JDBC Best Tutorial Full
JDBC Best Tutorial Full
What is JDBC?
JDBC stands for Java Database Connectivity, which is a standard Java API for database-independent
connectivity between the Java programming language and a wide range of databases.
The JDBC library includes APIs for each of the tasks commonly associated with database usage:
Fundamentally, JDBC is a specification that provides a complete set of interfaces that allows for portable access
to an underlying database. Java can be used to write different types of executables, such as:
Java Applications
Java Applets
Java Servlets
Java ServerPages (JSPs)
Enterprise JavaBeans (EJBs)
All of these different executables are able to use a JDBC driver to access a database and take advantage of the
stored data.
JDBC provides the same capabilities as ODBC, allowing Java programs to contain database-independent code.
Pre-Requisite:
Before progressing on this tutorial you need to have good understanding on the following two subjects:
JDBC Architecture:
The JDBC API supports both two-tier and three-tier processing models for database access but in general JDBC
Architecture consists of two layers:
The JDBC API uses a driver manager and database-specific drivers to provide transparent connectivity to
heterogeneous databases.
The JDBC driver manager ensures that the correct driver is used to access each data source. The driver manager
is capable of supporting multiple concurrent drivers connected to multiple heterogeneous databases.
Following is the architectural diagram, which shows the location of the driver manager with respect to the
JDBC drivers and the Java application:
DriverManager: This class manages a list of database drivers. Matches connection requests from the
java application with the proper database driver using communication subprotocol. The first driver that
recognizes a certain subprotocol under JDBC will be used to establish a database Connection.
Driver: This interface handles the communications with the database server. You will interact directly
with Driver objects very rarely. Instead, you use DriverManager objects, which manages objects of this
type. It also abstracts the details associated with working with Driver objects
Connection : This interface with all methods for contacting a database. The connection object
represents communication context, i.e., all communication with database is through connection object
only.
Statement : You use objects created from this interface to submit the SQL statements to the database.
Some derived interfaces accept parameters in addition to executing stored procedures.
ResultSet: These objects hold data retrieved from a database after you execute an SQL query using
Statement objects. It acts as an iterator to allow you to move through its data.
SQLException: This class handles any errors that occur in a database application.
The new features in these packages include changes in the following areas:
SQL is supported by all most any database you will likely use, and it allows you to write database code
independently of the underlying database.
This tutorial gives an overview of SQL, which is a pre-requisite to understand JDBC concepts. This tutorial
gives you enough SQL to be able to Create, Read, Update, and Delete (often referred to as CRUD operations)
data from a database.
For a detailed understanding on SQL, you can read our MySQL Tutorial.
Create Database:
The CREATE DATABASE statement is used for creating a new database. The syntax is:
Example:
Drop Database:
The DROP DATABASE statement is used for deleting an existing database. The syntax is:
Note: To create or drop a database you should have administrator privilege on your database server. Be careful,
deleting a database would loss all the data stored in database.
Create Table:
The CREATE TABLE statement is used for creating a new table. The syntax is:
SQL> CREATE TABLE table_name
(
column_name column_data_type,
column_name column_data_type,
column_name column_data_type
...
);
Example:
The following SQL statement creates a table named Employees with four columns:
Drop Table:
The DROP TABLE statement is used for deleting an existing table. The syntax is:
Example:
INSERT Data:
The syntax for INSERT looks similar to the following, where column1, column2, and so on represent the new
data to appear in the respective columns:
Example:
The following SQL INSERT statement inserts a new row in the Employees database created earlier:
SELECT Data:
The SELECT statement is used to retrieve data from a database. The syntax for SELECT is:
The WHERE clause can use the comparison operators such as =, !=, <, >, <=,and >=, as well as the BETWEEN
and LIKE operators.
Example:
The following SQL statement selects the age, first and last columns from the Employees table where id column
is 100:
The following SQL statement selects the age, first and last columns from the Employees table where first
column contains Zara:
UPDATE Data:
The UPDATE statement is used to update data. The syntax for UPDATE is:
The WHERE clause can use the comparison operators such as =, !=, <, >, <=,and >=, as well as the BETWEEN
and LIKE operators.
Example:
The following SQL UPDATE statement changes the age column of the employee whose id is 100:
DELETE Data:
The DELETE statement is used to delete data from tables. The syntax for DELETE is:
Example:
The following SQL DELETE statement delete the record of the employee whose id is 100:
Install Java:
Install J2SE Development Kit 5.0 (JDK 5.0) from Java Official Site.
JAVA_HOME: This environment variable should point to the directory where you installed the JDK,
e.g. C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.5.0
CLASSPATH: This environment variable should has appropriate paths set, e.g. C:\Program
Files\Java\jdk1.5.0_20\jre\lib
PATH: This environment variable should point to appropriate JRE bin, e.g. C:\Program
Files\Java\jre1.5.0_20\bin.
It is possible you have these variable set already, but just to make sure here's how to check.
Go to the control panel and double-click on System. If you are a Windows XP user it's possible you
have to open Performance and Maintenance before you will see the System icon.
Go to the Advanced tab and click on Environment Variables.
Now check all the above mentioned variables are set properly.
You automatically get both JDBC packages java.sql and javax.sql when you install J2SE Development Kit 5.0
(JDK 5.0)
Install Database:
The most important thing you will need, of course is an actual running database with a table that you can query
and modify.
Install a database that is most suitable for you. You can have plenty of choices and most common are:
1. MySQL DB: MySQL is an open source database. You can download it from MySQL Official Site. We
recommend downloading the full Windows installation.
In addition, download and install MySQL Administrator as well as MySQL Query Browser. These are
GUI based tools that will make your development much easier.
Finally, download and unzip MySQL Connector/J (the MySQL JDBC driver) in a convenient directory.
For the purpose of this tutorial we will assume that you have installed the driver at C:\Program
Files\MySQL\mysql-connector-java-5.1.8.
2. PostgreSQL DB: PostgreSQL is an open source database. You can download it from PostgreSQL
Official Site.
The Postgres installation contains a GUI based administrative tool called pgAdmin III. JDBC drivers are
also included as part of the installation.
3. Oracle DB: Oracle DB is an commercial database sold by Oracle . We assume that you have the
necessary distribution media to install it.
Oracle installation includes a GUI based administrative tool called Enterprise Manager. JDBC drivers
are also included as part of the installation.
Now a days most of the Database vendors are supplying appropriate JDBC drivers along with Database
installation. So you should not worry about this part.
Using root ID and password you can either create another users ID and password or you can use root ID and
password for your JDBC application.
There are various database operations like database creation and deletion, which would need administrator ID
and password.
For rest of the JDBC tutorial we would use MySQL Database with username as ID and password as password.
If you do not have sufficient privilege to create new users then you can ask your Database Administrator (DBA)
to create a user ID and password for you.
Create Database:
To create the EMP database, use the following steps:
Step 1:
C:\>
C:\>cd Program Files\MySQL\bin
C:\Program Files\MySQL\bin>
Note: The path to mysqld.exe may vary depending on the install location of MySQL on your system. You can
also check documentation on how to start and stop your database server.
Step 2:
Start the database server by executing the following command, if it is already not running.
C:\Program Files\MySQL\bin>mysqld
C:\Program Files\MySQL\bin>
Step 3:
Create Table
To create the Employees table in EMP database, use the following steps:
Step 1:
C:\>
C:\>cd Program Files\MySQL\bin
C:\Program Files\MySQL\bin>
Step 2:
mysql>
Now you are ready to start experimenting with JDBC. Next tutorial would give your a sample example on
JDBC Programming.
All the steps mentioned in this template example, would be explained in subsequent chapters of this tutorial.
1. Import the packages . Requires that you include the packages containing the JDBC classes needed for
database programming. Most often, using import java.sql.* will suffice.
