Senior High School

Understanding Culture,
Society, and Politics
Quarter 2 – Module 3
Political and Leadership
Structures

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Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics Grade 11/12

Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 2 – Module 3: Political and Leadership Structures
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education – Division of Cagayan de Oro City

Schools Division Superintendent: Dr. Cherry Mae L. Limbaco, CESO V

Development Team of the Learning Activity Sheets

Author/s: Roy H. Lumban, PhD

Reviewers: Sylvio C. Carciller,PhD

Charleah A.Matig-a
Ma. Deanna D.Manuel
Paz S. Pacturan

Illustrator and Layout Artist: Paul Badon

Management Team
Chairperson: Cherry Mae L. Limbaco, PhD, CESO V
Schools Division Superintendent

Co-Chairpersons: Alicia E. Anghay, PhD, CESE

Asst. Schools Division Superintendent

Members:
Lorebina C. Carrasco, OIC-CID Chief
Romeo B. Aclo, EPS-Araling Panlipunan
Joel D. Potane, LRMS Manager
Lanie O. Signo, Librarian II
Gemma Pajayon, PDO II
Printed in the Philippines by Department of Education – Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)
Office Address: Fr. William F. Masterson Ave., Upper Balulang, Cagayan de Oro City
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E-mail Address: [email protected]

Senior High School

Understanding Culture,
Society, and Politics

2
 Quarter 2 – Module 3
Political and
Leadership Structures
This instructional material was collaboratively developed and reviewed
by educators from public and private schools, colleges, and or/universities.
We encourage teachers and other education stakeholders to email their
feedback, comments, and recommendations to the Department of Education
at action@ deped.gov.ph.

We value your feedback and recommendations.

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippines

Table of Contents
COVER PAGE i
COPYRIGHT PAGE ii
TITLE PAGE iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iv
WHAT THIS MODULE IS ABOUT v

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WHAT I NEED TO KNOW v
HOW TO LEARN FROM THIS MODULE vi
ICONS OF THIS MODULEvii
WHAT I KNOW viii
Lesson 1: Political Organization/Authority and Legitimacy 1
What’s In: 1
What’s New: Name Them 2
What is It: Political Organization/Authority and Legitimacy 2
What’s More: Leadership! 4
Word Looping 5
What I Have Learned: Person in Authority 6
What I Can Do: The President 6
Summary 7
Assessment 8
Key to Answers 10
References 11

What This Module is About

Human beings are considered social animals. Being such, we have tendencies
to join groups. Having different interests, there is also a tendency towards conflict.
Therefore, to avoid conflict and maintain social order, there is a need to establish a
defined political system and defined political power.

Thus, this module will help you understand more on political and leadership
structures of communities.

4
 What I Need to Know

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

 Analyze social and political structures (UCSP11/12HSO-IIj-23)

How to Learn from this Module

The following are your guides for the proper use of this module:

To the Learner:
1. Follow closely to the instructions in every activity.
2. Answer the pre-test before going over the material to find out what you
already know.
3. Answer all the exercises at the end of every lesson.
4. Review the lesson that you find difficult to understand. Be resourceful.

5
 5. All answers should be written in the module, unless, otherwise specified,
example: sheet of paper or bondpaper
6. All output should be placed in a folder which will serve as your portfolio. It
should be arranged in a sequential order.
7. Seek assistance from your teacher and parents/guardian.
To the Teacher:
1. Communicate with parents and learners regularly for updates and feedback.
2. Make sure that all activities are complied before accepting them.
3. You may contextualize or localize your activity as long as it is still within the
bound of the learning competency.

To the Parents/Guardian:
1. Closely monitor your child’s progress.
2. Do not answer the activities for your child. Just guide them in doing it.
3. Support your child. Talk to him/her about his/her journey with this module.

Icons of this Module

This part contains learning objectives that
What I Need to Know
are set for you to learn as you go along the
Learning Objectives
module.

This is an assessment as to your level of

What I Know? knowledge to the subject matter at hand,
Pre-Assessment meant specifically to gauge prior related
knowledge.

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 What’s In? This part connects previous lesson with
Review Activity that of the current one.

An introduction of the new lesson through

What’s New?
various activities, before it will be
Motivational Activity
presented to you.

These are discussions as a way to deepen

What is It?
your discovery and understanding of the
Lesson Proper
concept.

These are follow-up activities that are

What’s More?
intended for you to practice further in order
Performance Task
to master the competencies.

What I Have Learned? Activities designed to process what you

Generalization have learned from the lesson.

These are tasks that are designed to show

What I Can Do? case your skills and knowledge gained,
Application and applied into real-life concerns and
situations.

