Ceska verze

Welding inverter up to 100A

Welding inverter is an alternative to a conventional welding transformer. Modern semiconductors

allow to replace the traditional mains transformer with a switching power supply, which is much lighter,
smaller and allows easy current adjustment via a potentiometer. The advantege is also that the output
current is DC. DC current is less dangerous than AC and prevents arc extinction.

For this inverter i chose topology, which is the most common in welding inverters - forward converter
with two switches. In my article about switchning supplies it is a topology II.D. Input mains voltage
passes through an EMI filter and is smoothed with high capacity capacitors. Since the inrush current of
those capacitors would be too high, there's a softstart circuit. After switching ON, the primary
smoothing capacitors are charging via resistors, which are later bypassed by the contact of a relay. As
power switches, IGBT transistors IRG4PC40W are used. They are driven through a forward gate-drive
transformer TR2 and shaping circuits with BC327 PNP transistors. The control integrated circuit is
UC3844. It's similar to UC3842, but it has its pulse-width limited to 50%. Working frequency is 42kHz.
Control circuit is powered by an auxiliary power supply of 17V. Current feedback, due to high currents, is
using a current transformer Tr3. Voltage drop accros the sensing resistor 4R7/2W is approximately
proportional to the output current. Output current can be controlled by potentiometer P1, which
determines the threshold of the current feedback. Threshold voltage of the pin 3 of UC3844 (current
sensing) is 1V.

Power semiconductors require cooling. Most of the heat is dissipated in output diodes. Upper diode,
consisting of 2x DSEI60-06A, must in worst case handle the average current of 50A and the dissipation of
80W (total of both diodes). Lower diode STTH200L06TV1 (doube diode package with both internal
diodes connected in parallel) must in worst case handle an average current of 100A and the dissipation
of nearly 120W. Maximum total dissipation of the secondary rectifier is 140W. The heatsink must be
able to handle it. To the thermal resistance you must include the junction-case Rth, case-sink Rth and
sink-ambient Rth. DSEI60-06A diodes don't have insulation pads and the cathode is connected to the the
heatsink. Output choke L1 is therefore in the negative rail. It is advantageous because in this
configuration, there's no high-frequency voltage on the heatsink. You can use another type of diodes,
for example a parallel combination of a sufficient number of the most accessible diodes, such as
MUR1560 or FES16JT. Note that the maximum average current of the lower diode is twice the current of
the upper diode. Calculation of the power dissipation of the IGBTs is more complicated because in
addition to conductive losses there are also switching losses. Loss of each transistor is up to about 50W.
It is also necessary to cool the reset diodes UG5JT and the mains bridge rectifier. The power dissipation
of the reset diodes depends on the construction of Tr1 (inductance, stray inductance), but is much lower
than the dissipation of the IGBTs. The rectifier bridge has a power dissipation of up to about 30W. UG5JT
diodes and the rectifying bridge are placed on the same heatsink as the IGBTs. UG5JT diodes also can be
replaced with MUR1560 or FES16JT or other ultrafast diodes. During construction it is also necessary to
decide the maximum loading factor of the welding inverter, and accordingly select size of heatsinks,
winding gauges and so on. It is also good to add a fan.

Switching transformer Tr1 is wound on two ferrite EE cores, each with a central column cross section
16x20mm. The total cross section is therefore 16x40mm, the core must have no air gap. 20 turns
primary winding is wound using 14 wires of a 0.5 mm diamater. It would be better to use 20 wires, but
they didn't fit into my core. Secondary winding has 6 turns of a copper strip (36 x 0.5 mm). Forward
gate-drive transformer Tr2 is made with an emphasis on low stray inductance. It is trifillary wound, using
three twisted insulated wires of 0.3 mm diameter, and all the windings have 14 turns. Core is made of
material H22, middle column has a diameter of 16mm, with no gaps. Current sensing transformer Tr3 is
made from an EMI suppression choke on a toroidal core. The original winding with 75 turns of 0.4 mm
wire works as a secondary. Primary has just 1 turn. Polarity of all the transformer windings must be kept
(see dots in schematic)! L1 inductor has a ferrite EE core, middle column has cross section 16x20mm. It
has 11 turns of a copper strip (36 x 0.5mm) and the total air gap in the magnetic circuit is 10mm. Its
inductance is cca 12uH.

