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JDBC Best Tutorial Full

JDBC (Java Database Connectivity) is a Java API that allows Java programs to connect to databases. It provides interfaces for connecting to a database, executing SQL statements, and processing result sets. The key components of JDBC include the DriverManager, Driver, Connection, Statement, and ResultSet interfaces. JDBC supports connecting to different database types and works with Java applications, applets, servlets, and more. It provides database independence through the use of SQL and JDBC drivers.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
52 views79 pages

JDBC Best Tutorial Full

JDBC (Java Database Connectivity) is a Java API that allows Java programs to connect to databases. It provides interfaces for connecting to a database, executing SQL statements, and processing result sets. The key components of JDBC include the DriverManager, Driver, Connection, Statement, and ResultSet interfaces. JDBC supports connecting to different database types and works with Java applications, applets, servlets, and more. It provides database independence through the use of SQL and JDBC drivers.

Uploaded by

Tekle
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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JDBC Introduction

What is JDBC?
JDBC stands for Java Database Connectivity, which is a standard Java API for database-independent
connectivity between the Java programming language and a wide range of databases.

The JDBC library includes APIs for each of the tasks commonly associated with database usage:

 Making a connection to a database


 Creating SQL or MySQL statements
 Executing that SQL or MySQL queries in the database
 Viewing & Modifying the resulting records

Fundamentally, JDBC is a specification that provides a complete set of interfaces that allows for portable access
to an underlying database. Java can be used to write different types of executables, such as:

 Java Applications
 Java Applets
 Java Servlets
 Java ServerPages (JSPs)
 Enterprise JavaBeans (EJBs)

All of these different executables are able to use a JDBC driver to access a database and take advantage of the
stored data.

JDBC provides the same capabilities as ODBC, allowing Java programs to contain database-independent code.

Pre-Requisite:
Before progressing on this tutorial you need to have good understanding on the following two subjects:

1. Core JAVA Programming


2. SQL or MySQL Database

JDBC Architecture:
The JDBC API supports both two-tier and three-tier processing models for database access but in general JDBC
Architecture consists of two layers:

1. JDBC API: This provides the application-to-JDBC Manager connection.


2. JDBC Driver API: This supports the JDBC Manager-to-Driver Connection.

The JDBC API uses a driver manager and database-specific drivers to provide transparent connectivity to
heterogeneous databases.

The JDBC driver manager ensures that the correct driver is used to access each data source. The driver manager
is capable of supporting multiple concurrent drivers connected to multiple heterogeneous databases.
Following is the architectural diagram, which shows the location of the driver manager with respect to the
JDBC drivers and the Java application:

Common JDBC Components:


The JDBC API provides the following interfaces and classes:

 DriverManager: This class manages a list of database drivers. Matches connection requests from the
java application with the proper database driver using communication subprotocol. The first driver that
recognizes a certain subprotocol under JDBC will be used to establish a database Connection.
 Driver: This interface handles the communications with the database server. You will interact directly
with Driver objects very rarely. Instead, you use DriverManager objects, which manages objects of this
type. It also abstracts the details associated with working with Driver objects
 Connection : This interface with all methods for contacting a database. The connection object
represents communication context, i.e., all communication with database is through connection object
only.
 Statement : You use objects created from this interface to submit the SQL statements to the database.
Some derived interfaces accept parameters in addition to executing stored procedures.
 ResultSet: These objects hold data retrieved from a database after you execute an SQL query using
Statement objects. It acts as an iterator to allow you to move through its data.
 SQLException: This class handles any errors that occur in a database application.

The JDBC 4.0 Packages


The java.sql and javax.sql are the primary packages for JDBC 4.0. This is the latest JDBC version at the time of
writing this tutorial. It offers the main classes for interacting with your data sources.