2. Register the JDBC driver . Requires that you initialize a driver so you can open a communications
channel with the database.
3. Open a connection . Requires using the DriverManager.getConnection() method to create a Connection
object, which represents a physical connection with the database.
4. Execute a query . Requires using an object of type Statement for building and submitting an SQL
statement to the database.
5. Extract data from result set . Requires that you use the appropriate ResultSet.getXXX() method to
retrieve the data from the result set.
6. Clean up the environment . Requires explicitly closing all database resources versus relying on the
JVM's garbage collection.
Sample Code:
This sample example can serve as a template when you need to create your own JDBC application in the
future.
This sample code has been written based on the environment and database setup done in previous chapter.
Copy and past following example in FirstExample.java, compile and run as follows:
// Database credentials
static final String USER = "username";
static final String PASS = "password";
//Display values
System.out.print("ID: " + id);
System.out.print(", Age: " + age);
System.out.print(", First: " + first);
System.out.println(", Last: " + last);
}
//STEP 6: Clean-up environment
rs.close();
stmt.close();
conn.close();
}catch(SQLException se){
//Handle errors for JDBC
se.printStackTrace();
}catch(Exception e){
//Handle errors for Class.forName
e.printStackTrace();
}finally{
//finally block used to close resources
try{
if(stmt!=null)
stmt.close();
}catch(SQLException se2){
}// nothing we can do
try{
if(conn!=null)
conn.close();
}catch(SQLException se){
se.printStackTrace();
}//end finally try
}//end try
System.out.println("Goodbye!");
}//end main
}//end FirstExample
C:\>javac FirstExample.java
C:\>
C:\>java FirstExample
Connecting to database...
Creating statement...
ID: 100, Age: 18, First: Zara, Last: Ali
ID: 101, Age: 25, First: Mahnaz, Last: Fatma
ID: 102, Age: 30, First: Zaid, Last: Khan
ID: 103, Age: 28, First: Sumit, Last: Mittal
C:\>
For example, using JDBC drivers enable you to open database connections and to interact with it by sending
SQL or database commands then receiving results with Java.
The Java.sql package that ships with JDK contains various classes with their behaviours defined and their
actual implementaions are done in third-party drivers. Third party vendors implements the java.sql.Driver
interface in their database driver.
In a Type 1 driver, a JDBC bridge is used to access ODBC drivers installed on each client machine. Using
ODBC requires configuring on your system a Data Source Name (DSN) that represents the target database.
When Java first came out, this was a useful driver because most databases only supported ODBC access but
now this type of driver is recommended only for experimental use or when no other alternative is available.
The JDBC-ODBC bridge that comes with JDK 1.2 is a good example of this kind of driver.
In a Type 2 driver, JDBC API calls are converted into native C/C++ API calls which are unique to the database.
These drivers typically provided by the database vendors and used in the same manner as the JDBC-ODBC
Bridge, the vendor-specific driver must be installed on each client machine.
If we change the Database we have to change the native API as it is specific to a database and they are mostly
obsolete now but you may realize some speed increase with a Type 2 driver, because it eliminates ODBC's
overhead.
In a Type 3 driver, a three-tier approach is used to accessing databases. The JDBC clients use standard network
sockets to communicate with an middleware application server. The socket information is then translated by the
middleware application server into the call format required by the DBMS, and forwarded to the database server.
This kind of driver is extremely flexible, since it requires no code installed on the client and a single driver can
actually provide access to multiple databases.
You can think of the application server as a JDBC "proxy," meaning that it makes calls for the client
application. As a result, you need some knowledge of the application server's configurat ion in order to
effectively use this driver type.
Your application server might use a Type 1, 2, or 4 driver to communicate with the database, understanding the
nuances will prove helpful.
In a Type 4 driver, a pure Java-based driver that communicates directly with vendor's database through socket
connection. This is the highest performance driver available for the database and is usually provided by the
vendor itself.
This kind of driver is extremely flexible, you don't need to install special software on the client or server.
Further, these drivers can be downloaded dynamically.
MySQL's Connector/J driver is a Type 4 driver. Because of the proprietary nature of their network protocols,
database vendors usually supply type 4 drivers.
If your Java application is accessing multiple types of databases at the same time, type 3 is the preferred driver.
Type 2 drivers are useful in situations where a type 3 or type 4 driver is not available yet for your database.
The type 1 driver is not considered a deployment- level driver and is typically used for development and testing
purposes only.
JDBC - Database Connections
After you've installed the appropriate driver, it's time to establish a database connection using JDBC.
The programming involved to establish a JDBC connection is fairly simple. Here are these simple four steps:
1. Import JDBC Packages: Add import statements to your Java program to import required classes in
your Java code.
2. Register JDBC Driver: This step causes the JVM to load the desired driver implementation into
memory so it can fulfill your JDBC requests.
3. Database URL Formulation: This is to create a properly formatted address that points to the database
to which you wish to connect.
4. Create Connection Object: Finally, code a call to the DriverManager object's getConnection( ) method
to establish actual database connection.
To use the standard JDBC package, which allows you to select, insert, update, and delete data in SQL tables,
add the following imports to your source code:
You need to do this registration only once in your program. You can register a driver in one of two ways.
The most common approach to register a driver is to use Java's Class.forName() method to dynamically load
the driver's class file into memory, which automatically registers it. This method is preferable because it allows
you to make the driver registration configurable and portable.
try {
Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
}
catch(ClassNotFoundException ex) {
System.out.println("Error: unable to load driver class!");
System.exit(1);
}
You can use getInstance() method to work around noncompliant JVMs, but then you'll have to code for two
extra Exceptions as follows:
try {
Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver").newInstance();
}
catch(ClassNotFoundException ex) {
System.out.println("Error: unable to load driver class!");
System.exit(1);
catch(IllegalAccessException ex) {
System.out.println("Error: access problem while loading!");
System.exit(2);
catch(InstantiationException ex) {
System.out.println("Error: unable to instantiate driver!");
System.exit(3);
}
The second approach you can use to register a driver is to use the static DriverManager.registerDriver()
method.
You should use the registerDriver() method if you are using a non-JDK compliant JVM, such as the one
provided by Microsoft.
try {
Driver myDriver = new oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver();
DriverManager.registerDriver( myDriver );
}
catch(ClassNotFoundException ex) {
System.out.println("Error: unable to load driver class!");
System.exit(1);
}
1. getConnection(String url)
2. getConnection(String url, Properties prop)
3. getConnection(String url, String user, String password)
Here each form requires a database URL. A database URL is an address that points to your database.
Formulating a database URL is where most of the problems associated with establishing a connection occur.
Following table lists down popular JDBC driver names and database URL.
RDBMS JDBC driver name URL format
All the highlighted part in URL format is static and you need to change only remaining part as per your
database setup.
I listed down three forms of DriverManager.getConnection() method to create a connection object. The most
commonly used form of getConnection() requires you to pass a database URL, a username, and a password:
Assuming you are using Oracle's thin driver, you'll specify a host:port:databaseName value for the database
portion of the URL.
If you have a host at TCP/IP address 192.0.0.1 with a host name of amrood, and your Oracle listener is
configured to listen on port 1521, and your database name is EMP, then complete database URL would then be:
jdbc:oracle:thin:@amrood:1521:EMP
Now you have to call getConnection() method with appropriate username and password to get a Connection
object as follows:
DriverManager.getConnection(String url);
However, in this case, the database URL includes the username and password and has the following general
form:
jdbc:oracle:driver:username/password@database
A third form of the DriverManager.getConnection( ) method requires a database URL and a Properties object:
A Properties object holds a set of keyword-value pairs. It's used to pass driver properties to the driver during a
call to the getConnection() method.
To make the same connection made by the previous examples, use the following code:
import java.util.*;
Relying on garbage collection, especially in database programming, is very poor programming practice. You
should make a habit of always closing the connection with the close() method associated with connection
object.
