RA1811003010955

LAB CODE: 18CSC304J

LAB NAME: Compiler Design

REGISTER NO: RA1811003010955

NAME: Harsh Vardhan

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RA1811003010955

SRM Institute of Science and Technology

Department of Computer Science and Engineering
18CSC304J-Compiler Design
List of Experiment

SN Experiment name Date of

Completion
Page No.
1 Conversion from Regular Expression to 02-02-2021 03
NFA
2 09-02-2021 09

Conversion from NFA to DFA

3 16-02-2021 13
Implementation of Lexical Analyzer
4a 23-02-2021 15
Elimination of Ambiguity, Left Recursion
4b 02-03-2021 19
Elimination of Ambiguity, Left Factoring
5 09-03-2021 23
FIRST AND FOLLOW computation
6 16-03-2021 31
Predictive Parsing Table
7 23-03-2021 36
Shift Reduce Parsing
8 30-03-2021 42
Computation of LR(0) items
9 Computation of LEADING AND 08-04-2021 54
TRAILING
10 Intermediate code generation – Postfix, 16-04-2021 64
Prefix
11 Intermediate code generation – Quadruple, 23-04-2021 69
Triple, Indirect triple
12 30-04-2021 74
Implementation of DAG

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EX NO:1
Conversion from
DATE: 27/01/2021
Regular Expression to NFA

AIM : To convert a given regular expression (RE) into NFA

ALGORITHM:

Step 1: Draw e-NFA for the given expressions individually

Step 2: Combine both to form NFA for b(a.b)*
Step 3: Produce NFA transition table for the corresponding expression

Manual Calculation: (Copy paste the calculation done)

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PROGRAM :

class Type:
SYMBOL = 1
CONCAT = 2
UNION = 3
KLEENE = 4

class ExpressionTree:

def init (self, _type, value=None):

self._type = _type
self.value = value
self.left = None
self.right = None

def constructTree(regexp):
stack = []
for c in regexp:
if c.isalpha():
stack.append(ExpressionTree(Type.SYMBOL, c))
else:
if c == "+":
z = ExpressionTree(Type.UNION)
z.right = stack.pop()
z.left = stack.pop()
elif c == ".":
z = ExpressionTree(Type.CONCAT)
z.right = stack.pop()
z.left = stack.pop()
elif c == "*":
z = ExpressionTree(Type.KLEENE)
z.left = stack.pop()
stack.append(z)

return stack[0]

def inorder(et):
if et._type == Type.SYMBOL:
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print(et.value)
elif et._type == Type.CONCAT:
inorder(et.left)
print(".")
inorder(et.right)
elif et._type == Type.UNION:
inorder(et.left)
print("+")
inorder(et.right)
elif et._type == Type.KLEENE:
inorder(et.left)
print("*")

def higherPrecedence(a, b):

p = ["+", ".", "*"]
return p.index(a) > p.index(b)

def postfix(regexp):
# adding dot "." between consecutive symbols
temp = []
for i in range(len(regexp)):
if i != 0\
and (regexp[i-1].isalpha() or regexp[i-1] == ")" or regexp[i-1] == "*")\
and (regexp[i].isalpha() or regexp[i] == "("):
temp.append(".")
temp.append(regexp[i])
regexp = temp

stack = []
output = ""

for c in regexp:
if c.isalpha():
output = output + c
continue

if c == ")":
while len(stack) != 0 and stack[-1] != "(":
output = output + stack.pop()
stack.pop()
elif c == "(":
stack.append(c)
elif c == "*":
output = output + c
elif len(stack) == 0 or stack[-1] == "(" or higherPrecedence(c, stack[-1]):
stack.append(c)
else:
while len(stack) != 0 and stack[-1] != "(" and not higherPrecedence(c, stack[-1]):
output = output + stack.pop()
stack.append(c)

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while len(stack) != 0:
output = output + stack.pop()

return output

class FiniteAutomataState:
def init (self):
self.next_state = {}

def evalRegex(et):
# returns equivalent E-NFA for given expression tree (representing a Regular
# Expression)
if et._type == Type.SYMBOL:
return evalRegexSymbol(et)
elif et._type == Type.CONCAT:
return evalRegexConcat(et)
elif et._type == Type.UNION:
return evalRegexUnion(et)
elif et._type == Type.KLEENE:
return evalRegexKleene(et)

def evalRegexSymbol(et):
start_state = FiniteAutomataState()
end_state = FiniteAutomataState()

start_state.next_state[et.value] = [end_state]
return start_state, end_state

def evalRegexConcat(et):
left_nfa = evalRegex(et.left)
right_nfa = evalRegex(et.right)

left_nfa[1].next_state['epsilon'] = [right_nfa[0]]
return left_nfa[0], right_nfa[1]

def evalRegexUnion(et):
start_state = FiniteAutomataState()
end_state = FiniteAutomataState()

up_nfa = evalRegex(et.left)
down_nfa = evalRegex(et.right)

start_state.next_state['epsilon'] = [up_nfa[0], down_nfa[0]]

up_nfa[1].next_state['epsilon'] = [end_state]
down_nfa[1].next_state['epsilon'] = [end_state]

return start_state, end_state

def evalRegexKleene(et):
start_state = FiniteAutomataState()
end_state = FiniteAutomataState()
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sub_nfa = evalRegex(et.left)

start_state.next_state['epsilon'] = [sub_nfa[0], end_state]

sub_nfa[1].next_state['epsilon'] = [sub_nfa[0], end_state]

return start_state, end_state

def printStateTransitions(state, states_done, symbol_table):

if state in states_done:
return

states_done.append(state)

for symbol in list(state.next_state):

line_output = "q" + str(symbol_table[state]) + "\t\t" + symbol + "\t\t\t"
for ns in state.next_state[symbol]:
if ns not in symbol_table:
symbol_table[ns] = 1 + sorted(symbol_table.values())[-1]
line_output = line_output + "q" + str(symbol_table[ns]) + " "

print(line_output)

for ns in state.next_state[symbol]:
printStateTransitions(ns, states_done, symbol_table)

def printTransitionTable(finite_automata):
print("State\t\tSymbol\t\t\tNext state")
printStateTransitions(finite_automata[0], [], {finite_automata[0]:0})

r = input("Enter regex: ")

pr = postfix(r)
et = constructTree(pr)

#inorder(et)

fa = evalRegex(et)
printTransitionTable(fa)
OUTPUT

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RESULT: Program to convert RE to NFA was written and executed successfully using the
given example.

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EX NO:2
Conversion from NFA to DFA
DATE: 03/02/2021

AIM : To convert a given NFA into DFA..

ALGORITHM:

Step 1: Initially Q’ = ɸ.

Step 2: Add q0 to Q’.

Step 3: For each state in Q’, find the possible set of states for each input symbol using the
transition function of NFA. If this set of states is not in Q’, add it to Q’.