The new features in these packages include changes in the following areas:

 Automatic database driver loading


 Exception handling improvements
 Enhanced BLOB/CLOB functionality
 Connection and statement interface enhancements
 National character set support
 SQL ROWID access
 SQL 2003 XML data type support
 Annotations

JDBC - SQL Syntax


Structured Query Language (SQL) is a standardized language that allows you to perform operations on a
database, such as creating entries, reading content, updating content, and deleting entries.

SQL is supported by all most any database you will likely use, and it allows you to write database code
independently of the underlying database.

This tutorial gives an overview of SQL, which is a pre-requisite to understand JDBC concepts. This tutorial
gives you enough SQL to be able to Create, Read, Update, and Delete (often referred to as CRUD operations)
data from a database.

For a detailed understanding on SQL, you can read our MySQL Tutorial.

Create Database:
The CREATE DATABASE statement is used for creating a new database. The syntax is:

SQL> CREATE DATABASE DATABASE_NAME;

Example:

The following SQL statement creates a Database named EMP:

SQL> CREATE DATABASE EMP;

Drop Database:
The DROP DATABASE statement is used for deleting an existing database. The syntax is:

SQL> DROP DATABASE DATABASE_NAME;

Note: To create or drop a database you should have administrator privilege on your database server. Be careful,
deleting a database would loss all the data stored in database.

Create Table:
The CREATE TABLE statement is used for creating a new table. The syntax is:
SQL> CREATE TABLE table_name
(
column_name column_data_type,
column_name column_data_type,
column_name column_data_type
...
);

Example:

The following SQL statement creates a table named Employees with four columns:

SQL> CREATE TABLE Employees


(
id INT NOT NULL,
age INT NOT NULL,
first VARCHAR(255),
last VARCHAR(255),
PRIMARY KEY ( id )
);

Drop Table:
The DROP TABLE statement is used for deleting an existing table. The syntax is:

SQL> DROP TABLE table_name;

Example:

The following SQL statement deletes a table named Employees:

SQL> DROP TABLE Employees;

INSERT Data:
The syntax for INSERT looks similar to the following, where column1, column2, and so on represent the new
data to appear in the respective columns:

SQL> INSERT INTO table_name VALUES (column1, column2, ...);

Example:

The following SQL INSERT statement inserts a new row in the Employees database created earlier:

SQL> INSERT INTO Employees VALUES (100, 18, 'Zara', 'Ali');

SELECT Data:
The SELECT statement is used to retrieve data from a database. The syntax for SELECT is:

SQL> SELECT column_name, column_name, ...


FROM table_name
WHERE conditions;

The WHERE clause can use the comparison operators such as =, !=, <, >, <=,and >=, as well as the BETWEEN
and LIKE operators.

Example:

The following SQL statement selects the age, first and last columns from the Employees table where id column
is 100:

SQL> SELECT first, last, age


FROM Employees
WHERE id = 100;

The following SQL statement selects the age, first and last columns from the Employees table where first
column contains Zara:

SQL> SELECT first, last, age


FROM Employees
WHERE first LIKE '%Zara%';

UPDATE Data:
The UPDATE statement is used to update data. The syntax for UPDATE is:

SQL> UPDATE table_name


SET column_name = value, column_name = value, ...
WHERE conditions;

The WHERE clause can use the comparison operators such as =, !=, <, >, <=,and >=, as well as the BETWEEN
and LIKE operators.

Example:

The following SQL UPDATE statement changes the age column of the employee whose id is 100:

SQL> UPDATE Employees SET age=20 WHERE id=100;

DELETE Data:
The DELETE statement is used to delete data from tables. The syntax for DELETE is:

SQL> DELETE FROM table_name WHERE conditions;


The WHERE clause can use the comparison operators such as =, !=, <, >, <=,and >=, as well as the BETWEEN
and LIKE operators.

Example:

The following SQL DELETE statement delete the record of the employee whose id is 100:

SQL> DELETE FROM Employees WHERE id=100;

JDBC - Environment Setup


To start developing with JDBC setup your JDBC environment by following the steps shown below. We assume
that you are working on a Windows platform.