To ensure that a connection is closed, you could provide a finally block in your code. A finally block always
executes, regardless if an exception occurs or not.
To close above opened connection you should call close() method as follows:
conn.close();
Explicitly closing a connection conserves DBMS resources, which will make your database administrator
happy.
JDBC - Statements
Once a connection is obtained we can interact with the database. The JDBC Statement, CallableStatement, and
PreparedStatement interfaces define the methods and properties that enable you to send SQL or PL/SQL
commands and receive data from your database.
They also define methods that help bridge data type differences between Java and SQL data types used in a
database.
Following table provides a summary of each interface's purpose to understand how do you decide which
interface to use?
Use for general-purpose access to your database. Useful when you are using static
Statement
SQL statements at runtime. The Statement interface cannot accept parameters.
Use when you plan to use the SQL statements many times. The PreparedStatement
PreparedStatement
interface accepts input parameters at runtime.
Use when you want to access database stored procedures. The CallableStatement
CallableStatement
interface can also accept runtime input parameters.
Before you can use a Statement object to execute a SQL statement, you need to create one using the Connection
object's createStatement( ) method, as in the following example:
Once you've created a Statement object, you can then use it to execute a SQL statement with one of its three
execute methods.
1. boolean execute(String SQL) : Returns a boolean value of true if a ResultSet object can be retrieved;
otherwise, it returns false. Use this method to execute SQL DDL statements or when you need to use
truly dynamic SQL.
2. int executeUpdate(String SQL) : Returns the numbers of rows affected by the execution of the SQL
statement. Use this method to execute SQL statements for which you expect to get a number of rows
affected - for example, an INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE statement.
3. ResultSet executeQuery(String SQL) : Returns a ResultSet object. Use this method when you expect
to get a result set, as you would with a SELECT statement.
Just as you close a Connection object to save database resources, for the same reason you should also close the
Statement object.
A simple call to the close() method will do the job. If you close the Connection object first it will close the
Statement object as well. However, you should always explicitly close the Statement object to ensure proper
cleanup.
All parameters in JDBC are represented by the ? symbol, which is known as the parameter marker. You must
supply values for every parameter before executing the SQL statement.
The setXXX() methods bind values to the parameters, where XXX represents the Java data type of the value
you wish to bind to the input parameter. If you forget to supply the values, you will receive an SQLException.
Each parameter marker is referred to by its ordinal position. The first marker represents position 1, the next
position 2, and so forth. This method differs from that of Java array indices, which start at 0.
All of the Statement object's methods for interacting with the database (a) execute(), (b) executeQuery(), and
(c) executeUpdate() also work with the PreparedStatement object. However, the methods are modified to use
SQL statements that can take input the parameters.
Just as you close a Statement object, for the same reason you should also close the PreparedStatement object.
A simple call to the close() method will do the job. If you close the Connection object first it will close the
PreparedStatement object as well. However, you should always explicitly close the PreparedStatement object to
ensure proper cleanup.
NOTE: Above stored procedure has been written for Oracle, but we are working with MySQL database so let
us write same stored procedure for MySQL as follows to create it in EMP database:
DELIMITER $$
DELIMITER ;
Three types of parameters exist: IN, OUT, and INOUT. The PreparedStatement object only uses the IN
parameter. The CallableStatement object can use all three.
Parameter Description
A parameter whose value is unknown when the SQL statement is created. You bind
IN
values to IN parameters with the setXXX() methods.
A parameter whose value is supplied by the SQL statement it returns. You retrieve
OUT
values from theOUT parameters with the getXXX() methods.
A parameter that provides both input and output values. You bind variables with the
INOUT
setXXX() methods and retrieve values with the getXXX() methods.
The following code snippet shows how to employ the Connection.prepareCall() method to instantiate a
CallableStatement object based on the preceding stored procedure:
The String variable SQL represents the stored procedure, with parameter placeholders.
Using CallableStatement objects is much like using PreparedStatement objects. You must bind values to all
parameters before executing the statement, or you will receive an SQLException.
If you have IN parameters, just follow the same rules and techniques that apply to a PreparedStatement object;
use the setXXX() method that corresponds to the Java data type you are binding.
When you use OUT and INOUT parameters you must employ an additional CallableStatement method,
registerOutParameter(). The registerOutParameter() method binds the JDBC data type to the data type the
stored procedure is expected to return.
Once you call your stored procedure, you retrieve the value from the OUT parameter with the appropriate
getXXX() method. This method casts the retrieved value of SQL type to a Java data type.
Just as you close other Statement object, for the same reason you should also close the CallableStatement
object.
A simple call to the close() method will do the job. If you close the Connection object first it will close the
CallableStatement object as well. However, you should always explicitly close the CallableStatement object to
ensure proper cleanup.
A ResultSet object maintains a cursor that points to the current row in the result set. The term "result set" refers
to the row and column data contained in a ResultSet object.
The methods of the ResultSet interface can be broken down into three categories:
JDBC provides following connection methods to create statements with desired ResultSet:
The first argument indicate the type of a ResultSet object and the second argument is one of two ResultSet
constants for specifying whether a result set is read-only or updatable.
Type of ResultSet:
The possible RSType are given below, If you do not specify any ResultSet type, you will automatically get one
that is TYPE_FORWARD_ONLY.
Type Description
ResultSet.TYPE_FORWARD_ONLY The cursor can only move forward in the result set.
The cursor can scroll forwards and backwards, and the result set is
ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_INSENSITIVE not sensitive to changes made by others to the database that occur
after the result set was created.
The cursor can scroll forwards and backwards, and the result set is
ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_SENSITIVE. sensitive to changes made by others to the database that occur after
the result set was created.
Concurrency of ResultSet:
The possible RSConcurrency are given below, If you do not specify any Concurrency type, you will
automatically get one that is CONCUR_READ_ONLY.
Concurrency Description
Our all the examples written so far can be written as follows which initializes a Statement object to create a
forward-only, read only ResultSet object:
try {
Statement stmt = conn.createStatement(
ResultSet.TYPE_FORWARD_ONLY,
ResultSet.CONCUR_READ_ONLY);
}
catch(Exception ex) {
....
}
finally {
....
}
There is a get method for each of the possible data types, and each get method has two versions:
For example, if the column you are interested in viewing contains an int, you need to use one of the getInt()
methods of ResultSet:
Similarly there are get methods in the ResultSet interface for each of the eight Java primitive types, as well as
common types such as java.lang.String, java.lang.Object, and java.net.URL
There are also methods for getting SQL data types java.sql.Date, java.sql.Time, java.sql.TimeStamp,
java.sql.Clob, and java.sql.Blob. Check the documentation for more information about using these SQL data
types.
As with the get methods, there are two update methods for each data type:
1. One that takes in a column name.
2. One that takes in a column index.
For example, to update a String column of the current row of a result set, you would use one of the following
updateString() methods:
There are update methods for the eight primitive data types, as well as String, Object, URL, and the SQL data
types in the java.sql package.
Updating a row in the result set changes the columns of the current row in the ResultSet object, but not in the
underlying database. To update your changes to the row in the database, you need to invoke one of the
following methods.
JDBC 3.0 has enhanced support for BLOB, CLOB, ARRAY, and REF data types. The ResultSet object now has
updateBLOB(), updateCLOB(), updateArray(), and updateRef() methods that enable you to directly manipulate
the respective data on the server.
The setXXX() and updateXXX() methods enable you to convert specific Java types to specific JDBC data
types. The methods, setObject() and updateObject(), enable you to map almost any Java type to a JDBC data
type.
ResultSet object provides corresponding getXXX() method for each data type to retrieve column value. Each
method can be used with column name or by its ordinal position.