Step 4: Final state of DFA will be all states with contain F (final states of NFA)

Manual Calculation: (Copy paste the calculation done)

PROGRAM :

import pandas as pd
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# Taking NFA input from User

nfa = {}
n = int(input("No. of states : ")) #Enter total no. of states
t = int(input("No. of transitions : ")) #Enter total no. of transitions/paths eg: a,b so input 2 for a,b,c
input 3
for i in range(n):
state = input("state name : ") #Enter state name eg: A, B, C, q1, q2 ..etc
nfa[state] = {} #Creating a nested dictionary
for j in range(t):
path = input("path : ") #Enter path eg : a or b in {a,b} 0 or 1 in {0,1}
print("Enter end state from state {} travelling through path {} : ".format(state,path))
reaching_state = [x for x in input().split()] #Enter all the end states that
nfa[state][path] = reaching_state #Assigning the end states to the paths in dictionary

print("\nNFA :- \n")
print(nfa) #Printing NFA
print("\nPrinting NFA table :- ")
nfa_table = pd.DataFrame(nfa)
print(nfa_table.transpose())

print("Enter final state of NFA : ")

nfa_final_state = [x for x in input().split()] # Enter final state/states of NFA
###################################################

new_states_list = [] #holds all the new states created in dfa

dfa = {} #dfa dictionary/table or the output structure we needed
keys_list = list(list(nfa.keys())[0]) #conatins all the states in nfa plus the states created in
dfa are also appended further
path_list = list(nfa[keys_list[0]].keys()) #list of all the paths eg: [a,b] or [0,1]

###################################################

# Computing first row of DFA transition table

dfa[keys_list[0]] = {} #creating a nested dictionary in dfa

for y in range(t):
var = "".join(nfa[keys_list[0]][path_list[y]]) #creating a single string from all the elements of the
list which is a new state
dfa[keys_list[0]][path_list[y]] = var #assigning the state in DFA table
if var not in keys_list: #if the state is newly created
new_states_list.append(var) #then append it to the new_states_list
keys_list.append(var) #as well as to the keys_list which contains all the states

###################################################

# Computing the other rows of DFA transition table

while len(new_states_list) != 0: #consition is true only if the new_states_list is not empty

dfa[new_states_list[0]] = {} #taking the first element of the new_states_list and
examining it
for _ in range(len(new_states_list[0])):
for i in range(len(path_list)):

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temp = [] #creating a temporay list

for j in range(len(new_states_list[0])):
temp += nfa[new_states_list[0][j]][path_list[i]] #taking the union of the states
s = ""
s = s.join(temp) #creating a single string(new state) from all the elements of the
list
if s not in keys_list: #if the state is newly created
new_states_list.append(s) #then append it to the new_states_list
keys_list.append(s) #as well as to the keys_list which contains all the states
dfa[new_states_list[0]][path_list[i]] = s #assigning the new state in the DFA table

new_states_list.remove(new_states_list[0]) #Removing the first element in the new_states_list

print("\nDFA :- \n")
print(dfa) #Printing the DFA created
print("\nPrinting DFA table :- ")
dfa_table = pd.DataFrame(dfa)
print(dfa_table.transpose())

dfa_states_list = list(dfa.keys())
dfa_final_states = []
for x in dfa_states_list:
for i in x:
if i in nfa_final_state:
dfa_final_states.append(x)
break

print("\nFinal states of the DFA are : ",dfa_final_states) #Printing Final states of DFA

OUTPUT

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RESULT: Program to convert NFA to DFA was written and executed successfully using the
given example.

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EX NO:3
Implementation of Lexical Analyzer
DATE: 10/02/2021

AIM : To implement a lexical analyzer based on the given problem. (Printing of lesser of 2
number)

ALGORITHM:
1. Tokenization i.e. Dividing the program into valid tokens.

2. Remove white space characters.

3. Remove comments.

4. It also provides help in generating error messages by providing row numbers and column
numbers.

PROGRAM :
code.c
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<string.h>
#include<ctype.h>

int isKeyword(char buffer[]){

char keywords[32][10] = {"auto","break","case","char","const","continue","default",
"do","double","else","enum","extern","float","for","goto",
"if","int","long","register","return","short","signed",
"sizeof","static","struct","switch","typedef","union",
"unsigned","void","volatile","while"};
int i, flag = 0;

for(i = 0; i < 32; ++i){

if(strcmp(keywords[i], buffer) == 0){
flag = 1;
break;
}
}

return flag;
}

int main(){
char ch, buffer[15], operators[] = "+-*/%=";
FILE *fp;
int i,j=0;

fp = fopen("c.txt","r");

if(fp == NULL){
printf("error while opening the file\n");

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exit(0);
}

while((ch = fgetc(fp)) != EOF){

for(i = 0; i < 6; ++i){
if(ch == operators[i])
printf("%c is operator\n", ch);
}

if(isalnum(ch)){
buffer[j++] = ch;
}
else if((ch == ' ' || ch == '\n') && (j != 0)){
buffer[j] = '\0';
j = 0;

if(isKeyword(buffer) == 1)
printf("%s is keyword\n", buffer);
else
printf("%s is indentifier\n", buffer);
}
}
fclose(fp);
return 0;

}
c.txt:
void main ( ){
int x;
scanf("%d",&x);
if(x%2)==0{
printf("even number");
}
else
printf("odd number");
}

OUTPUT

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RESULT: Program to implement a lexical analyzer was written and executed

successfully using the given example.

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EX NO: 04 -a ELIMINATION OF LEFT RECURSION
DATE: 16-02-2021

AIM : To implement a C++ program to eliminate left recursion

from a context free grammar.

ALGORITHM:
1. Start the program.
2. Initialize the arrays for taking input from the user.
3. Prompt the user to input the no. of non-terminals having left
recursion and no. of productions for these non-terminals.
4. Prompt the user to input the right production for non-
terminals.
5. Eliminate left recursion using the following rules:-
A-
>Aα1| Aα2
|.....
|Aαm A-
>β1| β2| . . .
. .| βn
Then replace it by
A’-> βi A’ i=1,2,3,…..m
A’-> αj A’ j=1,2,3,…..n
A’-> Ɛ
6. After eliminating the left recursion by applying these rules,
display the productions without left recursion.
7. Stop.

Manual Calculation:

PROGRAM :

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#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <string>
using namespace std;

int main()
{
int n;
cout<<"\nEnter number of non terminals: ";
cin>>n;
cout<<"\nEnter non terminals one by one: ";
int i;
vector<string> nonter(n);
vector<int> leftrecr(n,0);
for(i=0;i<n;++i) {
cout<<"\nNon terminal "<<i+1<<" : ";
cin>>nonter[i];
}
vector<vector<string> > prod;
cout<<"\nEnter '^' for null";
for(i=0;i<n;++i) {
cout<<"\nNumber of "<<nonter[i]<<" productions: ";
int k;
cin>>k;
int j;
cout<<"\nOne by one enter all "<<nonter[i]<<"
productions";
vector<string> temp(k);
for(j=0;j<k;++j) {
cout<<"\nRHS of production "<<j+1<<": ";
string abc;
cin>>abc;
temp[j]=abc;

if(nonter[i].length()<=abc.length()&&nonter[i].compare(abc
.substr(0,nonter[i].length()))==0)
leftrecr[i]=1;
}
prod.push_back(temp);
}
for(i=0;i<n;++i) {
cout<<leftrecr[i];

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}
for(i=0;i<n;++i) {
if(leftrecr[i]==0)
continue;
int j;
nonter.push_back(nonter[i]+"'");
vector<string> temp;
for(j=0;j<prod[i].size();++j) {

if(nonter[i].length()<=prod[i][j].length()&&nonter[i].compare
(prod[i][j].substr(0,nonter[i].length()))==0) {
string
abc=prod[i][j].substr(nonter[i].length(),prod[i][j].length()-
nonter[i].length())+nonter[i]+"'";
temp.push_back(abc);
prod[i].erase(prod[i].begin()+j);
--j;
}
else {
prod[i][j]+=nonter[i]+"'";
}
}
temp.push_back("^");
prod.push_back(temp);
}
cout<<"\n\n";
cout<<"\nNew set of non-terminals: ";
for(i=0;i<nonter.size();++i)
cout<<nonter[i]<<" ";
cout<<"\n\nNew set of productions: ";
for(i=0;i<nonter.size();++i) {
int j;
for(j=0;j<prod[i].size();++j) {
cout<<"\n"<<nonter[i]<<" -> "<<prod[i][j];
}
}
return 0;
}

OUTPUT

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RESULT: Left Recursion was eliminated from the given

grammar successfully using C++..