Install Java:
Install J2SE Development Kit 5.0 (JDK 5.0) from Java Official Site.

Make sure following environment variables are set as described below:

 JAVA_HOME: This environment variable should point to the directory where you installed the JDK,
e.g. C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.5.0
 CLASSPATH: This environment variable should has appropriate paths set, e.g. C:\Program
Files\Java\jdk1.5.0_20\jre\lib
 PATH: This environment variable should point to appropriate JRE bin, e.g. C:\Program
Files\Java\jre1.5.0_20\bin.

It is possible you have these variable set already, but just to make sure here's how to check.

 Go to the control panel and double-click on System. If you are a Windows XP user it's possible you
have to open Performance and Maintenance before you will see the System icon.
 Go to the Advanced tab and click on Environment Variables.
 Now check all the above mentioned variables are set properly.

You automatically get both JDBC packages java.sql and javax.sql when you install J2SE Development Kit 5.0
(JDK 5.0)

Install Database:
The most important thing you will need, of course is an actual running database with a table that you can query
and modify.

Install a database that is most suitable for you. You can have plenty of choices and most common are:

1. MySQL DB: MySQL is an open source database. You can download it from MySQL Official Site. We
recommend downloading the full Windows installation.
In addition, download and install MySQL Administrator as well as MySQL Query Browser. These are
GUI based tools that will make your development much easier.

Finally, download and unzip MySQL Connector/J (the MySQL JDBC driver) in a convenient directory.
For the purpose of this tutorial we will assume that you have installed the driver at C:\Program
Files\MySQL\mysql-connector-java-5.1.8.

Accordingly set CLASSPATH variable to C:\Program Files\MySQL\mysql-connector-java-5.1.8\mysql-


connector-java-5.1.8-bin.jar. Your driver version may vary based on your installation.

2. PostgreSQL DB: PostgreSQL is an open source database. You can download it from PostgreSQL
Official Site.

The Postgres installation contains a GUI based administrative tool called pgAdmin III. JDBC drivers are
also included as part of the installation.

3. Oracle DB: Oracle DB is an commercial database sold by Oracle . We assume that you have the
necessary distribution media to install it.

Oracle installation includes a GUI based administrative tool called Enterprise Manager. JDBC drivers
are also included as part of the installation.

Install Database Drivers:


The latest JDK includes a JDBC-ODBC Bridge driver that makes most Open Database Connectivity (ODBC)
drivers available to programmers using the JDBC API.

Now a days most of the Database vendors are supplying appropriate JDBC drivers along with Database
installation. So you should not worry about this part.

Set Database Credential:


For this tutorial we are going to use MySQL database. When you install any of the above database, its
administrator ID is set to root and gives provision to set a password of your choice.

Using root ID and password you can either create another users ID and password or you can use root ID and
password for your JDBC application.

There are various database operations like database creation and deletion, which would need administrator ID
and password.

For rest of the JDBC tutorial we would use MySQL Database with username as ID and password as password.

If you do not have sufficient privilege to create new users then you can ask your Database Administrator (DBA)
to create a user ID and password for you.

Create Database:
To create the EMP database, use the following steps:

Step 1:

Open a Command Prompt and change to the installation directory as follows:

C:\>
C:\>cd Program Files\MySQL\bin
C:\Program Files\MySQL\bin>

Note: The path to mysqld.exe may vary depending on the install location of MySQL on your system. You can
also check documentation on how to start and stop your database server.

Step 2:

Start the database server by executing the following command, if it is already not running.