The auxiliary 17V switching power supply, including Tr4, is described in more detail here. The simplest
welding inverter on Pic 1 has no voltage feedback. Voltage feedback does not affect the welding, but
affects the power consumption and heat losses in the idle state. Without the output voltage feedback
there is quite high output voltage (approximately 100V) and the PWM controller ia running at its max
duty cycle, thereby increasing the power consumption and heating of components. Therefore, it is
better to implement the voltage feedback. You can inspire on Pic 2. The feedback can be connected
directly because the controll circuit is isolated from mains. The reference voltage is 2.5V. Select the R2
to set the open circuit voltage. You can find useful info in datasheet of UC3842, 3843, 3844, 3845 or in
its another datasheet. Inspiration for modifications you can also find in 3-60V 40A supply.

Interesting links from which I drew:

http://svarbazar.cz/phprs/index.php?akce=souvis&tagid=3

http://leo.wsinf.edu.pl/~leszek/spawarki/

http://www.y-u-r.narod.ru/Svark/svark.htm

http://www.emil.matei.ro/weldinv3.php

http://nexor.electrik.org/svarka/barmaley/kosoy/shema.gif and a little modified:

http://nexor.electrik.org/svarka/barmaley/kosoy1/shema.gif
 Warning: Inverter circuits are electrically connected to the mains. Inverter contains large capacitors
that can remain charged even after turned off and disconnected from mains. Some components
(electrolytes, IGBT, ...) can explode at fault condition. Inverter output voltage is dangerous. If defective
or poor construction, the mains voltage or voltage higher than required can appear at the output.
Inverter can cause electric shock, burns or fire. The arc creates a very intense light (with a large part of
ultraviolet), from which people should be protected. It can cause permanent eye damage and skin
burns. Welding generates toxic gases, they must be ventilated. You do everything at your own risk and
responsibility.

Homemade inverter welder (welding inverter) schematic

Pic 1 - Homemade inverter welder (welding inverter) schematic - click to enlarge.

voltage feedback

Pic 2 - Voltage feedback addition.

Tr1 Secondary made of a copper strip

Tr1 Secondary made of a copper strip

Tr1 Secondary made of a copper strip

Secondary winding with a transformer paper insulation on top. Then I added an insulation tape (about
10 layers) for an extra insulation.

Secondary and a half of a core

Secondary with a half of the core

Tr1 with wound primary

Tr1 with wound primary. Note that the primary doesn't go to the edges, so it can't cut to the secondary.
switching transformer Tr1 with core

switching transformer Tr1 with core

Old Czechoslovak switching supply from the mainframe

Old Czechoslovak switching supply from the mainframe (5V 50A DBP 236 Kosire ZPA). From two such
supplies I salvaged parts for the construction of the inverter (ferrites, heatsinks, distance posts, spools,
inductors, copper strips, ...)

Diodes STTH200L06TV1 and DSEI60-06A on the heatsink

Diodes STTH200L06TV1 and DSEI60-06A ultrafast diodes on the heatsink

heatsink with diodes, TR1, L1, copper tape

heatsink with diodes, TR1, L1 and copper strip

Gate drive transformer TR2 with trifillar winding (GDT)

Gate-drive transformer (GDT) TR2 with a trifillar winding

Tests of the exciter UC3844, TR2 and shaping circuit

Tests of the exciter UC3844, TR2 and shaping circuit

Shaping circuit for gates

Shaping circuit for gates

Ready to first start :).

Ready to first start :).

Short-term test for 150A - all survived:).

Short-term test for 150A - all survived:).

IGBT, bridge, reset diodes, forming circuits, GDT TR2 and the UC3844 driver.

IGBT, bridge, reset diodes, forming circuits, GDT TR2 and the UC3844 driver.

Current transformer TR3

Current transformer TR3

It is welding :)

It is welding :)

Measurement of arc voltage - long arc

Measurement of arc voltage - long arc

Measurement of arc voltage - short arc

Measurement of arc voltage - short arc

Inverter with auxiliary supply in a temporary case.

The first test (the short-circuit current).

The second test, half the mains voltage, output voltage is too low to hold the arc. At the end you can se
PWM on an oscilloscope.

Third test - it is allready welding