dthatsongt
went
yti
mes.
-
Ithi
nkhehasmethi
m oncebef
ore.

•
Usedwi
thf
or,
forsomet
hingt
hatst
art
edi
nthepastandcont
inuesi
nthe
pr
esent

E.
g.-
Theyhav
esoldEngl
i
shnewspaper
sinRwandaformanyyear
s.
-Raj
ahasli
vedi
nSalem f
ort
hreey
ears.(
TomeanRajai
sstil
li
nSal
em)
•
Wit
hsi
ncef
orsomet
hingt
hatst
art
edi
nthepastandi
sst
il
lhappeni
ng
E.
g.-
Thej
our
nal
i
sthaswor
kedi
nRBAsi
ncehel
eftUni
ver
sit
y.
-
Ihav
enotmetmygr
andmot
hersi
nceJune.
•
Whent
alki
ngaboutanexper
ienceupt
onow
E.
g.-
Thi
sist
hemosti
nter
est
ingar
ti
cleIhav
eev
err
ead.
Key
/si
gnal
wor
dsofpr
esentper
fect
.
-
Just -
unt
il
/t
il
lnow -
int
hepastweek
-
Alr
eady -
noty
et -
int
hel
astf
ewy
ear
s.
-
Yet -
sof
ar -
upt
onow
-
Nev
er -
recent
ly -
ear
ly
-
Ever -
thi
syear(
unt
ilnow) -
for
-
Today(
unt
ilnow) -
since.
LESSONXVI
:MODALVERBS/
AUXI
LIARI
ES
Amodal ver
bisakindofanauxil
iar
yv er
bwhichassistst
hemainv erbto
i
ndicat
epossibi
l
ity
,pot
enti
ali
ty,
abil
it
y,permi
ssi
on,intent
ion,
expectat
ion,
andobli
gati
on.
Theyi
nclude:can/coul
d,may
/might,wil
l/woul
d,shal
l/
should,must/
ought
+
i
nfi
nit
ive,
havet o/
hadto+barei
nfini
ti
ve,need+inf
ini
ti
ve,usedto+bare
i
nfi
nit
ive(t
hatexpressanact
iontookplaceinthepast)
.
E.
g.-
Imaywantt
otal
ktoy
ouagai
n.
-
Theymustpl
ayt
hei
rbestgamet
owi
n.
-
Youshoul
dcal
lhi
m.
-
Iwi
l
lgot
her
e.
-
Pet
ercanchangehi
sbehav
iort
osucceed.
-
Thet
eacherneedt
obesmar
t.
-
Thel
ear
ner
shav
etost
udyhar
dsoast
obecomet
omor
row’
sMi
nist
ers.
-
Iusedt
obeacl
assmoni
torwhenIwasi
npr
imar
ysi
x.
Not
es:●Modal auxi
l
iar
yver
bsnev
erchanget
hef
orm,
butt
heyadi
ff
erent
f
orm ofpastt
ense.
Pr
esentt
ense pastt
ense
Wi
l
l……………………………………….
woul
d
Can……………………………………….
coul
d
Must
/hav
eto…………………………….
ought
+toi
nfi
nit
ive/
hadt
o
May
……………………………………………mi
ght
Shal
l
…………………………………………shoul
d/ought
/hadbet
ter
Need+t
oinf
ini
ti
ve……………………needed+t
oinf
ini
ti
ve
Usedt
o…………………………………….
.usedt
o+bar
einf
ini
ti
ve
Dar
e+t
oinf
ini
ti
ve……………………….
dar
ed+t
oinf
ini
ti
ve
 ●t
heycan’
tst
andal
onet
heyal
way
sneedmai
nver
bs.
●t
heydon’
tundergochangeaccor
dingt
otheper
son,
toal
lper
sons
t
heconj
ugati
onremainsthesame.
E.
g.-
Imustr
eadanov
el.
-
Youmustr
eadanov
el.
-
Hemustr
eadanov
el.
-
Shemustr
eadanov
el.
-
Itmustr
eadanov
el.(
Wher
epossi
ble)
-
Wemustr
eadanov
el.
-
Youmustr
eadanov
el.
-
Theymustr
eadanov
el.
Usi
ng“
can…by
+ingf
orm”and“
shoul
d…by
+ingf
orm”
●Can+by
+ing
For
m:subj
ect
+can+bar
einf
ini
ti
ve+by
+ingf
orm.
Wecanuset
hisconst
ruct
iont
otal
kaboutdi
ff
erentt
hingssuchas:
-Pr
event
ionofdi
seases.
E.
g.-
Youcanpr
eventmal
ari
abysl
eepi
ngi
nbednet
.
-
Wecanpr
eventchol
erabyboi
l
ingdr
inki
ngwat
er.
-
Youcanpr
eventHI
V/AI
DSbyabst
aini
ngf
rom sex.

