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Fourier Series Module - Iii Note.1

The document discusses Fourier series and their applications. Fourier series can be used to analyze periodic functions by decomposing them into sums of sine and cosine functions. Dirichlet's conditions state that a function must be finite, single valued and have a finite number of discontinuities and extrema within a period to be represented by a Fourier series.

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2133MANAS PARAB
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41 views10 pages

Fourier Series Module - Iii Note.1

The document discusses Fourier series and their applications. Fourier series can be used to analyze periodic functions by decomposing them into sums of sine and cosine functions. Dirichlet's conditions state that a function must be finite, single valued and have a finite number of discontinuities and extrema within a period to be represented by a Fourier series.

Uploaded by

2133MANAS PARAB
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VIVA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, VIRAR

DEPT:COMPUTER ENGINEERING

SECOND YEAR/SEM-III
SUBJECT:ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS-III
MODULE-III FOURIER SERIES LEC NO. 1
SUBJECT IN CHARGE
DR.J.C.JAIN
3.1 Dirichlet’s conditions, Definition of
Fourier series and Parseval’s Identity
(without proof).
3.2 Fourier series of periodic function
with period 2π and 2l.
MOULE-III 3.3 Fourier series of even and odd
functions.
Fourier 3.4 Half range Sine and Cosine Series.
Series 3.5 Self-learning Topics: Orthogonal
and orthonormal set of functions,
Complex form of Fourier Series, Fourier
Transforms.

2
INTRODUCTION

Jean-Baptiste Joseph Fourier 21 March 1768 – 16 May


1830) was a French mathematician and physicist born in
Auxerre and best known for initiating the investigation
of Fourier series, which eventually developed
into Fourier analysis and harmonic analysis, and their
applications
Fourier series is used in the analysis of periodic functions.
Many of the phenomena studied in engineering and
sciences are periodic in nature e.g current and voltage in
an ac circuit.
These periodic functions can be analysed into their
constituent components by a Fourier analysis.
Fourier series makes used of orthogonality relationships
of the sine and cosine functions and exponetial functions.

It decomposes a periodic function into sum of sine and


cosine functions or exponential functions.

The computation and study of Fourier series is known as


harmonic analysis.

It has many applications in electrical engineering ,


vibration analysis, acoustics, optics, signal processing,
image processing, etc.
The series
𝒂𝟎 + 𝒂𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 + 𝒃𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 +
𝒂𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒙 + 𝒃𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒙 +…………
+……………..+ ∞ 𝒏=𝟏 𝒂𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒏𝒙 + 𝒃𝒏 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒏𝒙
Where all a’s and b’s are constants is called a
trigonometric series.

The function f(x) represented the above series in a


periodic function of period 2𝝅 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒆, 𝒐𝒏 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒊𝒏𝒈 x to
2𝝅 +x ,we get the same series.

The expansion of f(x) in the form of above series is called


Fourier series.
Dirichlet’s Conditions

A function f(x) defined in the interval 𝑐1 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 𝑐2 can be


expressed as Fourier series if in the interval,
(i)f(x) and its intervals are finite and single valued.
(ii) f(x) has discontinuities finite in number,
(iii) f(x) has finite number of maxima and minima.
These conditions are known as Dirichlet’s Conditions.

For example,sin−1 𝑥 cannot be expressed as a fourier series


since, it is not a single valued function.
Also tanx cannot be expresssed as Fourier series in (0,2𝜋).
But cosax can be expanded as a Fouries series since, it satisfies
the above conditions.
NOTE:
1. A function f(x) is said to be periodic with period a if
f(a+x)=f(a) e.g sinx, cosx are periodic with period 2𝜋.
2. A function f(x) is said to be even if f(-x)=f(x) e.g cosx,
secx,𝑥 2 are even functions.
3. Graphically an even function is symmetrical about the
y-axis.
4. A function f(x) is said to be odd if f(-x)=-f(x) e.g sinx,
cosecx,𝑥 3 are odd functions.
5. Graphically an even function is symmetrical about the
origin.
6. A function can neither even nor odd e.g
𝑒 𝑥 , 10𝑥 , 𝑥 2 −𝑥 .
We need the following Results, to solve the Fourier series
problems:
I. when n is an integer,
(i)sinn𝜋 = 0 , 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑛𝜋 = 0
(ii) cosn𝜋 = −1 𝑛 , cos2n𝜋 =1
(iii) cos(n±1)𝜋=-cosn𝜋
(iv) sin(n±1)𝜋=0
(v) sin(2n𝜋 + 𝑥) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
(vi) cos(2n𝜋 + 𝑥) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
2.(i) 2sinAcosB= sin(A+B)+sin(A-B)

(ii) 2cosAsinB= sin(A+B)-sin(A-B)

(iii) 2cosAcosB= cos(A+B)+cos(A-B)

(iv) -2sinAsinB= cos(A+B)-cos(A-B)


3.
f(x) E E O O
g(x) E O E 0
𝜱 𝒙 = 𝒇 𝒙 . 𝒈(𝒙) E O O E
𝑎
𝑎 2 𝑓
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛
0
4. −𝑎
𝑓 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
0 , 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑜𝑑𝑑
𝑒 𝑎𝑥
5. 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 sinbx dx = 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑥 − 𝑏𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥
𝑎2 +𝑏2
𝑎𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
6. 𝑒 cosbx dx = 𝑎𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑥 + 𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑥
𝑎2 +𝑏2
𝜋 𝜋
7.(A) −𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 =0 , −𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 =0
𝜋
(B) −𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 0 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑚, 𝑛
𝜋
(C) −𝜋
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑚𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 0 𝑖𝑓 𝑚 ≠ 𝑛
=𝜋 if m=n
𝜋
(D) −𝜋
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑚𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 0 𝑖𝑓 𝑚 ≠ 𝑛
=𝜋 if m=n

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