This evaluates your level of mastery in

Assessment
achieving the learning objectives of the
Post-Assessment
lesson.

What I Know

PRETEST

Multiple Choice. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

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1. It is formed by several families living together based on marriage ties,
common descendants, friendship affiliations and members usually have
common interest, or enemy.
a. chiefdom c. tribe
b. band d. nation

2. A group usually headed by a village headman.

a. nation-state c. tribe
b. chiefdom d. state

3. Formal leadership exists and authority rests solely on the members of a select
family.
a. nation c. tribe
b. state d. chiefdom

4. This is defined as a political unit consisting of a government that has

sovereignty presiding over a group of people and well-defined territory and
has the highest form of political organization.
a. state c. nation
b. nation-state d. state-nation

5. It does not possess political sovereignty.

a. state c. nation
b. nation-state d. state-nation

6. The power to make binding decisions and issue commands.

a. bureaucracy c. charismatic
b. legitimacy d. authority

7. Legitimized from formal rules promulgated by the state through its

fundamental and implementing laws.
a. traditional c. bureaucracy
b. legitimacy d. authority

8. Legitimated by the sanctity of tradition.

a. traditional c. dynamic
b. historical d. charismatic

9. A value whereby something or someone is recognized and accepted as right

and proper.
a. authority c. legal-rational
b. legitimacy d. bureaucracy

10. It has a more defined political organization and has more or less permanent,
fulltime leader with real authority to make major decisions.
a. nation c. tribe
b. chiefdom d. state

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11. It is more complex and larger than a band.
a. tribe c. chiefdom
b. band d. village headman

12. The Philippines belongs to what type of authority?

a. monarchial c. traditional
b. legal-rational d. charismatic

13. What leadership style is currently practiced by the Philippine government?

a. historical c. bureaucratic
b. traditional d. charismatic

14. Mother Teresa is an example of a ________________ leader.

a. charismatic c. monarchial
b. historical d. traditional

15. President Duterte is an example of a _________________ leader.

a. traditional c. monarchial
b. historical d. bureaucratic

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 Lesson Political Organization/Authority and

1
Legitimacy
Learning Competency: Analyze social and political structures
(UCSP11/12HSO-IIj-23)

What’s In

How was your family bonding at home? I know that family love is always in
the air. Well, before we proceed to the next lesson, I want you to ponder on the
topics or activities in Module 2 which caught your attention the most. List it down and
briefly discuss each answer.

1. ______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________

2. ______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________

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 What’s New

Activity 1: NAME THEM

1. Identify five (5) public officials in the Philippine government.

2. Write their names and their official government positions.

Name Official government position

1
2
3
4
5

What Is It

Political Organizations

Bands and tribes are considered as the simplest political systems. They are
often perceived without a well-defined system of leadership.

A band is usually small, formed

by several families living together;
oftentimes moving from one place to
the other to search for food. Bands
are egalitarian, meaning, all families
are equal. There is no class
differentiation based on wealth;
however, status differences based on
gender and age is well-defined. There
is no formal leadership, instead, those
who possess special skills and
knowledge can be raised to become
informal leader.

As the population of bands

increases, the tendency of conflict Image: https://bit.ly/3cJITvz
also increases. The conflict leads to
“band fissioning” or band splitting.

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Some leave the band to form their own group (social velocity). The band who
survives fissioning and social velocity eventually becomes a tribe.

A tribe (tribu) is more complex and larger than a band. As the population
increases, there is a shifting from a basic form of livelihood to a multiple way of
living. Tribe is organized through pantribal associations in the form of councils, tribal
leaders, elders, etc. due to the presence of multiple communities in a tribe. Tribes
are commonly headed by a village headman who perform leadership roles but has
limited political power. Most tribes remain egalitarian.

A chiefdom has a more defined political organization. Chiefdoms have more

or less permanent, fulltime leader with real authority to make major decisions. These
leaders are referred to as the “chief”. Formal leadership exists and authority rests
solely on the members of a select family. It is composed of a number of communities
that is ruled by a permanent paramount chief coming from this elite family. Power is
inherited. Chiefdom can either be simple chiefdom or complex chiefdom. Simple
chiefdom is characterized by a single village or community rules by a single family. A
complex chiefdom is composed of several simple chiefdoms ruled by a single
paramount chief residing in a single paramount center.

State and Nations

The advent of modernity has made the process of consolidating different

individuals into one political community more difficult and complicated. Out of the
breakdown of political organizations, what emerged was the presence of groups of
people that shared a common history, language, traditions, customs, habits, and
ethnicity. These groups are collectively referred to as nations.

On the other hand, a state is a political unit consisting of a government that

has sovereignty presiding over a group of people and a well-defined territory and has
the highest form of political organization.