C:\Program Files\MySQL\bin>mysqld
C:\Program Files\MySQL\bin>

Step 3:

Create the EMP database by executing the following command

C:\Program Files\MySQL\bin> mysqladmin create EMP -u root -p


Enter password: ********
C:\Program Files\MySQL\bin>

Create Table
To create the Employees table in EMP database, use the following steps:

Step 1:

Open a Command Prompt and change to the installation directory as follows:

C:\>
C:\>cd Program Files\MySQL\bin
C:\Program Files\MySQL\bin>

Step 2:

Login to database as follows

C:\Program Files\MySQL\bin>mysql -u root -p


Enter password: ********
mysql>
Step 3:

Create the table Employee as follows:

mysql> use EMP;


mysql> create table Employees
-> (
-> id int not null,
-> age int not null,
-> first varchar (255),
-> last varchar (255)
-> );
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.08 sec)
mysql>

Create Data Records


Finally you create few records in Employee table as follows:

mysql> INSERT INTO Employees VALUES (100, 18, 'Zara', 'Ali');


Query OK, 1 row affected (0.05 sec)

mysql> INSERT INTO Employees VALUES (101, 25, 'Mahnaz', 'Fatma');


Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> INSERT INTO Employees VALUES (102, 30, 'Zaid', 'Khan');


Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> INSERT INTO Employees VALUES (103, 28, 'Sumit', 'Mittal');


Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql>

For a complete understanding on MySQL database, study MySQL Tutorial.

Now you are ready to start experimenting with JDBC. Next tutorial would give your a sample example on
JDBC Programming.

JDBC - Sample, Example Code


This tutorial provides an example of how to create a simple JDBC application. This will show you how to open
a database connection, execute a SQL query, and display the results.

All the steps mentioned in this template example, would be explained in subsequent chapters of this tutorial.

Creating JDBC Application:


There are following six steps involved in building a JDBC application:

1. Import the packages . Requires that you include the packages containing the JDBC classes needed for
database programming. Most often, using import java.sql.* will suffice.
2. Register the JDBC driver . Requires that you initialize a driver so you can open a communications
channel with the database.
3. Open a connection . Requires using the DriverManager.getConnection() method to create a Connection
object, which represents a physical connection with the database.
4. Execute a query . Requires using an object of type Statement for building and submitting an SQL
statement to the database.
5. Extract data from result set . Requires that you use the appropriate ResultSet.getXXX() method to
retrieve the data from the result set.
6. Clean up the environment . Requires explicitly closing all database resources versus relying on the
JVM's garbage collection.

Sample Code:
This sample example can serve as a template when you need to create your own JDBC application in the
future.

This sample code has been written based on the environment and database setup done in previous chapter.

Copy and past following example in FirstExample.java, compile and run as follows:

//STEP 1. Import required packages


import java.sql.*;

public class FirstExample {


// JDBC driver name and database URL
static final String JDBC_DRIVER = "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver";
static final String DB_URL = "jdbc:mysql://localhost/EMP";

// Database credentials
static final String USER = "username";
static final String PASS = "password";

public static void main(String[] args) {


Connection conn = null;
Statement stmt = null;
try{
//STEP 2: Register JDBC driver
Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");

//STEP 3: Open a connection


System.out.println("Connecting to database...");
conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL,USER,PASS);

//STEP 4: Execute a query


System.out.println("Creating statement...");
stmt = conn.createStatement();
String sql;
sql = "SELECT id, first, last, age FROM Employees";
ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(sql);

//STEP 5: Extract data from result set


while(rs.next()){
//Retrieve by column name
int id = rs.getInt("id");
int age = rs.getInt("age");
String first = rs.getString("first");
String last = rs.getString("last");

//Display values
System.out.print("ID: " + id);
System.out.print(", Age: " + age);
System.out.print(", First: " + first);
System.out.println(", Last: " + last);
}
//STEP 6: Clean-up environment
rs.close();
stmt.close();
conn.close();
}catch(SQLException se){
//Handle errors for JDBC
se.printStackTrace();
}catch(Exception e){
//Handle errors for Class.forName
e.printStackTrace();
}finally{
//finally block used to close resources
try{
if(stmt!=null)
stmt.close();
}catch(SQLException se2){
}// nothing we can do
try{
if(conn!=null)
conn.close();
}catch(SQLException se){
se.printStackTrace();
}//end finally try
}//end try
System.out.println("Goodbye!");
}//end main
}//end FirstExample