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EX NO: 04-b ELIMINATION OF LEFT FACTORING

DATE:16-02-2021

AIM : To Write a C++ Program to eliminate Left Factoring in

the given grammar.
ALGORITHM:
1. Start
2. Get productions from the user
3. Check for common left factors in the production
4. Group all like productions
5. Simplify original production
6. Create the new production
7. Display all productions
8. Stop

Manual Calculation:

PROGRAM :

#include<stdio.h>

#include<string.h>

int main()

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char
gram[20],part1[20],part2[20],modifiedGram[20],newGram[20],
tempGram[20];

int i,j=0,k=0,l=0,pos;

printf("Enter Production : A->");

fgets(gram,20,stdin);

for(i=0;gram[i]!='|';i++,j++)

part1[j]=gram[i];

part1[j]='\0';

for(j=++i,i=0;gram[j]!='\0';j++,i++)

part2[i]=gram[j];

part2[i]='\0';

for(i=0;i<strlen(part1)||i<strlen(part2);i++)

if(part1[i]==part2[i])

modifiedGram[k]=part1[i];

k++;

pos=i+1;

for(i=pos,j=0;part1[i]!='\0';i++,j++){

newGram[j]=part1[i];

newGram[j++]='|';

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for(i=pos;part2[i]!='\0';i++,j++){

newGram[j]=part2[i];

modifiedGram[k]='X';

modifiedGram[++k]='\0';

newGram[j]='\0';

printf("\n S->%s",modifiedGram);

printf("\n x->%s\n",newGram);

OUTPUT

RESULT: Left factoring was performed on the given grammar

successfully using C++.

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EX NO: 05 FIRST AND FOLLOW

DATE:23-02-2021

AIM : To write a program to perform first and follow .

ALGORITHM:
For computing the first:
1. If X is a terminal then FIRST(X) = {X}
Example: F -> I | id
We can write it as FIRST(F) -> { ( , id )
2. If X is a non-terminal like E -> T then to get FIRSTI
substitute T with other productions until you get a terminal as
the first symbol
3. If X -> ε then add ε to FIRST(X).
For computing the follow:
1. Always check the right side of the productions for a
non-terminal, whose FOLLOW set is being found. (never see
the left side).
2. (a) If that non-terminal (S,A,B…) is followed by any
terminal (a,b…,*,+,(,)…) , then add that terminal into
FOLLOW set.
(b) If that non-terminal is followed by any other non-terminal
then add FIRST of other nonterminal into FOLLOW set.
Manual Calculation:

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PROGRAM :

#include <bits/stdc++.h>

#define max 20

using namespace std;

char prod[max][10], ter[10], nt[10], first[10][10],

follow[10][10];

int eps[10],c=0;

int findpos(char ch)

int n;

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for (n = 0; nt[n] != '\0'; n++)

if (nt[n] == ch)

break;

if (nt[n] == '\0')

return 1;

return n;

int IsCap(char c)

return (c >= 'A' && c <= 'Z') ? 1 : 0;

void add(char *arr, char c)

int i, flag = 0;

for (i = 0; arr[i] != '\0'; i++)

if (arr[i] == c)

flag = 1;

break;

if (flag != 1)

arr[strlen(arr)] = c;

void addarr(char *s1, char *s2)

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int i, j, flag = 99;

for (i = 0; s2[i] != '\0'; i++)

flag = 0;

for (j = 0;; j++)

if (s2[i] == s1[j])

flag = 1;

break;

if (j == strlen(s1) && flag != 1)

s1[strlen(s1)] = s2[i];

break;

void addprod(char *s)

int i;

prod[c][0] = s[0];

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for (i = 3; s[i] != '\0'; i++)

if (!IsCap(s[i]))

add(ter, s[i]);

prod[c][i - 2] = s[i];

prod[c][i - 2] = '\0';

add(nt, s[0]);

c++;

void findfirst()

int i, j, n, k, e, n1;

for (i = 0; i < c; i++)

for (j = 0; j < c; j++)

n = findpos(prod[j][0]);

if (prod[j][1] == (char)238)

eps[n] = 1;

else

for (k = 1, e = 1; prod[j][k] != '\0' && e == 1; k++)

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if (!IsCap(prod[j][k]))

e = 0;

add(first[n], prod[j][k]);

else

n1 = findpos(prod[j][k]);

addarr(first[n], first[n1]);

if (eps[n1] == 0)

e = 0;

if (e == 1)

eps[n] = 1;

void findfollow()

int i, j, k, n, e, n1;

n = findpos(prod[0][0]);

add(follow[n], '$');

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for (i = 0; i < c; i++)

for (j = 0; j < c; j++)

for (k = strlen(prod[j]) - 1; k > 0; k--)

if (IsCap(prod[j][k]))

n = findpos(prod[j][k]);

if (prod[j][k + 1] == '\0') // A -> aB

n1 = findpos(prod[j][0]);

addarr(follow[n], follow[n1]);

if (IsCap(prod[j][k + 1])) // A -> aBb

n1 = findpos(prod[j][k + 1]);

addarr(follow[n], first[n1]);

if (eps[n1] == 1)

n1 = findpos(prod[j][0]);

addarr(follow[n], follow[n1]);

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else if (prod[j][k + 1] != '\0')

add(follow[n], prod[j][k + 1]);

int main()

char s[max], i;

cout << "\nEnter the productions (type 'end' at the last of the
production)\n";

cin >> s;

while (strcmp("end", s))

addprod(s);

cin >> s;

findfirst();

findfollow();

for (i = 0; i < strlen(nt); i++)

cout << "\nFIRST[" << nt[i] << "]: " << first[i];

if (eps[i] == 1)

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cout << (char)238 << "\t";

else

cout << "\t";

cout << "FOLLOW[" << nt[i] << "]: " << follow[i];

return 0;

OUTPUT

RESULT:
The FIRST and FOLLOW sets of the non-terminals of
a grammar were found successfully using C++.

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EX NO: 06 PREDICTIVE PARSER

DATE:02-03-2021

AIM : To construct a predictive parser in C++.

ALGORITHM:
1. Start the program.
2. Initialize the required variables.
3. Get the number of coordinates and productions from the user.
4. Perform the following for (each production A → α in G)
{
for (each terminal a in FIRST(α))
add A → α to M[A, a];
if (ε is
in FIRST(α))
for (each
symbol b in
FOLLOW(A))
add A
→α to
M[A,b];
5. Print the resulting stack.
6. Print if the grammar is accepted or not.
7. Exit the program.
Manual Calculation:

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PROGRAM :

#include<stdio.h>
#include<ctype.h>
#include<string.h>

void followfirst(char , int , int);

void findfirst(char , int , int);
void follow(char c);

int count,n=0;
char calc_first[10][100];
char calc_follow[10][100];
int m=0;
char production[10][10], first[10];
char f[10];
int k;
char ck;
int e;

int main(int argc,char **argv)

{
int jm=0;
int km=0;
int i,choice;

18
 Register Number: RA1811003010955

char c,ch;
printf("How many productions ? :");
scanf("%d",&count);
printf("\nEnter %d productions in form A=B where A
and B are grammar symbols :\n\n",count);
for(i=0;i<count;i++)
{
scanf("%s%c",production[i],&ch);
}
int kay;
char done[count];
int ptr = -1;
for(k=0;k<count;k++){
for(kay=0;kay<100;kay++){
calc_first[k][kay] = '!';
}
}
int point1 = 0,point2,xxx;
for(k=0;k<count;k++)
{
c=production[k][0];
point2 = 0;
xxx = 0;
for(kay = 0; kay <= ptr; kay++)
if(c == done[kay])
xxx = 1;
if (xxx == 1)
continue;
findfirst(c,0,0);
ptr+=1;
done[ptr] = c;
printf("\n First(%c)= { ",c);
calc_first[point1][point2++] = c;
for(i=0+jm;i<n;i++){
int lark = 0,chk = 0;
for(lark=0;lark<point2;lark++){
if (first[i] ==
calc_first[point1][lark]){
chk = 1;
break;
}
}