Following examples shows how the Date and Time classes format standard Java date and time values to match
the SQL data type requirements.
import java.sql.Date;
import java.sql.Time;
import java.sql.Timestamp;
import java.util.*;
C:\>javac SqlDateTime.java
C:\>
C:\>java SqlDateTime
The Java Date is:Tue Aug 18 13:46:02 GMT+04:00 2009
The SQL DATE is: 2009-08-18
The SQL TIME is: 13:46:02
The SQL TIMESTAMP is: 2009-08-18 13:46:02.828
C:\>
int id = rs.getInt(1);
if( rs.wasNull( ) ) {
id = 0;
}
JDBC - Transactions
If your JDBC Connection is in auto-commit mode, which it is by default, then every SQL statement is
committed to the database upon its completion.
That may be fine for simple applications, but there are three reasons why you may want to turn off auto-commit
and manage your own transactions:
1. To increase performance
2. To maintain the integrity of business processes
3. To use distributed transactions
Transactions enable you to control if, and when, changes are applied to the database. It treats a single SQL
statement or a group of SQL statements as one logical unit, and if any statement fails, the whole transaction
fails.
To enable manual- transaction support instead of the auto-commit mode that the JDBC driver uses by default,
use the Connection object's setAutoCommit() method. If you pass a boolean false to setAutoCommit( ), you
turn off auto-commit. You can pass a boolean true to turn it back on again.
For example, if you have a Connection object named conn, code the following to turn off auto-commit:
conn.setAutoCommit(false);
conn.commit( );
Otherwise, to roll back updates to the database made using the Connection named conn, use the following code:
conn.rollback( );
The following example illustrates the use of a commit and rollback object:
try{
//Assume a valid connection object conn
conn.setAutoCommit(false);
Statement stmt = conn.createStatement();
In this case none of the abobe INSERT statement would success and everything would be rolled back.
Using Savepoints:
The new JDBC 3.0 Savepoint interface gives you additional transactional control. Most modern DBMS support
savepoints within their environments such as Oracle's PL/SQL.
When you set a savepoint you define a logical rollback point within a transaction. If an error occurs past a
savepoint, you can use the rollback method to undo either all the changes or only the changes made after the
savepoint.
The Connection object has two new methods that help you manage savepoints:
There is one rollback ( String savepointName ) method which rolls back work to the specified savepoint.
try{
//Assume a valid connection object conn
conn.setAutoCommit(false);
Statement stmt = conn.createStatement();
//set a Savepoint
Savepoint savepoint1 = conn.setSavepoint("Savepoint1");
String SQL = "INSERT INTO Employees " +
"VALUES (106, 20, 'Rita', 'Tez')";
stmt.executeUpdate(SQL);
//Submit a malformed SQL statement that breaks
String SQL = "INSERTED IN Employees " +
"VALUES (107, 22, 'Sita', 'Tez')";
stmt.executeUpdate(SQL);
// If there is no error, commit the changes.
conn.commit();
}catch(SQLException se){
// If there is any error.
conn.rollback(savepoint1);
}
In this case none of the abobe INSERT statement would success and everything would be rolled back.
When an exception condition occurs, an exception is thrown. The term thrown means that current program
execution stops, and control is redirected to the nearest applicable catch clause. If no applicable catch clause
exists, then the program's execution ends.
JDBC Exception handling is very similar to Java Excpetion handling but for JDBC, the most common
exception you'll deal with is java.sql.SQLException.
SQLException Methods:
A SQLException can occur both in the driver and the database. When such an exception occurs, an object of
type SQLException will be passed to the catch clause.
The passed SQLException object has the following methods available for retrieving additional information
about the exception:
Method Description
Gets the JDBC driver's error message for an error handled by the
getMessage( ) driver or gets the Oracle error number and message for a database
error.
Gets the XOPEN SQLstate string. For a JDBC driver error, no useful
getSQLState( ) information is returned from this method. For a database error, the
five-digit XOPEN SQLstate code is returned. This method can return
null.
Prints this throwable and its backtrace to the print stream you
printStackTrace(PrintStream s)
specify.
Prints this throwable and its backtrace to the print writer you
printStackTrace(PrintWriter w)
specify.
By utilizing the information available from the Exception object, you can catch an exception and continue your
program appropriately. Here is the general form of a try block:
try {
// Your risky code goes between these curly braces!!!
}
catch(Exception ex) {
// Your exception handling code goes between these
// curly braces, similar to the exception clause
// in a PL/SQL block.
}
finally {
// Your must-always-be-executed code goes between these
// curly braces. Like closing database connection.
}
Example:
Study the following example code to understand the usage of try....catch...finally blocks.
// Database credentials
static final String USER = "username";
static final String PASS = "password";
//Display values
System.out.print("ID: " + id);
System.out.print(", Age: " + age);
System.out.print(", First: " + first);
System.out.println(", Last: " + last);
}
//STEP 6: Clean-up environment
rs.close();
stmt.close();
conn.close();
}catch(SQLException se){
//Handle errors for JDBC
se.printStackTrace();
}catch(Exception e){
//Handle errors for Class.forName
e.printStackTrace();
}finally{
//finally block used to close resources
try{
if(conn!=null)
conn.close();
}catch(SQLException se){
se.printStackTrace();
}//end finally try
}//end try
System.out.println("Goodbye!");
}//end main
}//end JDBCExample
C:\>javac JDBCExample.java
C:\>
When you run JDBCExample, it produces following result if there is no problem, otherwise corresponding
error would be caught and error message would be displayed:
C:\>java JDBCExample
Connecting to database...
Creating statement...
ID: 100, Age: 18, First: Zara, Last: Ali
ID: 101, Age: 25, First: Mahnaz, Last: Fatma
ID: 102, Age: 30, First: Zaid, Last: Khan
ID: 103, Age: 28, First: Sumit, Last: Mittal
C:\>
Try above example by passing wrong database name or wrong username or password and check the result.
When you send several SQL statements to the database at once, you reduce the amount of communication
overhead, thereby improving performance.
JDBC drivers are not required to support this feature. You should use the
DatabaseMetaData.supportsBatchUpdates() method to determine if the target database supports batch
update processing. The method returns true if your JDBC driver supports this feature.
The addBatch() method of Statement, PreparedStatement, and CallableStatement is used to add
individual statements to the batch. The executeBatch() is used to start the execution of all the statements
grouped together.
The executeBatch() returns an array of integers, and each element of the array represents the update
count for the respective update statement.
Just as you can add statements to a batch for processing, you can remove them with the clearBatch()
method. This method removes all the statements you added with the addBatch() method. However, you
cannot selectively choose which statement to remove.
Example:
The following code snippet provides an example of a batch update using Statement object:
The following code snippet provides an example of a batch update using PrepareStatement object:
Just as a Connection object creates the Statement and PreparedStatement objects, it also creates the
CallableStatement object which would be used to execute a call to a database stored procedure.
NOTE: Above stored procedure has been written for Oracle, but we are working with MySQL database so let
us write same stored procedure for MySQL as follows to create it in EMP database:
DELIMITER $$
DELIMITER ;
Three types of parameters exist: IN, OUT, and INOUT. The PreparedStatement object only uses the IN
parameter. The CallableStatement object can use all three.
Parameter Description
A parameter whose value is unknown when the SQL statement is created. You bind
IN
values to IN parameters with the setXXX() methods.
A parameter whose value is supplied by the SQL statement it returns. You retrieve
OUT
values from theOUT parameters with the getXXX() methods.
A parameter that provides both input and output values. You bind variables with the
INOUT
setXXX() methods and retrieve values with the getXXX() methods.
The following code snippet shows how to employ the Connection.prepareCall() method to instantiate a
CallableStatement object based on the preceding stored procedure:
The String variable SQL represents the stored procedure, with parameter placeholders.
Using CallableStatement objects is much like using PreparedStatement objects. You must bind values to all
parameters before executing the statement, or you will receive an SQLException.