Political Legitimacy and Authority

The task of organizing a political community requires the existence of leaders.

Leaders, in order to be effective, need to possess authority that is considered
legitimate by the community.

Authority in relation to Legitimacy

Authority is the right to command. Authority is observed when an individual has

a command to make a person do things. Such act is a response to that person’s
perceived power. This person can be your boss, your superiors, or those who hold
high positions in the society. For example, public officials are elected by the people
and granted with the rights to regulate and exercise administrative functions based
on the existing laws of the land.

Authority is more than power. Authority is guaranteed by legitimacy in a formal

manner. What makes authority binding and worthy of obedience is its legitimacy.
Legitimacy gives form to authority. Legitimacy is a “value whereby something or

3
someone is recognized and accepted as right and proper. For authority to be binding
and stable, it must be legitimate.

WEBER’S THREE (3) TYPES OF AUTHORITY

According to the sociologist Max Weber, there is a category as to how

authority is legitimated as a belief system. These are traditional, charismatic, and
legal-rational.

Traditional Charismatic Legal-rational

(bureaucratic)
Source of Power Legitimized from Legitimized from the Legitimized from
from well-established charisma of the formal rules
customs, habits, and individual promulgated by the
social structures state through its
fundamental and
implementing laws.
Leadership Style Historic personality Dynamic personality Bureaucratic
Monarchical rule or Religious leaders or Government officials
Example the rule of elites in a popular icons such in modern states
chiefdom as movie actors

What’s More

Activity 2: LEADERSHIP!

1. Conduct a research on how our current president exercises his leadership

and authority in this covid-19 pandemic.
2. Research not only means using the internet but also conducting interview to
those people whom you believe can answer your questions. You may ask
your parents, guardians, relatives, barangay officials, etc. Always remember
to follow safety protocols.
3. You can also get information from the television, radio, and other modes of
communication. Have an enjoyable research time
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

4
___________________________________________________________________
______________________.

Rubric for the Task

Criteria Rating
The answer relates entirely to the assigned topic. 5 4 3 2 1
The answer conveys a genuine view regarding the topic. 5 4 3 2 1
The work is original and does not contain plagiarized content. 5 4 3 2 1
Total points (15)

Activity 3: WORD LOOPING

Encircle the words related to political leadership and structures. Write them
also in the box below.

B U R E A U C R A C Y C
Z L O T M C R O I G U Q
C Y C A M I T I G E L W
D K D R M A I L N T C E
O H N E O S C E T H O R
I G A W R D T K I A P T
X F B Q E F R E B W A E
V D I Q F E F N B P S T
M S U A O D B M X U D A
H A Y A O R E A C H F T
S P Y M R T S F C A G S
A Y T I R O H T U A H S

1. 4.
2. 5.
3. 6.

What I Have Learned

5
Activity 2: PERSON IN AUTHORITY

In a community, there are people who become influential. Conduct an

investigation or a research in your own community and identify one (1) person whom
you think possess authority. Explain your answer below.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
_________________________________

Rubric for the Task

Criteria Rating
The answer relates entirely to the assigned topic. 5 4 3 2 1
The answer conveys a genuine view regarding the topic. 5 4 3 2 1
The work is original and does not contain plagiarized content. 5 4 3 2 1
Total points (15)

What I Can Do

Activity 5: THE PRESIDENT

If given the chance to become the Philippine president for 365 days, list down
your top five (5) programs and projects that you want to implement right after you
assume office.

1. ______________________________________________________
2. ______________________________________________________
3. ______________________________________________________
4. ______________________________________________________
5. ______________________________________________________
SUMMARY
 Band is usually small, formed by several families living together; oftentimes
moving from one place to the other to search for food.

6
 Tribe is more complex and larger than a band. Tribe is organized through
pantribal associations in the form of councils, tribal leaders, elders, etc. due
to the presence of multiple communities in a tribe.

 Chiefdom has a more defined political organization. Chiefdoms have more or

less permanent, fulltime leader with real authority to make major decisions.
These leaders are referred to as the “chief”.

 Out of the breakdown of political organizations, what emerged was the

presence of groups of people that shared a common history, language,
traditions, customs, habits, and ethnicity. These groups are collectively
referred to as nations.

 A state is a political unit consisting of a government that has sovereignty

presiding over a group of people and a well-defined territory and has the
highest form of political organization.

 Authority is the right to command. Authority is observed when an individual

has a command to make a person do things.

 Legitimacy is a “value whereby something or someone is recognized and

accepted as right and proper. For authority to be binding and stable, it must
be legitimate.

 Max Weber’s three types of authority includes traditional, charismatic, and

legal-rational.