19
 Register Number: RA1811003010955

if(chk == 0){
printf("%c, ",first[i]);
calc_first[point1][point2++]
= first[i];
}
}
printf("}\n");
jm=n;
point1++;
}
printf("\n");
printf("-----------------------------------------------\n\n");
char donee[count];
ptr = -1;
for(k=0;k<count;k++){
for(kay=0;kay<100;kay++){
calc_follow[k][kay] = '!';
}
}
point1 = 0;
int land = 0;
for(e=0;e<count;e++)
{
ck=production[e][0];
point2 = 0;
xxx = 0;
for(kay = 0; kay <= ptr; kay++)
if(ck == donee[kay])
xxx = 1;
if (xxx == 1)
continue;
land += 1;
follow(ck);
ptr+=1;
donee[ptr] = ck;
printf(" Follow(%c) = { ",ck);
calc_follow[point1][point2++] = ck;
for(i=0+km;i<m;i++){
int lark = 0,chk = 0;
for(lark=0;lark<point2;lark++){
if (f[i] ==
calc_follow[point1][lark]){

20
 Register Number: RA1811003010955

chk = 1;
break;
}
}
if(chk == 0){
printf("%c, ",f[i]);

calc_follow[point1][point2++] = f[i];
}
}
printf(" }\n\n");
km=m;
point1++;
}
char ter[10];
for(k=0;k<10;k++){
ter[k] = '!';
}
int ap,vp,sid = 0;
for(k=0;k<count;k++){
for(kay=0;kay<count;kay++){
if(!isupper(production[k][kay]) &&
production[k][kay]!= '#' && production[k][kay] != '='
&& production[k][kay] != '\0'){
vp = 0;
for(ap = 0;ap < sid; ap++){
if(production[k][kay] == ter[ap]){
vp = 1;
break;
}
}
if(vp == 0){
ter[sid] = production[k][kay];
sid ++;
}
}
}
}
ter[sid] = '$';
sid++;
printf("\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t The LL(1) Parsing Table for the
above grammer :-");

21
 Register Number: RA1811003010955

printf("\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^\n");
printf("\n\t\t\t=================================
============================================
========================================\n");
printf("\t\t\t\t|\t");
for(ap = 0;ap < sid; ap++){
printf("%c\t\t",ter[ap]);
}
printf("\n\t\t\t=================================
============================================
========================================\n");
char first_prod[count][sid];
for(ap=0;ap<count;ap++){
int destiny = 0;
k = 2;
int ct = 0;
char tem[100];
while(production[ap][k] != '\0'){
if(!isupper(production[ap][k])){
tem[ct++] = production[ap][k];
tem[ct++] = '_';
tem[ct++] = '\0';
k++;
break;
}
else{
int zap=0;
int tuna = 0;
for(zap=0;zap<count;zap++){
if(calc_first[zap][0] ==
production[ap][k]){

for(tuna=1;tuna<100;tuna++){
if(calc_first[zap][tuna]
!= '!'){
tem[ct++] =
calc_first[zap][tuna];
}
else
break;
}

22
 Register Number: RA1811003010955

break;
}
}
tem[ct++] = '_';
}
k++;
}
int zap = 0,tuna;
for(tuna = 0;tuna<ct;tuna++){
if(tem[tuna] == '#'){
zap = 1;
}
else if(tem[tuna] == '_'){
if(zap == 1){
zap = 0;
}
else
break;
}
else{
first_prod[ap][destiny++] = tem[tuna];
}
}
}
char table[land][sid+1];
ptr = -1;
for(ap = 0; ap < land ; ap++){
for(kay = 0; kay < (sid + 1) ; kay++){
table[ap][kay] = '!';
}
}
for(ap = 0; ap < count ; ap++){
ck = production[ap][0];
xxx = 0;
for(kay = 0; kay <= ptr; kay++)
if(ck == table[kay][0])
xxx = 1;
if (xxx == 1)
continue;
else{
ptr = ptr + 1;
table[ptr][0] = ck;

23
 Register Number: RA1811003010955

}
}
for(ap = 0; ap < count ; ap++){
int tuna = 0;
while(first_prod[ap][tuna] != '\0'){
int to,ni=0;
for(to=0;to<sid;to++){
if(first_prod[ap][tuna] == ter[to]){
ni = 1;
}
}
if(ni == 1){
char xz = production[ap][0];
int cz=0;
while(table[cz][0] != xz){
cz = cz + 1;
}
int vz=0;
while(ter[vz] != first_prod[ap][tuna]){
vz = vz + 1;
}
table[cz][vz+1] = (char)(ap + 65);
}
tuna++;
}
}
for(k=0;k<sid;k++){
for(kay=0;kay<100;kay++){
if(calc_first[k][kay] == '!'){
break;
}
else if(calc_first[k][kay] == '#'){
int fz = 1;
while(calc_follow[k][fz] != '!'){
char xz = production[k][0];
int cz=0;
while(table[cz][0] != xz){
cz = cz + 1;
}
int vz=0;
while(ter[vz] != calc_follow[k][fz]){
vz = vz + 1;

24
 Register Number: RA1811003010955

}
table[k][vz+1] = '#';
fz++;
}
break;
}
}
}
for(ap = 0; ap < land ; ap++){
printf("\t\t\t %c\t|\t",table[ap][0]);
for(kay = 1; kay < (sid + 1) ; kay++){
if(table[ap][kay] == '!')
printf("\t\t");
else if(table[ap][kay] == '#')
printf("%c=#\t\t",table[ap][0]);
else{
int mum = (int)(table[ap][kay]);
mum -= 65;
printf("%s\t\t",production[mum]);
}
}
printf("\n");
printf("\t\t\t-------------------------------------------------------------
--------------------------------------------------------");
printf("\n");
}
int j;
printf("\n\nPlease enter the desired INPUT STRING =
");
char input[100];
scanf("%s%c",input,&ch);
printf("\n\t\t\t\t\t===============================
============================================
\n");
printf("\t\t\t\t\t\tStack\t\t\tInput\t\t\tAction");
printf("\n\t\t\t\t\t===============================
============================================
\n");
int i_ptr = 0,s_ptr = 1;
char stack[100];
stack[0] = '$';
stack[1] = table[0][0];

25
 Register Number: RA1811003010955

while(s_ptr != -1){
printf("\t\t\t\t\t\t");
int vamp = 0;
for(vamp=0;vamp<=s_ptr;vamp++){
printf("%c",stack[vamp]);
}
printf("\t\t\t");
vamp = i_ptr;
while(input[vamp] != '\0'){
printf("%c",input[vamp]);
vamp++;
}
printf("\t\t\t");
char her = input[i_ptr];
char him = stack[s_ptr];
s_ptr--;
if(!isupper(him)){
if(her == him){
i_ptr++;
printf("POP ACTION\n");
}
else{
printf("\nString Not Accepted by LL(1)
Parser !!\n");
exit(0);
}
}
else{
for(i=0;i<sid;i++){
if(ter[i] == her)
break;
}
char produ[100];
for(j=0;j<land;j++){
if(him == table[j][0]){
if (table[j][i+1] == '#'){
printf("%c=#\n",table[j][0]);
produ[0] = '#';
produ[1] = '\0';
}
else if(table[j][i+1] != '!'){
int mum = (int)(table[j][i+1]);

26
 Register Number: RA1811003010955

mum -= 65;

strcpy(produ,production[mum]);
printf("%s\n",produ);
}
else{
printf("\nString Not
Accepted by LL(1) Parser !!\n");
exit(0);
// break;
}
}
}
int le = strlen(produ);
le = le - 1;
if(le == 0){
continue;
}
for(j=le;j>=2;j--){
s_ptr++;
stack[s_ptr] = produ[j];
}
}
}
printf("\n\t\t\t=================================
============================================
==========================================\n
");
if (input[i_ptr] == '\0'){
printf("\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYOUR STRING HAS BEEN
ACCEPTED !!\n");
}
else
printf("\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tYOUR STRING HAS BEEN
REJECTED !!\n");
printf("\t\t\t===================================
============================================
========================================\n");
}

void follow(char c)
{

27
 Register Number: RA1811003010955

int i ,j;
if(production[0][0]==c){
f[m++]='$';
}
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{
for(j=2;j<10;j++)
{
if(production[i][j]==c)
{
if(production[i][j+1]!='\0'){

followfirst(production[i][j+1],i,(j+2));
}

if(production[i][j+1]=='\0'&&c!=production[i][0]){
follow(production[i][0]);
}
}
}
}
}

void findfirst(char c ,int q1 , int q2)