If you have IN parameters, just follow the same rules and techniques that apply to a PreparedStatement object;
use the setXXX() method that corresponds to the Java data type you are binding.
When you use OUT and INOUT parameters you must employ an additional CallableStatement method,
registerOutParameter(). The registerOutParameter() method binds the JDBC data type to the data type the
stored procedure is expected to return.
Once you call your stored procedure, you retrieve the value from the OUT parameter with the appropriate
getXXX() method. This method casts the retrieved value of SQL type to a Java data type.
Closing CallableStatement Obeject:
Just as you close other Statement object, for the same reason you should also close the CallableStatement
object.
A simple call to the close() method will do the job. If you close the Connection object first it will close the
CallableStatement object as well. However, you should always explicitly close the CallableStatement object to
ensure proper cleanup.
{keyword 'parameters'}
Here are following escape sequences which you would find very useful while doing JDBC programming:
d, t, ts Keywords:
They help identify date, time, and timestamp literals. As you know, no two DBMSs represent time and date the
same way. This escape syntax tells the driver to render the date or time in the target database's format. For
Example:
{d 'yyyy-mm-dd'}
Where yyyy = year, mm = month; dd = date. Using this syntax {d '2009-09-03'} is March 9, 2009.
stmt.executeUpdate(sql);
Similarly, you can use one of the following two syntaxes, either t or ts:
{t 'hh:mm:ss'}
Where hh = hour; mm = minute; ss = second. Using this syntax {t '13:30:29'} is 1:30:29 PM.
This is combined syntax of the above two syntax for 'd' and 't' to represent timestamp.
escape Keyword:
This keyword identifies the escape character used in LIKE clauses. Useful when using the SQL wildcard %,
which matches zero or more characters. For example:
If you use the backslash character (\) as the escape character, you also have to use two backslash characters in
your Java String literal, because the backslash is also a Java escape character.
fn Keyword:
This keyword represents scalar functions used in a DBMS. For example, you can use SQL function length to ge
the length of a string:
This returns 11, the length of the character string 'Hello World'.
call Keyword:
This keywork is used to call stored procedures. For example, for a stored procedure requiring an IN parameter,
use following syntax:
{call my_procedure(?)};
For a stored procedure requiring an IN parameter and returning an OUT parameter, use following syntax:
{? = call my_procedure(?)};
oj Keyword:
{oj outer-join}
The setXXXStream() method requires an extra parameter, the file size, besides the parameter placeholder. This
parameter informs the driver how much data should be sent to the database using the stream.
Example
Consider we want to upload an XML file XML_Data.xml into a database table. Here is the content of this XML
file:
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<Employee>
<id>100</id>
<first>Zara</first>
<last>Ali</last>
<Salary>10000</Salary>
<Dob>18-08-1978</Dob>
<Employee>
Keep this XML file in the same directory where you are going to run this example.
This example would create a database table XML_Data and then file XML_Data.xml would be uploaded into
this table.
Copy and past following example in JDBCExample.java, compile and run as follows:
// Import required packages
import java.sql.*;
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;
// Database credentials
static final String USER = "username";
static final String PASS = "password";
// Open a connection
System.out.println("Connecting to database...");
conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL,USER,PASS);
//Open a FileInputStream
File f = new File("XML_Data.xml");
long fileLength = f.length();
FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(f);
C:\>javac JDBCExample.java
C:\>
C:\>java JDBCExample
Connecting to database...
Creating XML_Data table...
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<Employee>
<id>100</id>
<first>Zara</first>
<last>Ali</last>
<Salary>10000</Salary>
<Dob>18-08-1978</Dob>
<Employee>
Goodbye!
C:\>
You should have admin privilege to create a database in the given schema. To execute the following
example you need to replace username and password with your actual user name and password.
Your MySQL or whatever database you are using is up and running.
Required Steps:
There are following steps required to create a new Database using JDBC application:
1. Import the packages . Requires that you include the packages containing the JDBC classes needed for
database programming. Most often, using import java.sql.* will suffice.
2. Register the JDBC driver . Requires that you initialize a driver so you can open a communications
channel with the database.
3. Open a connection . Requires using the DriverManager.getConnection() method to create a Connection
object, which represents a physical connection with datbase server.
To create a new database, you need not to give any database name while preparing database URL as
mentioned in the below example.
4. Execute a query . Requires using an object of type Statement for building and submitting an SQL
statement to the database.
5. Clean up the environment . Requires explicitly closing all database resources versus relying on the
JVM's garbage collection.
Sample Code:
Copy and past following example in JDBCExample.java, compile and run as follows:
// Database credentials
static final String USER = "username";
static final String PASS = "password";
C:\>javac JDBCExample.java
C:\>
C:\>java JDBCExample
Connecting to database...
Creating database...
Database created successfully...
Goodbye!
C:\>
JDBC - Select Database Example
This tutorial provides an example on how to select a Database using JDBC application. Before executing
following example, make sure you have the following in place:
To execute the following example you need to replace username and password with your actual user
name and password.
Your MySQL or whatever database you are using is up and running.
Required Steps:
There are following steps required to create a new Database using JDBC application:
1. Import the packages . Requires that you include the packages containing the JDBC classes needed for
database programming. Most often, using import java.sql.* will suffice.
2. Register the JDBC driver . Requires that you initialize a driver so you can open a communications
channel with the database.
3. Open a connection . Requires using the DriverManager.getConnection() method to create a Connection
object, which represents a physical connection with a selected database.
Selection of database is made while you prepare database URL. Following example would make
connection with STUDENTS database.
4. Clean up the environment . Requires explicitly closing all database resources versus relying on the
JVM's garbage collection.
Sample Code:
Copy and past following example in JDBCExample.java, compile and run as follows:
// Database credentials
static final String USER = "username";
static final String PASS = "password";
C:\>javac JDBCExample.java
C:\>
C:\>java JDBCExample
Connecting to a selected database...
Connected database successfully...
Goodbye!
C:\>
To execute the following example you need to replace username and password with your actual user
name and password.
Your MySQL or whatever database you are using is up and running.
NOTE: This is a serious operation and you have to make a firm decision before proceeding to delete a database
because everything you have in your database would be lost.
Required Steps:
There are following steps required to create a new Database using JDBC application:
1. Import the packages: Requires that you include the packages containing the JDBC classes needed for
database programming. Most often, using import java.sql.* will suffice.
2. Register the JDBC driver: Requires that you initialize a driver so you can open a communications
channel with the database.
3. Open a connection: Requires using the DriverManager.getConnection() method to create a Connection
object, which represents a physical connection with a database server.
Deleting a database does not require database name to be in your database URL. Following example
would delete STUDENTS database.
4. Execute a query: Requires using an object of type Statement for building and submitting an SQL
statement to delete the database.
5. Clean up the environment . Requires explicitly closing all database resources versus relying on the
JVM's garbage collection.
Sample Code:
Copy and past following example in JDBCExample.java, compile and run as follows:
// Database credentials
static final String USER = "username";
static final String PASS = "password";
C:\>javac JDBCExample.java
C:\>
C:\>java JDBCExample
Connecting to a selected database...
Connected database successfully...
Deleting database...
Database deleted successfully...
Goodbye!
C:\>
To execute the following example you can replace username and password with your actual user name
and password.
Your MySQL or whatever database you are using is up and running.
Required Steps:
There are following steps required to create a new Database using JDBC application:
1. Import the packages: Requires that you include the packages containing the JDBC classes needed for
database programming. Most often, using import java.sql.* will suffice.
2. Register the JDBC driver: Requires that you initialize a driver so you can open a communications
channel with the database.
3. Open a connection: Requires using the DriverManager.getConnection() method to create a Connection
object, which represents a physical connection with a database server.
4. Execute a query: Requires using an object of type Statement for building and submitting an SQL
statement to create a table in a seleted database.