Now let us compile above example as follows:

C:\>javac FirstExample.java
C:\>

When you run FirstExample, it produces following result:

C:\>java FirstExample
Connecting to database...
Creating statement...
ID: 100, Age: 18, First: Zara, Last: Ali
ID: 101, Age: 25, First: Mahnaz, Last: Fatma
ID: 102, Age: 30, First: Zaid, Last: Khan
ID: 103, Age: 28, First: Sumit, Last: Mittal
C:\>

JDBC - Driver Types


What is JDBC Driver ?
JDBC drivers implement the defined interfaces in the JDBC API for interacting with your database server.

For example, using JDBC drivers enable you to open database connections and to interact with it by sending
SQL or database commands then receiving results with Java.

The Java.sql package that ships with JDK contains various classes with their behaviours defined and their
actual implementaions are done in third-party drivers. Third party vendors implements the java.sql.Driver
interface in their database driver.

JDBC Drivers Types:


JDBC driver implementations vary because of the wide variety of operating systems and hardware platforms in
which Java operates. Sun has divided the implementation types into four categories, Types 1, 2, 3, and 4, which
is explained below:

Type 1: JDBC-ODBC Bridge Driver:

In a Type 1 driver, a JDBC bridge is used to access ODBC drivers installed on each client machine. Using
ODBC requires configuring on your system a Data Source Name (DSN) that represents the target database.

When Java first came out, this was a useful driver because most databases only supported ODBC access but
now this type of driver is recommended only for experimental use or when no other alternative is available.

The JDBC-ODBC bridge that comes with JDK 1.2 is a good example of this kind of driver.

Type 2: JDBC-Native API:

In a Type 2 driver, JDBC API calls are converted into native C/C++ API calls which are unique to the database.
These drivers typically provided by the database vendors and used in the same manner as the JDBC-ODBC
Bridge, the vendor-specific driver must be installed on each client machine.
If we change the Database we have to change the native API as it is specific to a database and they are mostly
obsolete now but you may realize some speed increase with a Type 2 driver, because it eliminates ODBC's
overhead.

The Oracle Call Interface (OCI) driver is an example of a Type 2 driver.

Type 3: JDBC-Net pure Java:

In a Type 3 driver, a three-tier approach is used to accessing databases. The JDBC clients use standard network
sockets to communicate with an middleware application server. The socket information is then translated by the
middleware application server into the call format required by the DBMS, and forwarded to the database server.

This kind of driver is extremely flexible, since it requires no code installed on the client and a single driver can
actually provide access to multiple databases.
You can think of the application server as a JDBC "proxy," meaning that it makes calls for the client
application. As a result, you need some knowledge of the application server's configurat ion in order to
effectively use this driver type.

Your application server might use a Type 1, 2, or 4 driver to communicate with the database, understanding the
nuances will prove helpful.

Type 4: 100% pure Java:

In a Type 4 driver, a pure Java-based driver that communicates directly with vendor's database through socket
connection. This is the highest performance driver available for the database and is usually provided by the
vendor itself.

This kind of driver is extremely flexible, you don't need to install special software on the client or server.
Further, these drivers can be downloaded dynamically.

MySQL's Connector/J driver is a Type 4 driver. Because of the proprietary nature of their network protocols,
database vendors usually supply type 4 drivers.

Which Driver should be used?


If you are accessing one type of database, such as Oracle, Sybase, or IBM, the preferred driver type is 4.

If your Java application is accessing multiple types of databases at the same time, type 3 is the preferred driver.

Type 2 drivers are useful in situations where a type 3 or type 4 driver is not available yet for your database.

The type 1 driver is not considered a deployment- level driver and is typically used for development and testing
purposes only.
JDBC - Database Connections
After you've installed the appropriate driver, it's time to establish a database connection using JDBC.