{
int j;
if(!(isupper(c))){
first[n++]=c;
}
for(j=0;j<count;j++)
{
if(production[j][0]==c)
{
if(production[j][2]=='#'){
if(production[q1][q2] == '\0')
first[n++]='#';
else if(production[q1][q2] != '\0' && (q1 !=
0 || q2 != 0))
{
findfirst(production[q1][q2], q1,
(q2+1));
}

28
 Register Number: RA1811003010955

else
first[n++]='#';
}
else if(!isupper(production[j][2])){
first[n++]=production[j][2];
}
else {
findfirst(production[j][2], j, 3);
}
}
}
}

void followfirst(char c, int c1 , int c2)

{
int k;
if(!(isupper(c)))
f[m++]=c;
else{
int i=0,j=1;
for(i=0;i<count;i++)
{
if(calc_first[i][0] == c)
break;
}
while(calc_first[i][j] != '!')
{
if(calc_first[i][j] != '#'){
f[m++] = calc_first[i][j];
}
else{
if(production[c1][c2] == '\0'){
follow(production[c1][0]);
}
else{

followfirst(production[c1][c2],c1,c2+1);
}
}
j++;
}
}

29
 Register Number: RA1811003010955

}
OUTPUT

RESULT: The C++ program to implement the

predictive parser was compiled, executed and verified
successfully.

30
 Register Number: RA1811003010955
EX NO: 07 SHIFT REDUCE PARSER

DATE:09-03-2021

AIM : To implement Shift Reduce Parser in C.

ALGORITHM:
1. Start the program.
2. Initialize the required variables.
3. Enter the input symbol.
4. Perform the following:
for top-of-stack symbol, s, and next input symbol, a
Shift x: (x is a
STATE number)
Push a, then x on the top of
the stack
Advance ip to point to the
next input symbol.

Reduce y: (y is a
PRODUCTION number)
Assume that the production is of the
form A→ß Pop 2 * |ß|
symbols of the stack.

At this point the top of the stack should be a state

number, say s’.
Push A, then goto of T[s’,A] (a state number) on the top
of the stack.
Output the production A→ß.
5. Print if string is accepted or not.
6. Stop the program.

Manual Calculation:

31
 Register Number: RA1811003010955

PROGRAM :

#include<stdio.h>

#include<string.h>

int k=0,z=0,i=0,j=0,c=0;

char a[16],ac[20],stk[15],act[10];

void check();

int main()

puts("GRAMMAR is E->E+E \n E->E*E \n E->(E) \n E-

>id");

puts("enter input string ");

gets(a);

c=strlen(a);

strcpy(act,"SHIFT->");

32
 Register Number: RA1811003010955

puts("stack \t input \t action");

for(k=0,i=0; j<c; k++,i++,j++)

if(a[j]=='i' && a[j+1]=='d')

stk[i]=a[j];

stk[i+1]=a[j+1];

stk[i+2]='\0';

a[j]=' ';

a[j+1]=' ';

printf("\n$%s\t%s$\t%sid",stk,a,act);

check();

else

stk[i]=a[j];

stk[i+1]='\0';

a[j]=' ';

printf("\n$%s\t%s$\t%ssymbols",stk,a,act);

check();

33
 Register Number: RA1811003010955

void check()

strcpy(ac,"REDUCE TO E");

for(z=0; z<c; z++)

if(stk[z]=='i' && stk[z+1]=='d')

stk[z]='E';

stk[z+1]='\0';

printf("\n$%s\t%s$\t%s",stk,a,ac);

j++;

for(z=0; z<c; z++)

if(stk[z]=='E' && stk[z+1]=='+' && stk[z+2]=='E')

stk[z]='E';

stk[z+1]='\0';

stk[z+2]='\0';

printf("\n$%s\t%s$\t%s",stk,a,ac);

i=i-2;

for(z=0; z<c; z++)

if(stk[z]=='E' && stk[z+1]=='*' && stk[z+2]=='E')

stk[z]='E';

34
 Register Number: RA1811003010955

stk[z+1]='\0';

stk[z+1]='\0';

printf("\n$%s\t%s$\t%s",stk,a,ac);

i=i-2;

for(z=0; z<c; z++)

if(stk[z]=='(' && stk[z+1]=='E' && stk[z+2]==')')

stk[z]='E';

stk[z+1]='\0';

stk[z+1]='\0';

printf("\n$%s\t%s$\t%s",stk,a,ac);

i=i-2;

OUTPUT

35
 Register Number: RA1811003010955

RESULT: The C implementation of Shift Reduce

Parser was compiled, executed and verified
successfully.

36
 Register Number: RA1811003010955
EX NO: 08 LR(0) PARSER

DATE:16-03-2021

AIM : To implement LR(0) Parser in Python.

ALGORITHM:
1. Start.
2. Create structure for production with LHS and RHS.
3. Open file and read input from file.
4. Build state 0 from extra grammar Law S' -> S $ that is all
start symbol of grammar and one Dot ( . ) before S symbol.
5. If Dot symbol is before a non-terminal, add grammar laws
that this non-terminal is in Left Hand Side of that Law and
set Dot in before of first part of Right Hand Side.
6. If state exists (a state with this Laws and same Dot
position), use that instead.
7. Now find set of terminals and non-terminals in which Dot
exist in before.
8. If step 7 Set is non-empty go to 9, else go to 10.
9. For each terminal/non-terminal in set step 7 create new state
by using all grammar law that Dot position is before of that
terminal/non-terminal in reference state by increasing Dot
point to next part in Right Hand Side of that laws.
10. Go to step 5.
11. End of state building.
12. Display the output.
13. End.

Manual Calculation:

37
 Register Number: RA1811003010955

PROGRAM :

def closure(I,nonT):

J=I

for item in J :

#print(item)

index = item[1].index('.')

if(index<(len(item[1])-1) and item[1][index+1] in nonT):

38
 Register Number: RA1811003010955

#print('item : ',item[1][index+1])

for production in nonT[item[1][index+1]]:

if( [item[1][index+1],str('.')+str(production)] not in J):

J.append([item[1][index+1],str('.')+str(production)])

#print([item[1][index+1],str('.')+str(production)])

return J

# ------------------- Ends --------------------------------

# 2. --------------- Set of Canonical Items ---------------------

state = []

I = []

def setOfItems(start,nonTer,ter):

I.append(closure([['start','.'+start+'$']],nonTer))

#print(I)

ter += list(nonTer.keys())

#print("list of inputs : " , ter)

for conI in I:

for grammar in ter:

39
 Register Number: RA1811003010955

if(grammar is '$'):

continue

#print("grammar : ",grammar)

goto = False

goto1 = False

shift = False

shift1 = False

reduce = False

close = []

for item in conI:

#print("item : ",item)

if(item[1].index('.')<(len(item[1])-1) and
item[1][item[1].index('.')+1] is grammar):

close.append([item[0],item[1][:item[1].index('.')]+grammar+'.'+
item[1][item[1].index('.')+2:]])

#else:

# print(item)

#print("close : ",close)

l = closure(close,nonTer)

if(len(l) == 0):

continue

#print("closure : ", l)

if(grammar in nonTer.keys()):

goto1 = True

40
 Register Number: RA1811003010955

else:

shift1 = True

if(l not in I):

if(goto1):

state.append(['g',I.index(conI)+1,len(I)+1,grammar])

goto = True

elif(shift1):

shift = True

state.append(['s',I.index(conI)+1,len(I)+1,grammar])

I.append(l)

else:

if(goto1):

goto = True

state.append(['g',I.index(conI)+1,I.index(l)+1,grammar])

elif(shift1):

shift = True

state.append(['s',I.index(conI)+1,I.index(l)+1,grammar])

# -----------------------------------------------------------------

41
 Register Number: RA1811003010955

# 3. -----------------Create a Parse Table ------------------------

reduce = []

accept = -1

def toReduce(rule,accept,start):

s = ['start',start+'.$']

for parState in I:

#print(s,parState)

if(s in parState):

#print("here;")

accept = I.index(parState)

for item in parState:

if( item in rule):

reduce[I.index(parState)].append(rule.index(item))

return accept

# ------------------------------------------------------------------

42
 Register Number: RA1811003010955

# 4. --------------------- To Parse --------------------------------

symbolMap = dict()

parseTable = []

def createParseTable(ter):

for i in state:

parseTable[i[1]-1][symbolMap[i[3]]] = i[0]+str(i[2]-1)

parseTable[accept][symbolMap['$']] = 'a'

for i in reduce:

if(len(i)>0):

for j in ter:

parseTable[reduce.index(i)][symbolMap[j]] =
'r'+str(i[0])

# (i) Stack -------------------------

class Stack:

def __init__(self):

self.__storage = []

def isEmpty(self):

43
 Register Number: RA1811003010955

return len(self.__storage) == 0

def push(self,p):

self.__storage.append(p)

def pop(self):

return self.__storage.pop()

def top(self):

return self.__storage[len(self.__storage) - 1]

def length(self):

return len(self.__storage)

def __str__(self):

"""

Because of using list as parent class for stack, our last

element will

be first for stack, according to FIFO principle. So, if we

will use

parent's implementation of str(), we will get reversed order

of

elements.

"""

#: You can reverse elements and use supper `__str__`

method, or

#: implement it's behavior by yourself.

#: I choose to add 'stack' in the begging in order to differ

list and

44
 Register Number: RA1811003010955

#: stack instances.

return 'stack [{}]'.format(', '.join([ str(i) for i in

reversed(self.__storage) ]))

#--------------------Stack Defn ENDS ---------------------------------

---------

def parseString(rule,string):

index = 0

flag = False

st = Stack()

st.push('0')

while(index < len(string)):

print(st , string , index , sep = '\t\t ')

c = parseTable[int(st.top())][symbolMap[string[index]]][0]

if(c is 'a'):

flag = True

break

pt =
parseTable[int(st.top())][symbolMap[string[index]]][1:]

pt = int(pt)

if( c is 'r'):

l = len(rule[pt][1])

l *= 2

l -= 2 #'.' is also considered

if(l >= st.length()):

45
 Register Number: RA1811003010955

break

else:

for i in range(l):

st.pop()

top = int(st.top())

st.push(rule[pt][0])

st.push(parseTable[top][symbolMap[st.top()]][1:])

else:

st.push(string[index])

st.push(str(pt))

index+=1

return flag

# ------------------------------------------------------------------

# ---------------------------- Driver Program -------------------------

terminals = []

nonTerminals = dict()

terminals = input("Enter Terminals (|) : ").split("|")

n = int(input("No. of Non - Terminals : "))

46
 Register Number: RA1811003010955

for i in range(n):

ch = input("NonTerminals : ").strip()

rules = input("Productions (|) : ").split("|")

nonTerminals[ch] = rules

# --- Old Rules-------

S = input("Start Symbol : ")

terminals+=['$']

print("Productions : ")

for i in nonTerminals.keys():

print(i,"-->",end=' ')

for j in nonTerminals[i]:

print(j,end= ' | ')

print()

setOfItems(S,nonTerminals,terminals)

print("canonicals Items : ")

for count , i in enumerate(I):

print(count+1 , i)

print("state Transitions : ")

for count , i in enumerate(state):

47
 Register Number: RA1811003010955

print(count+1, i)

rule = []

accept = -1

for i in nonTerminals.keys():

for j in nonTerminals[i]:

rule.append([i,j+str('.')])

print('rule :')

for i in rule:

print(i)

# ------- To find the reduction rules - -- - -- ---

reduce = [ [] for i in range(len(I)) ]

accept = toReduce(rule,accept,S)

print("reduce")

for count,i in enumerate(reduce):

print(count+1,i)

print("accept : ",accept+1)

# --- - - - parse Table - -- -- - -- -- - -- - - -- -

48
 Register Number: RA1811003010955

symbols = []

symbols += terminals

for count , i in enumerate(symbols):

symbolMap[i] = count

print(symbols)

parseTable = [ ['-' for i in range(len(symbols))] for j in

range(len(I)) ]

for i in nonTerminals.keys():

terminals.remove(i)

createParseTable(terminals)

# ---Parse Table-----

print('Parse Table')

print(" \t\t",end='')

for i in symbols:

print(i,end= '\t')

print()

for count,j in enumerate(parseTable):

print(count,end='\t\t')

for i in j:

49
 Register Number: RA1811003010955

print(i,end='\t')

print()

OUTPUT

Enter Terminals (|) : i|*

No. of Non - Terminals : 1
NonTerminals : E
Productions (|) : E*E|i
Start Symbol : E
Productions :
E --> E*E | i |
canonicals Items :
1 [['start', '.E$'], ['E', '.E*E'], ['E', '.i']]
2 [['E', 'i.']]
3 [['start', 'E.$'], ['E', 'E.*E']]
4 [['E', 'E*.E'], ['E', '.E*E'], ['E', '.i']]
5 [['E', 'E*E.'], ['E', 'E.*E']]
state Transitions :
1 ['s', 1, 2, 'i']
2 ['g', 1, 3, 'E']
3 ['s', 3, 4, '*']
4 ['s', 4, 2, 'i']
5 ['g', 4, 5, 'E']
6 ['s', 5, 4, '*']
rule :
['E', 'E*E.']
['E', 'i.']
reduce
1 []
2 [1]
3 []
4 []
5 [0]
accept : 3
['i', '*', '$', 'E']
Parse Table
i * $ E
0 s1 - - g2
1 r1 r1 r1 -
2 - s3 a -
3 s1 - - g4
4 r0 r0 r0 -

RESULT: The Python implementation of LR(0) Parser was

compiled, executed and verified successfully.

50
 Register Number: RA1811003010955
EX NO: 09 LEADING AND TRAILING

DATE:23-02-2021

AIM : To implement a C++ program to find the LEADING and

TRAILING sets of variables of a given CFG.

ALGORITHM:
1. For Leading, check for the first non-terminal.
2. If found, print it.
3. Look for next production for the same non-terminal.
4. If not found, recursively call the procedure for the single
non-terminal present before the comma or End Of Production
String.
5. Include it's results in the result of this non-terminal.
6. For trailing, we compute same as leading but we start from
the end of the production to the beginning.
7. Stop

Manual Calculation:

PROGRAM :

#include<iostream>

#include<string.h>

#include<conio.h>

51
 Register Number: RA1811003010955

using namespace std;

int nt,t,top=0;

char s[50],NT[10],T[10],st[50],l[10][10],tr[50][50];

int searchnt(char a)

int count=-1,i;

for(i=0;i<nt;i++)

if(NT[i]==a)

return i;

return count;

int searchter(char a)

int count=-1,i;

for(i=0;i<t;i++)

if(T[i]==a)

return i;

return count;

void push(char a)

52
 Register Number: RA1811003010955

s[top]=a;

top++;

char pop()

top--;

return s[top];

void installl(int a,int b)

if(l[a][b]=='f')

l[a][b]='t';

push(T[b]);

push(NT[a]);

void installt(int a,int b)

if(tr[a][b]=='f')

tr[a][b]='t';

53
 Register Number: RA1811003010955

push(T[b]);

push(NT[a]);

int main()

int i,s,k,j,n;

char pr[30][30],b,c;

cout<<"Enter the no of productions:";

cin>>n;

cout<<"Enter the productions one by one\n";

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

cin>>pr[i];

nt=0;

t=0;

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

if((searchnt(pr[i][0]))==-1)

NT[nt++]=pr[i][0];

for(i=0;i<n;i++)

for(j=3;j<strlen(pr[i]);j++)

54
 Register Number: RA1811003010955

if(searchnt(pr[i][j])==-1)

if(searchter(pr[i][j])==-1)