-
Way
soft
ransmi
ssi
onofdi
seases.
E.
g.-
Wecangett
yphoi
dfev
erbydr
inki
ngst
agnantwat
er.
-
Youcangett
oot
hdecaybynotbr
ushi
ngt
hem.
-
Chi
l
drencangetkwashi
orkorbyeat
ingunbal
anceddi
et.
-
Giv
inggui
danceaboutsomet
hing,
tal
ki
ngt
oot
her
s’behav
ior
,andgi
vi
ng
pi
ecesofadv
ice.
E.
g.-
Youcanwr
it
ethesenot
esbyusi
ngwel
l
-wr
it
ingpens.
-
Youcanr
eachathomequi
ckl
ybyt
rav
ell
i
ngbybus.
-
Pet
ercansucceedNat
ional
exami
nat
ionbyst
udy
inghar
d.
●Shoul
d+by
+ing
For
m:subj
ect
+shoul
d+bar
einf
ini
ti
ve+by
+ingf
orm.
Wecanuset hi
sconst
ruct
iont
ogi
veobl
i
gat
ion(
order
)aboutdi
ff
erent
t
hingssuchas:
-
Prev
ent
ionofdi
seases.
E.
g.-
Youshoul
dav
oidt
yphoi
dfev
erbyeat
ingcl
eanandwel
l
-cookedf
ood.
-
Weshoul
dpr
otectour
sel
vesf
rom ski
ndi
seasesbybat
hingr
egul
arl
y.
-
Youshouldl
owery
ourchancesofhav
inghear
tat
tackbyeat
ingf
ish
andexer
cisi
ng.
-
Giv
ingor
der
ingadv
ices.
E.
g.-
Youshoul
ddi
gthi
sgar
denbyusi
ngal
lyourener
gy.
-
Student
sshoul
dwr
it
ethei
rnot
esbyusi
ngwel
l
-wr
it
ingpens.

LESSONXVI
I:CONDI
TIONALCLAUSES(
IFCLAUSES)
I
.Defi
nit
ion:
condit
ional
clauses(
ifcl
auses)ref
ert
otwoact
ions,
one
occur
swhent her
eisaconditi
ontobefulf
il
ledbyt
heot
herone.
2.Ty
pesofi
fcl
auses
Ther
ear
efourt
ypesofi
fcl
auses:
-zer
oiforzer
ocondi
ti
onal
-
if(
1)orf
ir
stcondi
ti
onal
-
if(
2)orsecondcondi
ti
onal
-
if(
3)ort
hir
dcondi
ti
onal
A.I
f(1)orf
ir
stcondi
ti
onal
I
nthi
sty
pe,
iti
spossi
blet
oful
fi
ll
acondi
ti
onwhi
chi
sgi
veni
nifcl
ause.
For
m: I
fcl
ause mai
ncl
ause
I
f+si
mpl
epr
esent
……………………….
..
..
..
simpl
efut
ure
E.
g.-
IfIhav
emoney
,Iwi
l
lbuyacar
.
-Ifyoudon’teatenoughv
eget
abl
es,
youwi
l
lsuf
ferf
rom v
itami
n-
def
iciencydi
seases.
-
IfIst
udyhar
d,Iwi
l
lpasst
heexams.
-
IfPet
eri
saboy
,hewi
l
lbeaty
ou.
Note1:i
fcl
ausecancomeatthebeginni
ngandattheendofasent
ence,
wheniti
satthebegi
nni
ngofasentencewehavetoputacommaand
wheniti
sattheendwedon’
tputacomma.
E.
g.-
Iwi
l
lbuyacari
fIhav
emoney
.
-
Hewi
l
lbeaty
oui
fPet
eri
saboy
.
-
Youwi
l
lsuf
ferf
rom l
ackofener
gyi
fyoudon’
teatenoughpot
atoes.
Not
e2:
wecanusei
fcl
ausenegat
ivel
ytomeanunl
essori
f…not
.
Form:Unl
ess+aff
ir
mat
ivef
orm…………….
.or…………………………….+unl
ess+
aff
ir
mativ
eform
E.
g.-
Unl
essy
ouwor
khar
d,y
ouwi
l
lnotsucceedmyexam.
-
Iwi
l
lnotl
eav
eyourhouseunl
essy
oupayme.
-
Unl
essIhav
emoney
,Iwi
l
lnotbuyacar
.
-
Unl
essPet
eri
sint
hecl
ass,
thet
eacherwi
l
lpuni
shhi
m.