5. Clean up the environment . Requires explicitly closing all database resources versus relying on the
JVM's garbage collection.
Sample Code:
Copy and past following example in JDBCExample.java, compile and run as follows:
// Database credentials
static final String USER = "username";
static final String PASS = "password";
stmt.executeUpdate(sql);
System.out.println("Created table in given database...");
}catch(SQLException se){
//Handle errors for JDBC
se.printStackTrace();
}catch(Exception e){
//Handle errors for Class.forName
e.printStackTrace();
}finally{
//finally block used to close resources
try{
if(stmt!=null)
conn.close();
}catch(SQLException se){
}// do nothing
try{
if(conn!=null)
conn.close();
}catch(SQLException se){
se.printStackTrace();
}//end finally try
}//end try
System.out.println("Goodbye!");
}//end main
}//end JDBCExample
C:\>javac JDBCExample.java
C:\>
C:\>java JDBCExample
Connecting to a selected database...
Connected database successfully...
Creating table in given database...
Created table in given database...
Goodbye!
C:\>
To execute the following example you can replace username and password with your actual user name
and password.
Your MySQL or whatever database you are using is up and running.
NOTE: This is a serious operation and you have to make a firm decision before proceeding to delete a table
because everything you have in your table would be lost.
Required Steps:
There are following steps required to create a new Database using JDBC application:
1. Import the packages: Requires that you include the packages containing the JDBC classes needed for
database programming. Most often, using import java.sql.* will suffice.
2. Register the JDBC driver: Requires that you initialize a driver so you can open a communications
channel with the database.
3. Open a connection: Requires using the DriverManager.getConnection() method to create a Connection
object, which represents a physical connection with a database server.
4. Execute a query: Requires using an object of type Statement for building and submitting an SQL
statement to drop a table in a seleted database.
5. Clean up the environment . Requires explicitly closing all database resources versus relying on the
JVM's garbage collection.
Sample Code:
Copy and past following example in JDBCExample.java, compile and run as follows:
// Database credentials
static final String USER = "username";
static final String PASS = "password";
stmt.executeUpdate(sql);
System.out.println("Table deleted in given database...");
}catch(SQLException se){
//Handle errors for JDBC
se.printStackTrace();
}catch(Exception e){
//Handle errors for Class.forName
e.printStackTrace();
}finally{
//finally block used to close resources
try{
if(stmt!=null)
conn.close();
}catch(SQLException se){
}// do nothing
try{
if(conn!=null)
conn.close();
}catch(SQLException se){
se.printStackTrace();
}//end finally try
}//end try
System.out.println("Goodbye!");
}//end main
}//end JDBCExample
C:\>java JDBCExample
Connecting to a selected database...
Connected database successfully...
Deleting table in given database...
Table deleted in given database...
Goodbye!
C:\>
To execute the following example you can replace username and password with your actual user name
and password.
Your MySQL or whatever database you are using is up and running.
Required Steps:
There are following steps required to create a new Database using JDBC application:
1. Import the packages: Requires that you include the packages containing the JDBC classes needed for
database programming. Most often, using import java.sql.* will suffice.
2. Register the JDBC driver: Requires that you initialize a driver so you can open a communications
channel with the database.
3. Open a connection: Requires using the DriverManager.getConnection() method to create a Connection
object, which represents a physical connection with a database server.
4. Execute a query: Requires using an object of type Statement for building and submitting an SQL
statement to insert records into a table.
5. Clean up the environment: Requires explicitly closing all database resources versus relying on the
JVM's garbage collection.
Sample Code:
Copy and past following example in JDBCExample.java, compile and run as follows:
}catch(SQLException se){
//Handle errors for JDBC
se.printStackTrace();
}catch(Exception e){
//Handle errors for Class.forName
e.printStackTrace();
}finally{
//finally block used to close resources
try{
if(stmt!=null)
conn.close();
}catch(SQLException se){
}// do nothing
try{
if(conn!=null)
conn.close();
}catch(SQLException se){
se.printStackTrace();
}//end finally try
}//end try
System.out.println("Goodbye!");
}//end main
}//end JDBCExample
C:\>javac JDBCExample.java
C:\>
C:\>java JDBCExample
Connecting to a selected database...
Connected database successfully...
Inserting records into the table...
Inserted records into the table...
Goodbye!
C:\>
To execute the following example you can replace username and password with your actual user name
and password.
Your MySQL or whatever database you are using is up and running.
Required Steps:
There are following steps required to create a new Database using JDBC application:
1. Import the packages: Requires that you include the packages containing the JDBC classes needed for
database programming. Most often, using import java.sql.* will suffice.
2. Register the JDBC driver: Requires that you initialize a driver so you can open a communications
channel with the database.
3. Open a connection: Requires using the DriverManager.getConnection() method to create a Connection
object, which represents a physical connection with a database server.
4. Execute a query: Requires using an object of type Statement for building and submitting an SQL
statement to select (i.e. fetch ) records from a table.
5. Extract Data: Once SQL query is executed, you can fetch records from the table.
6. Clean up the environment: Requires explicitly closing all database resources versus relying on the
JVM's garbage collection.
Sample Code:
Copy and past following example in JDBCExample.java, compile and run as follows:
//Display values
System.out.print("ID: " + id);
System.out.print(", Age: " + age);
System.out.print(", First: " + first);
System.out.println(", Last: " + last);
}
rs.close();
}catch(SQLException se){
//Handle errors for JDBC
se.printStackTrace();
}catch(Exception e){
//Handle errors for Class.forName
e.printStackTrace();
}finally{
//finally block used to close resources
try{
if(stmt!=null)
conn.close();
}catch(SQLException se){
}// do nothing
try{
if(conn!=null)
conn.close();
}catch(SQLException se){
se.printStackTrace();
}//end finally try
}//end try
System.out.println("Goodbye!");
}//end main
}//end JDBCExample
C:\>java JDBCExample
Connecting to a selected database...
Connected database successfully...
Creating statement...
ID: 100, Age: 18, First: Zara, Last: Ali
ID: 101, Age: 25, First: Mahnaz, Last: Fatma
ID: 102, Age: 30, First: Zaid, Last: Khan
ID: 103, Age: 28, First: Sumit, Last: Mittal
Goodbye!
C:\>
To execute the following example you can replace username and password with your actual user name
and password.
Your MySQL or whatever database you are using is up and running.
Required Steps:
There are following steps required to create a new Database using JDBC application:
1. Import the packages: Requires that you include the packages containing the JDBC classes needed for
database programming. Most often, using import java.sql.* will suffice.
2. Register the JDBC driver: Requires that you initialize a driver so you can open a communications
channel with the database.
3. Open a connection: Requires using the DriverManager.getConnection() method to create a Connection
object, which represents a physical connection with a database server.
4. Execute a query: Requires using an object of type Statement for building and submitting an SQL
statement to update records in a table. This Query makes use of IN and WHERE clause to update
conditional records.
5. Clean up the environment: Requires explicitly closing all database resources versus relying on the
JVM's garbage collection.
Sample Code:
Copy and past following example in JDBCExample.java, compile and run as follows:
// Database credentials
static final String USER = "username";
static final String PASS = "password";
while(rs.next()){
//Retrieve by column name
int id = rs.getInt("id");
int age = rs.getInt("age");
String first = rs.getString("first");
String last = rs.getString("last");
//Display values
System.out.print("ID: " + id);
System.out.print(", Age: " + age);
System.out.print(", First: " + first);
System.out.println(", Last: " + last);
}
rs.close();
}catch(SQLException se){
//Handle errors for JDBC
se.printStackTrace();
}catch(Exception e){
//Handle errors for Class.forName
e.printStackTrace();
}finally{
//finally block used to close resources
try{
if(stmt!=null)
conn.close();
}catch(SQLException se){
}// do nothing
try{
if(conn!=null)
conn.close();
}catch(SQLException se){
se.printStackTrace();
}//end finally try
}//end try
System.out.println("Goodbye!");
}//end main
}//end JDBCExample
C:\>javac JDBCExample.java
C:\>
C:\>java JDBCExample
Connecting to a selected database...