T[t++]=pr[i][j];

for(i=0;i<nt;i++)

for(j=0;j<t;j++)

l[i][j]='f';

for(i=0;i<nt;i++)

for(j=0;j<t;j++)

tr[i][j]='f';

for(i=0;i<nt;i++)

for(j=0;j<n;j++)

if(NT[(searchnt(pr[j][0]))]==NT[i])

55
 Register Number: RA1811003010955

if(searchter(pr[j][3])!=-1)

installl(searchnt(pr[j][0]),searchter(pr[j][3]));

else

for(k=3;k<strlen(pr[j]);k++)

if(searchnt(pr[j][k])==-1)

installl(searchnt(pr[j][0]),searchter(pr[j][k]));

break;

while(top!=0)

b=pop();

c=pop();

for(s=0;s<n;s++)

if(pr[s][3]==b)

56
 Register Number: RA1811003010955

installl(searchnt(pr[s][0]),searchter(c));

for(i=0;i<nt;i++)

cout<<"Leading["<<NT[i]<<"]"<<":"<<"\t{"<<" ";

for(j=0;j<t;j++)

if(l[i][j]=='t')

cout<<T[j]<<" ";

cout<<"}\n";

top=0;

for(i=0;i<nt;i++)

for(j=0;j<n;j++)

if(NT[searchnt(pr[j][0])]==NT[i])

if(searchter(pr[j][strlen(pr[j])-1])!=-1)

installt(searchnt(pr[j][0]),searchter(pr[j][strlen(pr[j])-1]));

57
 Register Number: RA1811003010955

else

for(k=(strlen(pr[j])-1);k>=3;k--)

if(searchnt(pr[j][k])==-1)

installt(searchnt(pr[j][0]),searchter(pr[j][k]));

break;

while(top!=0)

b=pop();

c=pop();

for(s=0;s<n;s++)

if(pr[s][3]==b)

installt(searchnt(pr[s][0]),searchter(c));

58
 Register Number: RA1811003010955

for(i=0;i<nt;i++)

cout<<"Trailing["<<NT[i]<<"]"<<":"<<"\t{"<<" ";

for(j=0;j<t;j++)

if(tr[i][j]=='t')

cout<<T[j]<<" ";

cout<<"}\n";

getch();

OUTPUT

RESULT: The C++ implementation to find the LEAD and

TRAIL sets of variables of a CFG was compiled, executed and
verified successfully.

59
EX NO:08-04-2021
DATE: 10 INTERMEDIATE CODE GENERATER

if(pr[s][3]==b)

installt(searchnt(pr[s][0]),searchter(c));

for(i=0;i<nt;i++)

cout<<"Trailing["<<NT[i]<<"]"<<":"<<"\t{"<<" ";

for(j=0;j<t;j++)

if(tr[i][j]=='t')

cout<<T[j]<<" ";

cout<<"}\n";

getch();

OUTPUT

Enter the no of productions:2

Enter the productions one by one
E->E÷E
E->i
Leading[E]: {+i }
Trailing[E]: {+i }

RESULT:The C++ implementation to find the LEAD and TRAIL sets of variables of a CFG
was compiled, executed and verified successfully.
AIM: To implement a program to convert infix expression to postfix, prefix.

ALGORITHM:
Postfix:
1. Scan the infix expression from left to right.
2. If the scanned character is an operand, output it.
3. Else,
1 If the precedence of the scanned operator is greater than the precedence of the
operator in the stack(or the stack is empty or the stack contains a ‘(‘ ), push it.
2 Else, Pop all the operators from the stack which are greater than or equal to in
precedence than that of the scanned operator. After doing that Push the scanned
operator to the stack. (If you encounter parenthesis while popping then stop there and
push the scanned operator in the stack.)
4. If the scanned character is an ‘(‘, push it to the stack.
5. If the scanned character is an ‘)’, pop the stack and output it until a ‘(‘ is encountered,
and discard both the parenthesis.
6. Repeat steps 2-6 until infix expression is scanned.
7. Print the output
8. Pop and output from the stack until it is not empty.
Postfix:
1. Scan the infix expression from right to left.
2. If the scanned character is an operand, output it.
3. Else,
1 If the precedence of the scanned operator is greater than the precedence of the
operator in the stack(or the stack is empty or the stack contains a ‘(‘ ), push it.
2 Else, Pop all the operators from the stack which are greater than or equal to in
precedence than that of the scanned operator. After doing that Push the scanned
operator to the stack. (If you encounter parenthesis while popping then stop there and
push the scanned operator in the stack.)
4. If the scanned character is an ‘)‘, push it to the stack.
5. If the scanned character is an ‘(’, pop the stack and output it until a ‘)‘ is encountered,
and discard both the parenthesis.
6. Repeat steps 2-6 until infix expression is scanned.
7. Reverse the infix expression ,Print the output
8. Pop and output from the stack until it is not empty.
Manual Calculation:

PROGRAM :

class infix_to_postfix:
precedence={'^':5,'*':4,'/':4,'+':3,'-':3,'(':2,')':1}
def __init__(self):
self.items=[]
self.size=-1
def push(self,value):
self.items.append(value)
self.size+=1
def pop(self):
if self.isempty():
return 0
else:
self.size-=1
return self.items.pop()
def isempty(self):
if(self.size==-1):
return True
else:
return False
def seek(self):
if self.isempty():
return false
else:
return self.items[self.size]
 def isOperand(self,i):
if i.isalpha() or i in '1234567890':
return True
else:
return False
def infixtopostfix (self,expr):
postfix=""

for i in expr:
if(len(expr)%2==0):
print("Incorrect infix expr")
return False
elif(self.isOperand(i)):
postfix +=i
elif(i in '+-*/^'):
while(len(self.items)and self.precedence[i]<=self.precedence[self.seek()]):
postfix+=self.pop()
self.push(i)
elifi is '(':
self.push(i)
elifi is ')':
o=self.pop()
while o!='(':
postfix +=o
o=self.pop()
print(postfix)
#end of for
while len(self.items):
if(self.seek()=='('):
self.pop()
else:
postfix+=self.pop()

return postfix
s=infix_to_postfix()
expr=input('enter the expression ')
result=s.infixtopostfix(expr)
if (result!=False):
print("the postfix expr of :",expr,"is",result)

class infix_to_prefix:
 precedence={'^':5,'*':4,'/':4,'+':3,'-':3,'(':2,')':1}
def __init__(self):
self.items=[]
self.size=-1
def push(self,value):
self.items.append(value)
self.size+=1
def pop(self):
if self.isempty():
return 0
else:
self.size-=1
return self.items.pop()
def isempty(self):
if(self.size==-1):
return True
else:
return False
def seek(self):
if self.isempty():
return False
else:
return self.items[self.size]
def is0perand(self,i):
if i.isalpha() or i in '1234567890':
return True
else:
return False
def reverse(self,expr):
rev=""
for i in expr:
if i is '(':
i=')'
elifi is ')':
i='('
rev=i+rev
return rev
def infixtoprefix (self,expr):
prefix=""
print('\nprefix expression after every iteration is:')
for i in expr:
EX NO: 11 INTERMEDIATE CODE GENERATER
Quadruple, Triple, Indirect triple

if(len(expr)%2==0):
print("Incorrect infix expr")
return False
elif(self.is0perand(i)):
prefix +=i
elif(i in '+-*/^'):
while(len(self.items)and self.precedence[i] <self.precedence[self.seek()]):
prefix+=self.pop()
self.push(i)
elifi is '(':
self.push(i)
elifi is ')':
o=self.pop()
while o!='(':
prefix +=o
o=self.pop()
print(prefix)
#end of for
while len(self.items):
if(self.seek()=='('):
self.pop()
else:
prefix+=self.pop()
print(prefix)
return prefix
V=infix_to_prefix()
rev=""
rev=V.reverse(expr)
#print(rev)
result=V.infixtoprefix(rev)
if (result!=False):
prefix=V.reverse(result)
print("the prefix expr of :",expr,"is",prefix)

OUTPUT
PREFIX NOTATION:+*EE/EE
POSTFIX NOTATION: EE*EE/+
RESULT:The python implementation to convert infix to postfix, prefix has done successfully.
DATE: 16-04-2021

AIM: To implement a program to convert infix expression to quadruple, triple, indirect triple.

