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Lesson 2 - Testing The Difference Between To Population Means (Independent Samples)

This document provides an overview of hypothesis testing to compare two population means from independent samples. It outlines four cases for the test based on what is known about the population variances and sample sizes. Formulas are given for calculating the test statistic (Zc or tc) and determining the rejection region for each case. Examples are also included to demonstrate applying the tests to compare two brands of electric fans, the mean lengths of metal rods from two machines, and the mean heights of girls and boys.

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Yolanda Descallar
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132 views

Lesson 2 - Testing The Difference Between To Population Means (Independent Samples)

This document provides an overview of hypothesis testing to compare two population means from independent samples. It outlines four cases for the test based on what is known about the population variances and sample sizes. Formulas are given for calculating the test statistic (Zc or tc) and determining the rejection region for each case. Examples are also included to demonstrate applying the tests to compare two brands of electric fans, the mean lengths of metal rods from two machines, and the mean heights of girls and boys.

Uploaded by

Yolanda Descallar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Hypothesis Testing

Lesson 2: Testing Difference between Two Population Means (Independent Samples).

Comparing two groups, two brands or two products is a common practice. One brand of cellphone can be
compared with another brand or two varieties of rice maybe compared for yield. These are only some of the
several applications of testing the differences between two population means. Table below provides a summary
of the formulas used in performing the test. The different cases depend on the knowledge of the population
variance and the sample sizes.

Formulas for Testing the Difference between Two Population Means: Independent Samples

Test Statistic 𝑯𝟎 𝑯𝒂 Rejection Region


𝜇1 − 𝜇2 ≤ 0 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 > 0
Case 1: 𝜎1 2 & 𝜎2 2 are known
or or 𝑍𝑐 > 𝑍𝛼
(𝑥̅1 − 𝑥̅2 ) 𝜇1 ≤ 𝜇2 𝜇1 > 𝜇2
𝑍𝑐 =
𝜎1 2 𝜎2 2
√ + 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 ≥ 0 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 < 0
𝑛1 𝑛2
or or 𝑍𝑐 < −𝑍𝛼
2 2
Case 2: 𝜎1 & 𝜎2 are unknown; 𝜇1 ≥ 𝜇2 𝜇1 < 𝜇2
𝑛1 ≥ 30; 𝑛2 ≥ 30

(𝑥̅1 − 𝑥̅2 ) 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 = 0 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 ≠ 0
𝑍𝑐 = or or 𝑍𝑐 < −𝑍𝛼 or 𝑍𝑐 > 𝑍𝛼
𝑠 2 𝑠 2 2 2
√ 1 + 2 𝜇1 = 𝜇2 𝜇1 ≠ 𝜇2
𝑛1 𝑛2

2 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 ≤ 0 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 > 0
Case 3: 𝜎1 2 = 𝜎2 but unknown; or or 𝑡𝑐 > 𝑡(𝛼,𝑛1+𝑛2−2)
𝑛1 < 30; 𝑛2 < 30 𝜇1 ≤ 𝜇2 𝜇1 > 𝜇2
(𝑥̅1 − 𝑥̅2 ) 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 ≥ 0 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 < 0
𝑡𝑐 = or or 𝑡𝑐 < −𝑡(𝛼,𝑛1+𝑛2−2)
1 1
(𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑑 ) √ + 𝜇1 ≥ 𝜇2 𝜇1 < 𝜇2
𝑛1 𝑛2
where 𝑡𝑐 < −𝑡(𝛼,𝑛
𝜇1 − 𝜇2 = 0 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 ≠ 0 +𝑛 −2)
2 1 2
(𝑛1 − 1)𝑠1 2 + (𝑛2 − 1)𝑠2 2 or or or
𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑑 =√
𝑛1 + 𝑛2 − 2 𝜇1 = 𝜇2 𝜇1 ≠ 𝜇2 𝑡𝑐 > 𝑡(𝛼,𝑛 +𝑛 −2)
2 1 2
2
Case 4: 𝜎1 2 ≠ 𝜎2 but unknown; 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 ≤ 0 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 > 0
𝑛1 < 30; 𝑛2 < 30 or or 𝑡𝑐 > 𝑡(𝛼,𝑣)
𝜇1 ≤ 𝜇2 𝜇1 > 𝜇2
(𝑥̅1 − 𝑥̅2 )
𝑡𝑐 = 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 ≥ 0 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 < 0
𝑠2 𝑠 2 or or 𝑡𝑐 < −𝑡(𝛼,𝑣)
√ 1 + 2
𝑛1 𝑛2 𝜇1 ≥ 𝜇2 𝜇1 < 𝜇2
with
2
𝑠 2 𝑠 2 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 = 0 𝜇1 − 𝜇2 ≠ 0
( 𝑛1 + 𝑛2 )
𝑣= 1
2
2
2 → df (degrees of freedom) or or 𝑡𝑐 < −𝑡(𝛼,𝑣) or 𝑡𝑐 > 𝑡(𝛼,𝑣)
𝑠 2 𝑠 2 2 2
( 𝑛1 ) ( 𝑛2 )
1 2 𝜇1 = 𝜇2 𝜇1 ≠ 𝜇2
+
𝑛1 −1 𝑛2 −1

Example 1. The random sample of 45 electric fans of Brand A showed a mean life span of 4.11 years with a
standard deviation of 0.55 years, while a random sample of 50 electric fans of Brand B have a mean life span of
3.51 years with a standard deviation of 0.23 years. Would it be safe to say that Brand a is significantly better than
Brand B at a 0.05 level of significance?
Notice that there is no exact 0.95 in the table so
we have to get the corresponding average z-
values of 0.9495 and 0.9505, which is 1.64 and
1.65, respectively. The average z-value is 1.645,
1.64+1.65
that is, = 1.645.
2

Example 2. At a certain machinery shop, two machines are used to produce metal rods. A random sample of 11 rods from machine 1
showed a mean length of 5.95 inches with variance of 0.18 square inches while a random sample of 15 rods from machine 2 showed a
mean length of 6.01 inches with variance of 0.2 square inches. Assuming that the populations are approximately normally distributed
with equal population variances. Test whether there is significant difference between the mean length of the two metal rods at 𝛼 = 0.05.
Example 3. A random sample of 18 girls showed a mean height of 163 centimeters with a standard deviation of
20 centimeters, while a random sample of 25 boys showed a mean height of 170 centimeters with a standard
deviation of 2.98 centimeters. Assuming that the heights are approximately normally distributed with unknown
population variances; can we say that there is a significant difference between the heights of the girls and the boys
at a 0.05 level of significance?
Reference: Supe, A., et. al., (2013). Elementary Statistics. Central Book Supply Inc.

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