Connected database successfully...
Creating statement...
ID: 100, Age: 30, First: Zara, Last: Ali
ID: 101, Age: 30, First: Mahnaz, Last: Fatma
ID: 102, Age: 30, First: Zaid, Last: Khan
ID: 103, Age: 28, First: Sumit, Last: Mittal
Goodbye!
C:\>
To execute the following example you can replace username and password with your actual user name
and password.
Your MySQL or whatever database you are using is up and running.
Required Steps:
There are following steps required to create a new Database using JDBC application:
1. Import the packages: Requires that you include the packages containing the JDBC classes needed for
database programming. Most often, using import java.sql.* will suffice.
2. Register the JDBC driver: Requires that you initialize a driver so you can open a communications
channel with the database.
3. Open a connection: Requires using the DriverManager.getConnection() method to create a Connection
object, which represents a physical connection with a database server.
4. Execute a query: Requires using an object of type Statement for building and submitting an SQL
statement to delete records from a table. This Query makes use of WHERE clause to delete conditional
records.
5. Clean up the environment: Requires explicitly closing all database resources versus relying on the
JVM's garbage collection.
Sample Code:
Copy and past following example in JDBCExample.java, compile and run as follows:
// Database credentials
static final String USER = "username";
static final String PASS = "password";
while(rs.next()){
//Retrieve by column name
int id = rs.getInt("id");
int age = rs.getInt("age");
String first = rs.getString("first");
String last = rs.getString("last");
//Display values
System.out.print("ID: " + id);
System.out.print(", Age: " + age);
System.out.print(", First: " + first);
System.out.println(", Last: " + last);
}
rs.close();
}catch(SQLException se){
//Handle errors for JDBC
se.printStackTrace();
}catch(Exception e){
//Handle errors for Class.forName
e.printStackTrace();
}finally{
//finally block used to close resources
try{
if(stmt!=null)
conn.close();
}catch(SQLException se){
}// do nothing
try{
if(conn!=null)
conn.close();
}catch(SQLException se){
se.printStackTrace();
}//end finally try
}//end try
System.out.println("Goodbye!");
}//end main
}//end JDBCExample
C:\>javac JDBCExample.java
C:\>
C:\>java JDBCExample
Connecting to a selected database...
Connected database successfully...
Creating statement...
ID: 100, Age: 30, First: Zara, Last: Ali
ID: 102, Age: 30, First: Zaid, Last: Khan
ID: 103, Age: 28, First: Sumit, Last: Mittal
Goodbye!
C:\>
To execute the following example you can replace username and password with your actual user name
and password.
Your MySQL or whatever database you are using is up and running.
Required Steps:
There are following steps required to create a new Database using JDBC application:
1. Import the packages: Requires that you include the packages containing the JDBC classes needed for
database programming. Most often, using import java.sql.* will suffice.
2. Register the JDBC driver: Requires that you initialize a driver so you can open a communications
channel with the database.
3. Open a connection: Requires using the DriverManager.getConnection() method to create a Connection
object, which represents a physical connection with a database server.
4. Execute a query: Requires using an object of type Statement for building and submitting an SQL
statement to fetch records from a table which meet given condition. This Query makes use of WHERE
clause to select records.
5. Clean up the environment: Requires explicitly closing all database resources versus relying on the
JVM's garbage collection.
Sample Code:
Copy and past following example in JDBCExample.java, compile and run as follows:
// Database credentials
static final String USER = "username";
static final String PASS = "password";
while(rs.next()){
//Retrieve by column name
int id = rs.getInt("id");
int age = rs.getInt("age");
String first = rs.getString("first");
String last = rs.getString("last");
//Display values
System.out.print("ID: " + id);
System.out.print(", Age: " + age);
System.out.print(", First: " + first);
System.out.println(", Last: " + last);
}
while(rs.next()){
//Retrieve by column name
int id = rs.getInt("id");
int age = rs.getInt("age");
String first = rs.getString("first");
String last = rs.getString("last");
//Display values
System.out.print("ID: " + id);
System.out.print(", Age: " + age);
System.out.print(", First: " + first);
System.out.println(", Last: " + last);
}
rs.close();
}catch(SQLException se){
//Handle errors for JDBC
se.printStackTrace();
}catch(Exception e){
//Handle errors for Class.forName
e.printStackTrace();
}finally{
//finally block used to close resources
try{
if(stmt!=null)
conn.close();
}catch(SQLException se){
}// do nothing
try{
if(conn!=null)
conn.close();
}catch(SQLException se){
se.printStackTrace();
}//end finally try
}//end try
System.out.println("Goodbye!");
}//end main
}//end JDBCExample
C:\>javac JDBCExample.java
C:\>
C:\>java JDBCExample
Connecting to a selected database...
Connected database successfully...
Creating statement...
Fetching records without condition...
ID: 100, Age: 30, First: Zara, Last: Ali
ID: 102, Age: 30, First: Zaid, Last: Khan
ID: 103, Age: 28, First: Sumit, Last: Mittal
Fetching records with condition...
ID: 102, Age: 30, First: Zaid, Last: Khan
ID: 103, Age: 28, First: Sumit, Last: Mittal
Goodbye!
C:\>
To execute the following example you can replace username and password with your actual user name
and password.
Your MySQL or whatever database you are using is up and running.
Required Steps:
There are following steps required to create a new Database using JDBC application:
1. Import the packages: Requires that you include the packages containing the JDBC classes needed for
database programming. Most often, using import java.sql.* will suffice.
2. Register the JDBC driver: Requires that you initialize a driver so you can open a communications
channel with the database.
3. Open a connection: Requires using the DriverManager.getConnection() method to create a Connection
object, which represents a physical connection with a database server.
4. Execute a query: Requires using an object of type Statement for building and submitting an SQL
statement to fetch records from a table which meet given condition. This Query makes use of LIKE
clause to select records to select all the students whose first name starts with "za".
5. Clean up the environment: Requires explicitly closing all database resources versus relying on the
JVM's garbage collection.
Sample Code:
Copy and past following example in JDBCExample.java, compile and run as follows:
// Database credentials
static final String USER = "username";
static final String PASS = "password";
public static void main(String[] args) {
Connection conn = null;
Statement stmt = null;
try{
//STEP 2: Register JDBC driver
Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
while(rs.next()){
//Retrieve by column name
int id = rs.getInt("id");
int age = rs.getInt("age");
String first = rs.getString("first");
String last = rs.getString("last");
//Display values
System.out.print("ID: " + id);
System.out.print(", Age: " + age);
System.out.print(", First: " + first);
System.out.println(", Last: " + last);
}
while(rs.next()){
//Retrieve by column name
int id = rs.getInt("id");
int age = rs.getInt("age");
String first = rs.getString("first");
String last = rs.getString("last");
//Display values
System.out.print("ID: " + id);
System.out.print(", Age: " + age);
System.out.print(", First: " + first);
System.out.println(", Last: " + last);
}
rs.close();
}catch(SQLException se){
//Handle errors for JDBC
se.printStackTrace();
}catch(Exception e){
//Handle errors for Class.forName
e.printStackTrace();
}finally{
//finally block used to close resources
try{
if(stmt!=null)
conn.close();
}catch(SQLException se){
}// do nothing
try{
if(conn!=null)
conn.close();
}catch(SQLException se){
se.printStackTrace();
}//end finally try
}//end try
System.out.println("Goodbye!");
}//end main
}//end JDBCExample
C:\>javac JDBCExample.java
C:\>
C:\>java JDBCExample
Connecting to a selected database...
Connected database successfully...