ALGORITHM:
1. Start the program
2. Convert the expression to three address code
3. Using three address code construct quadruple
4. Using quadruple construct triple
5. Construct indirect triple
6. Print output
7. End program
Manual Calculation:

PROGRAM :

OPERATORS = set(['+', '-', '*', '/', '(', ')'])

PRI = {'+':1, '-':1, '*':2, '/':2}

### INFIX ===> POSTFIX ###

def infix_to_postfix(formula):
stack = [] # only pop when the coming op has priority
output = ''
for ch in formula:
if ch not in OPERATORS:
output += ch
elifch == '(':
stack.append('(')
elifch == ')':
while stack and stack[-1] != '(':
output += stack.pop()
stack.pop() # pop '('
else:
while stack and stack[-1] != '(' and PRI[ch] <= PRI[stack[-1]]:
output += stack.pop()
stack.append(ch)
# leftover
while stack:
output += stack.pop()
print(f'POSTFIX: {output}')
return output

### INFIX ===> PREFIX ###

def infix_to_prefix(formula):
op_stack = []
exp_stack = []
for ch in formula:
if not ch in OPERATORS:
exp_stack.append(ch)
elifch == '(':
op_stack.append(ch)
elifch == ')':
while op_stack[-1] != '(':
op = op_stack.pop()
a = exp_stack.pop()
b = exp_stack.pop()
exp_stack.append( op+b+a )
op_stack.pop() # pop '('
else:
while op_stack and op_stack[-1] != '(' and PRI[ch] <= PRI[op_stack[-1]]:
op = op_stack.pop()
a = exp_stack.pop()
b = exp_stack.pop()
exp_stack.append( op+b+a )
op_stack.append(ch)

# leftover
while op_stack:
op = op_stack.pop()
a = exp_stack.pop()
b = exp_stack.pop()
exp_stack.append( op+b+a )
print(f'PREFIX: {exp_stack[-1]}')
return exp_stack[-1]
def generate3AC(pos):
print("### THREE ADDRESS CODE GENERATION ###")
exp_stack = []
t=1
for i in pos:
if i not in OPERATORS:
exp_stack.append(i)
else:
print(f't{t} := {exp_stack[-2]} {i} {exp_stack[-1]}')
exp_stack=exp_stack[:-2]
exp_stack.append(f't{t}')
t+=1

expres = input("INPUT THE EXPRESSION: ")

pre = infix_to_prefix(expres)
pos = infix_to_postfix(expres)
generate3AC(pos)
def Quadruple(pos):
stack = []
op = []
x=1
for i in pos:
if i not in OPERATORS:
stack.append(i)
elifi == '-':
op1 = stack.pop()
stack.append("t(%s)" %x)
print("{0:^4s} | {1:^4s} | {2:^4s}|{3:4s}".format(i,op1,"(-)"," t(%s)" %x))
EX NO: 12 IMPLEMENTATION OF DAG

x = x+1
if stack != []:
op2 = stack.pop()
op1 = stack.pop()
print("{0:^4s} | {1:^4s} | {2:^4s}|{3:4s}".format("+",op1,op2," t(%s)" %x))
stack.append("t(%s)" %x)
x = x+1
elifi == '=':
op2 = stack.pop()
op1 = stack.pop()
print("{0:^4s} | {1:^4s} | {2:^4s}|{3:4s}".format(i,op2,"(-)",op1))
else:
op1 = stack.pop()
op2 = stack.pop()
print("{0:^4s} | {1:^4s} | {2:^4s}|{3:4s}".format(i,op2,op1," t(%s)" %x))
stack.append("t(%s)" %x)
x = x+1
print("The quadruple for the expression ")
print(" OP | ARG 1 |ARG 2 |RESULT ")
Quadruple(pos)

def Triple(pos):
stack = []
op = []
x=0
for i in pos:
if i not in OPERATORS:
stack.append(i)
elifi == '-':
op1 = stack.pop()
stack.append("(%s)" %x)
print("{0:^4s} | {1:^4s} | {2:^4s}".format(i,op1,"(-)"))
x = x+1
if stack != []:
op2 = stack.pop()
op1 = stack.pop()
print("{0:^4s} | {1:^4s} | {2:^4s}".format("+",op1,op2))
stack.append("(%s)" %x)
x = x+1
elifi == '=':
op2 = stack.pop()
EX NO: 12 IMPLEMENTATION OF DAG

op1 = stack.pop()
print("{0:^4s} | {1:^4s} | {2:^4s}".format(i,op1,op2))
else:
op1 = stack.pop()
if stack != []:
op2 = stack.pop()
print("{0:^4s} | {1:^4s} | {2:^4s}".format(i,op2,op1))
stack.append("(%s)" %x)
x = x+1
print("The triple for given expression")
print(" OP | ARG 1 |ARG 2 ")
Triple(pos)

OUTPUT
INPUT THE EXPRESSION: (E*E)+(E/E)
PREFIX: +*EE/EE
POSTFIX: EE*EE/+
### THREE ADDRESS CODE GENERATION ###
t1 := E * E
t2 := E / E
t3 := t1+t2
The quadruple for the expression
OP | ARG 1 |ARG 2 |RESULT
*| E | E | t(1)
/| E |E | t(2)
+| t(1)| t(2)| t(3)
The triple for given expression
OP | ARG 1 |ARG 2
*| E | E
/| E | E
+ | (0) | (1)

RESULT:The python implementation to convert infix expression to quadruple, triple, indirect

triple has done successfully.
DATE: 23-04-2021

AIM: To implement a program to convert infix expression to DAG.

ALGORITHM:
1. Start the program
2. Include all the header files
3. Check for postfix expression and construct in order dag representation.
4. Print output
5. End program

Manual Calculation:

PROGRAM :

#include<iostream>
#include<string>
#include<unordered_map>
using namespace std;
class DAG
{ public:
char label;
 char data;
DAG* left;
DAG* right;

DAG(char x){
label='_';
data=x;
left=NULL;
right=NULL;
}
DAG(char lb, char x, DAG* lt, DAG* rt){
label=lb;
data=x;
left=lt;
right=rt;
}
};

int main(){
int n;
n=3;
string st[n];
st[0]="x=C/D";
st[1]="y=B+x";
st[2]="z=A*y";
unordered_map<char, DAG*>labelDAGNode;

for(int i=0;i<3;i++){
string stTemp=st[i];
for(int j=0;j<5;j++){
char tempLabel = stTemp[0];
char tempLeft = stTemp[2];
char tempData = stTemp[3];
char tempRight = stTemp[4];
DAG* leftPtr;
DAG* rightPtr;
if(labelDAGNode.count(tempLeft) == 0){
leftPtr = new DAG(tempLeft);
}
else{
leftPtr = labelDAGNode[tempLeft];
}
if(labelDAGNode.count(tempRight) == 0){
rightPtr = new DAG(tempRight);
}
else{
rightPtr = labelDAGNode[tempRight];
}
DAG* nn = new DAG(tempLabel,tempData,leftPtr,rightPtr);
labelDAGNode.insert(make_pair(tempLabel,nn));
}
}
cout<<"Label ptrleftPtrrightPtr"<<endl;
for(int i=0;i<n;i++){
DAG* x=labelDAGNode[st[i][0]];
cout<<st[i][0]<<" "<<x->data<<" ";
if(x->left->label=='_')cout<<x->left->data;
else cout<<x->left->label;
cout<<" ";
if(x->right->label=='_')cout<<x->right->data;
else cout<<x->right->label;
cout<<endl;
}
return 0;
}
OUTPUT
Label ptrleftPtrrightPtr
x * EE
y / EE
z + x y

RESULT:The C++ implementation to convert infix expression to dag representation has done
successfully.