LESSONXVI
II
:PASTCONTI
NUOUSTENSE
1.Defi
nit
ion:
thepastcont
inuoust
ensei
sapastt
enseusedt
oexpr
essa
cont
inuedoranongoingacti
onint
hepast.
For
m:v
erb“
tobe”i
nsi
mpl
epast
+mai
n(gi
ven)v
erb+i
ngf
orm.
I
/he/
she/
it
:was+mai
nver
b+i
ngf
orm.
We/
you/
they
:wer
e+mai
nver
b+i
ngf
orm.
E.
g.-
Iwasr
unni
ngv
eryf
ast
.
-
Pet
erandKar
angwawer
eshout
ingl
oudl
y.
2.Useofpastcont
inuous.
●Usedt
oexpr
essanact
iongoi
ngonatsomet
imei
nthepast
.
E.
g.-
Iwasr
eadi
ngast
oryf
oral
ongt
imey
est
erday
.
-
Theywer
epl
ayi
ngf
oot
bal
ll
astweek.
●Twopar al
l
elact
ionshappeni
ngatt
hesamet
imei
nthepast
,weusepast
cont
inuousonbothacti
ons.
E.
g.-
Iwasst
udy
ingwhi
l
eshewasmaki
ngdi
nner
.
-
Whi
l
eot
her
swer
ereadi
ngt
hebooks,
Johnwaswat
chi
ngat
elev
isi
on.
●Twosimult
aneousacti
onshappenedi
nthepast
,oneisl
ongotherisshor
t,
weusepastconti
nuousonlongacti
onandsi
mplepastorpastper
fecton
shor
tact
ion.
E.
g.-
Hewaswat
chi
ngT.
VwhenIcal
l
edhi
m.
-
Whi
l
etheywer
ehav
ingapi
cni
c,i
tst
art
edt
orai
n.
●I
fasubor
dinat
ecl
ausest
art
swi
th“
whi
l
e”pastcont
inuousshoul
dbeused
i
nit.
E.
g.-
Whi
l
eshewascooki
ngv
eget
abl
es,
Idancedpop.
-
All
thest
udent
sfel
li
nther
iverwhi
l
etheywer
ecr
ossi
ngt
hebr
idge.
Key(
signal
)wor
dsusedi
npastcont
inuous.
-
All
lastni
ght -
all
yest
erday
-
From t
woo’
cl
ockt
ofour -
all
mor
ningy
est
erday
-
All
lastweek -
at9o’
cl
ockt
hismor
ning
-
All
lastmont
h -
Foral
ongt
imey
est
erday
.

LESSONXI
X:TI
MECLAUSESWITHSI
MPLEPAST
ANDPASTCONTINUOUSTENSE
Wecanuseadverbsoft
imewi
thsi
mpl
epastt
enset
omakeadv
erbi
al
cl
ausesoft
ime.
E.
g.-
For
mer
ly,
Rwandawasunderaki
ng.
-
whenIwasy
oung,
Ifet
chedwat
er.
1.Ti
mecl
ause“
when”wi
thsi
mpl
epastt
ense.
Inthi
sclausethet
imei
sshownbyt
headv
erboft
ime“
when”andi
tis
alwaysstar
tedbyi
t.
E.
g.-
Whent
hewarended.
-
Whent
heki
ngr
uled.
Remembert
hatasubordi
natecl
ausecan’
tst
andalonebecausei
tisapar
t
ofacompl
etesent
ence,i
tneedsamaincl
ausetobemeaningful
.
E.
g.-
WhenIwasy
oung,
Ifet
chedwat
er.
-
Ipl
ayedf
oot
bal
lwhenIwasi
npr
imar
ysi
x.
*I
nthi
scasethever
bincl
udedi
nt imecl
ausestar
tedby“
when”shouldbe
conj
ugat
edinsimpl
epastandthatonei
ncludedi
nmainclauseshoul
dbe
i
nsimplepastal
soori
npastperfect
.
For
m: When+subj
ect
+si
mpl
epast
…………,
subj
ect
+si
mpl
epastorpast
per
fect
……….
E.
g.-
Whent
hewarended,
west
art
edt
oleav
epeacef
ull
y.
-
Thel
eader
swer
eint
hemeet
ingwhenRwandabecameamemberof
UN.
Note:acommashouldbeusedwhenanadverboft
ime“when”star
tsa
sentencebuti
tshoul
dnotbeputwheni
tisi
nthemiddl
eofthesentence.
2.Ti
mecl
ause“
whi
l
e”wi
thpastcont
inuoust
ense.
I
nt hi
sclausethet
imei
sshownbyt
headv
erboft
ime“
whi
l
e”andi
tis
usual
lystart
edbyit
.
E.
g.-
Whi
l
eRwandawasl
i
ber
ati
ngi
tsel
f.
-
Whi
l
eIwassl
eepi
ngi
nthedor
mit
ory
.
*I
nthi
scaset hever
bincl
udedinthetimeclausestar
edby“ whi
le”shoul
d
beconj
ugatedinpastconti
nuoustenseandthatoneincludedi
nthemain
cl
auseshouldbeinsimplepastorinpastcont
inuousalso.
Form:While+subj
ect
+pastcont
inuous.
..
..
..
..
..
,subj
ect
+si
mpl
epastorpast
conti
nuous……..
.
E.
g.-
Whi
l
eshewascr
ossi
ngt
hebr
idge,
hisf
atherl
ookedher
.
-
Hesangl
oudl
ywhi
l
ehewasl
i
steni
ngt
hemusi
c.
-
Wewer
eescapi
ngt
oot
herpl
aceswhi
l
ethewarwasgoi
ngon.