Creating statement...
Fetching records without condition...
ID: 100, Age: 30, First: Zara, Last: Ali
ID: 102, Age: 30, First: Zaid, Last: Khan
ID: 103, Age: 28, First: Sumit, Last: Mittal
Fetching records with condition...
ID: 100, Age: 30, First: Zara, Last: Ali
ID: 102, Age: 30, First: Zaid, Last: Khan
Goodbye!
C:\>
To execute the following example you can replace username and password with your actual user name
and password.
Your MySQL or whatever database you are using is up and running.
Required Steps:
There are following steps required to create a new Database using JDBC application:
1. Import the packages: Requires that you include the packages containing the JDBC classes needed for
database programming. Most often, using import java.sql.* will suffice.
2. Register the JDBC driver: Requires that you initialize a driver so you can open a communications
channel with the database.
3. Open a connection: Requires using the DriverManager.getConnection() method to create a Connection
object, which represents a physical connection with a database server.
4. Execute a query: Requires using an object of type Statement for building and submitting an SQL
statement to sort records from a table. Thses Queries make use of asc and desc clauses to sort data in
ascending and descening orders.
5. Clean up the environment: Requires explicitly closing all database resources versus relying on the
JVM's garbage collection.
Sample Code:
Copy and past following example in JDBCExample.java, compile and run as follows:
// Database credentials
static final String USER = "username";
static final String PASS = "password";
while(rs.next()){
//Retrieve by column name
int id = rs.getInt("id");
int age = rs.getInt("age");
String first = rs.getString("first");
String last = rs.getString("last");
//Display values
System.out.print("ID: " + id);
System.out.print(", Age: " + age);
System.out.print(", First: " + first);
System.out.println(", Last: " + last);
}
while(rs.next()){
//Retrieve by column name
int id = rs.getInt("id");
int age = rs.getInt("age");
String first = rs.getString("first");
String last = rs.getString("last");
//Display values
System.out.print("ID: " + id);
System.out.print(", Age: " + age);
System.out.print(", First: " + first);
System.out.println(", Last: " + last);
}
rs.close();
}catch(SQLException se){
//Handle errors for JDBC
se.printStackTrace();
}catch(Exception e){
//Handle errors for Class.forName
e.printStackTrace();
}finally{
//finally block used to close resources
try{
if(stmt!=null)
conn.close();
}catch(SQLException se){
}// do nothing
try{
if(conn!=null)
conn.close();
}catch(SQLException se){
se.printStackTrace();
}//end finally try
}//end try
System.out.println("Goodbye!");
}//end main
}//end JDBCExample
C:\>javac JDBCExample.java
C:\>
C:\>java JDBCExample
Connecting to a selected database...
Connected database successfully...
Creating statement...
Fetching records in ascending order...
ID: 103, Age: 28, First: Sumit, Last: Mittal
ID: 102, Age: 30, First: Zaid, Last: Khan
ID: 100, Age: 30, First: Zara, Last: Ali
Fetching records in descending order...
ID: 100, Age: 30, First: Zara, Last: Ali
ID: 102, Age: 30, First: Zaid, Last: Khan
ID: 103, Age: 28, First: Sumit, Last: Mittal
Goodbye!
C:\>
The JDBC library includes APIs for each of the tasks commonly associated with database usage:
Pre-Requisite:
You need to have good understanding on the following two subjects to learn JDBC:
Apart from the above you need to setup a database which you would use for your project. Assuming this is
EMP and you have created on table Employees within the same database.
This requires that you include the packages containing the JDBC classes needed for database programming.
Most often, using import java.sql.* will suffice as follows:
This requires that you initialize a driver so you can open a communications channel with the database.
Following is the code snippet to achieve this:
Open a connection:
This requires using the DriverManager.getConnection() method to create a Connection object, which represents
a physical connection with the database as follows:
Execute a query:
This requires using an object of type Statement or PreparedStatement for building and submitting an SQL
statement to the database as follows:
If there is an SQL UPDATE,INSERT or DELETE statement required, then following code snippet would be
required:
This step is required in case you are fetching data from the database. You can use the appropriate
ResultSet.getXXX() method to retrieve the data from the result set as follows:
//Display values
System.out.print("ID: " + id);
System.out.print(", Age: " + age);
System.out.print(", First: " + first);
System.out.println(", Last: " + last);
}
You should explicitly close all database resources versus relying on the JVM's garbage collection as follows:
This sample code has been written based on the environment and database setup done in Environment chapter.
// Database credentials
static final String USER = "username";
static final String PASS = "password";
//Display values
System.out.print("ID: " + id);
System.out.print(", Age: " + age);
System.out.print(", First: " + first);
System.out.println(", Last: " + last);
}
//STEP 6: Clean-up environment
rs.close();
stmt.close();
conn.close();
}catch(SQLException se){
//Handle errors for JDBC
se.printStackTrace();
}catch(Exception e){
//Handle errors for Class.forName
e.printStackTrace();
}finally{
//finally block used to close resources
try{
if(stmt!=null)
stmt.close();
}catch(SQLException se2){
}// nothing we can do
try{
if(conn!=null)
conn.close();
}catch(SQLException se){
se.printStackTrace();
}//end finally try
}//end try
System.out.println("Goodbye!");
}//end main
}//end FirstExample
C:\>javac FirstExample.java
C:\>
SQLException Methods:
A SQLException can occur both in the driver and the database. When such an exception occurs, an object of
type SQLException will be passed to the catch clause.
The passed SQLException object has the following methods available for retrieving additional information
about the exception:
Method Description
Gets the JDBC driver's error message for an error handled by the
getMessage( ) driver or gets the Oracle error number and message for a database
error.
Gets the XOPEN SQLstate string. For a JDBC driver error, no useful
information is returned from this method. For a database error, the
getSQLState( )
five-digit XOPEN SQLstate code is returned. This method can return
null.
Prints this throwable and its backtrace to the print stream you
printStackTrace(PrintStream s)
specify.
Prints this throwable and its backtrace to the print writer you
printStackTrace(PrintWriter w)
specify.
By utilizing the information available from the Exception object, you can catch an exception and continue your
program appropriately. Here is the general form of a try block:
try {
// Your risky code goes between these curly braces!!!
}
catch(Exception ex) {
// Your exception handling code goes between these
// curly braces, similar to the exception clause
// in a PL/SQL block.
}
finally {
// Your must-always-be-executed code goes between these
// curly braces. Like closing database connection.
}
JDBC 3.0 has enhanced support for BLOB, CLOB, ARRAY, and REF data types. The ResultSet object now has
updateBLOB(), updateCLOB(), updateArray(), and updateRef() methods that enable you to directly manipulate
the respective data on the server.
The setXXX() and updateXXX() methods enable you to convert specific Java types to specific JDBC data
types. The methods, setObject() and updateObject(), enable you to map almost any Java type to a JDBC data
type.
ResultSet object provides corresponding getXXX() method for each data type to retrieve column value. Each
method can be used with column name or by its ordinal position.
JDBC drivers are not required to support this feature. You should use the
DatabaseMetaData.supportsBatchUpdates() method to determine if the target database supports batch
update processing. The method returns true if your JDBC driver supports this feature.
The addBatch() method of Statement, PreparedStatement, and CallableStatement is used to add
individual statements to the batch. The executeBatch() is used to start the execution of all the statements
grouped together.
The executeBatch() returns an array of integers, and each element of the array represents the update
count for the respective update statement.
Just as you can add statements to a batch for processing, you can remove them with the clearBatch()
method. This method removes all the statements you added with the addBatch() method. However, you
cannot selectively choose which statement to remove.
The setXXXStream() method requires an extra parameter, the file size, besides the parameter placeholder. This
parameter informs the driver how much data should be sent to the database using the stream.
For a detail on all these concept, you need to go through the complete tutorial.