ASSESSMENT

7
POSTTEST

Multiple Choice. Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. It is formed by several families living together based on marriage ties,

common descendants, friendship affiliations and members usually have
common interest, or enemy.
a. chiefdom c. tribe
b. band d. nation

2. A group usually headed by a village headman.

a. nation-state c. tribe
b. chiefdom d. state

3. Formal leadership exists and authority rests solely on the members of a select
family.
a. nation c. tribe
b. state d. chiefdom

4. This is defined as a political unit consisting of a government that has

sovereignty presiding over a group of people and well-defined territory and
has the highest form of political organization.
a. state c. nation
b. nation-state d. state-nation

5. It does not possess political sovereignty.

a. state c. nation
b. nation-state d. state-nation

6. The power to make binding decisions and issue commands.

a. bureaucracy c. charismatic
b. legitimacy d. authority

7. Legitimized from formal rules promulgated by the state through its

fundamental and implementing laws.
a. traditional c. bureaucracy
b. legitimacy d. authority

8. Legitimated by the sanctity of tradition.

a. traditional c. dynamic
b. historical d. charismatic

9. A value whereby something or someone is recognized and accepted as right

and proper.
a. authority c. legal-rational
b. legitimacy d. bureaucracy

8
10. It has a more defined political organization and has more or less permanent,
fulltime leader with real authority to make major decisions.
a. nation c. tribe
b. chiefdom d. state

11. It is more complex and larger than a band.

a. tribe c. chiefdom
b. band d. village headman

12. The Philippines belongs to what type of authority?

a. monarchial c. traditional
b. legal-rational d. charismatic

13. What leadership style is currently practiced by the Philippine government?

a. historical c. bureaucratic
b. traditional d. charismatic

14. Mother Teresa is an example of a ________________ leader.

a. charismatic c. monarchial
b. historical d. traditional

15. President Duterte is an example of a _________________ leader.

a. traditional c. monarchial
b. historical d. bureaucratic

KEY TO ANSWERS

Activity 3. WORD LOOPING (in any order)

1. bureaucracy
2. band
3. state
4. 9
authority
 KEY TO ANSWERS

PRETEST

1. b 6. d 11. a
2. c 7. c 12. b
3. d 8. a 13. c
4. a 9. b 14. a
5. b 10. b 15. d

POSTTEST

1. b 6. d 11. a
2. c 7. c 12. b
3. d 8. a 13. c
4. a 9. b 14. a
5. b 10. b 15. d

REFERENCE
Antonio P. Contreras, Arleigh Ross D. Dela Cruz, Dennis S. Erasga, Cecile C.
Fadrigon, Understanding Culture, Society, and Politics, Quezon City:
Phoenix Publishing House, Inc., 2016, 160-170.

10
Ederlina D. Baleña, Dolores M. Lucero, Arnel M. Peralta, Understanding Culture,
Society, and Politics for Senior High School, Quezon City: Educational
Resources Corporation, 2016, 86-97.

"14.1 Power and Authority – Sociology." Open Textbooks · University of Minnesota

Libraries. Last modified April 8, 2016.
https://open.lib.umn.edu/sociology/chapter/14-1-power-and-authority/.

"Chapter 17. Government and Politics – Introduction to Sociology – 1st Canadian

Edition." BC Open Textbooks – Open Textbooks Adapted and Created by BC
Faculty. Last modified November 6, 2014.
https://opentextbc.ca/introductiontosociology/chapter/chapter17-government-
and-politics/.

"Politics, Power, and Authority | Boundless Sociology." Lumen Learning – Simple

Book Production. Accessed June 14, 2020.
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-sociology/chapter/politics-
power-and-authority/

Management Team

Chairperson: Dr. Arturo B. Bayocot, CESO III

Regional Director

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Co-Chairpersons: Dr. Victor G. De Gracia Jr. CESO V
Asst. Regional Director

Cherry Mae L. Limbaco, PhD, CESO V

Schools Division Superintendent

Alicia E. Anghay, PhD, CESE

Asst. Schools Division Superintendent

Mala Epra B. Magnaong, Chief ES, CLMD

Members: Neil A. Improgo, EPS-LRMS

Bienvenido U. Tagolimot, Jr., EPS-ADM
Lorebina C. Carrasco, OIC-CID Chief
Romeo B. Aclo, EPS-Araling Panlipunan
Joel D. Potane, LRMS Manager
Lanie O. Signo, Librarian II
Gemma Pajayon, PDO II

12
For inquiries and feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)

DepEd Division of Cagayan de Oro City
Fr. William F. Masterson Ave Upper Balulang, Cagayan de Oro
Telefax: ((08822)855-0048
E-mail Address: [email protected]