The programming involved to establish a JDBC connection is fairly simple. Here are these simple four steps:

1. Import JDBC Packages: Add import statements to your Java program to import required classes in
your Java code.
2. Register JDBC Driver: This step causes the JVM to load the desired driver implementation into
memory so it can fulfill your JDBC requests.
3. Database URL Formulation: This is to create a properly formatted address that points to the database
to which you wish to connect.
4. Create Connection Object: Finally, code a call to the DriverManager object's getConnection( ) method
to establish actual database connection.

Import JDBC Packages:


The Import statements tell the Java compiler where to find the classes you reference in your code and are
placed at the very beginning of your source code.

To use the standard JDBC package, which allows you to select, insert, update, and delete data in SQL tables,
add the following imports to your source code:

import java.sql.* ; // for standard JDBC programs


import java.math.* ; // for BigDecimal and BigInteger support

Register JDBC Driver:


You must register the your driver in your program before you use it. Registering the driver is the process by
which the Oracle driver's class file is loaded into memory so it can be utilized as an implementation of the
JDBC interfaces.

You need to do this registration only once in your program. You can register a driver in one of two ways.

Approach (I) - Class.forName():

The most common approach to register a driver is to use Java's Class.forName() method to dynamically load
the driver's class file into memory, which automatically registers it. This method is preferable because it allows
you to make the driver registration configurable and portable.

The following example uses Class.forName( ) to register the Oracle driver:

try {
Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
}
catch(ClassNotFoundException ex) {
System.out.println("Error: unable to load driver class!");
System.exit(1);
}

You can use getInstance() method to work around noncompliant JVMs, but then you'll have to code for two
extra Exceptions as follows:

try {
Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver").newInstance();
}
catch(ClassNotFoundException ex) {
System.out.println("Error: unable to load driver class!");
System.exit(1);
catch(IllegalAccessException ex) {
System.out.println("Error: access problem while loading!");
System.exit(2);
catch(InstantiationException ex) {
System.out.println("Error: unable to instantiate driver!");
System.exit(3);
}

Approach (II) - DriverManager.registerDriver():

The second approach you can use to register a driver is to use the static DriverManager.registerDriver()
method.

You should use the registerDriver() method if you are using a non-JDK compliant JVM, such as the one
provided by Microsoft.

The following example uses registerDriver() to register the Oracle driver:

try {
Driver myDriver = new oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver();
DriverManager.registerDriver( myDriver );
}
catch(ClassNotFoundException ex) {
System.out.println("Error: unable to load driver class!");
System.exit(1);
}

Database URL Formulation:


After you've loaded the driver, you can establish a connection using the DriverManager.getConnection()
method. For easy reference, let me list the three overloaded DriverManager.getConnection() methods:

1. getConnection(String url)
2. getConnection(String url, Properties prop)
3. getConnection(String url, String user, String password)

Here each form requires a database URL. A database URL is an address that points to your database.

Formulating a database URL is where most of the problems associated with establishing a connection occur.

Following table lists down popular JDBC driver names and database URL.
RDBMS JDBC driver name URL format

MySQL com.mysql.jdbc.Driver jdbc:mysql://hostname/ databaseName

ORACLE oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver jdbc:oracle:thin:@hostname:port Number:databaseName

DB2 COM.ibm.db2.jdbc.net.DB2Driver jdbc:db2:hostname:port Number/databaseName

Sybase com.sybase.jdbc.SybDriver jdbc:sybase:Tds:hostname: port Number/databaseName

All the highlighted part in URL format is static and you need to change only remaining part as per your
database setup.

Create Connection Object:


Using a database URL with a username and password:

I listed down three forms of DriverManager.getConnection() method to create a connection object. The most
commonly used form of getConnection() requires you to pass a database URL, a username, and a password:

Assuming you are using Oracle's thin driver, you'll specify a host:port:databaseName value for the database
portion of the URL.

If you have a host at TCP/IP address 192.0.0.1 with a host name of amrood, and your Oracle listener is
configured to listen on port 1521, and your database name is EMP, then complete database URL would then be:

jdbc:oracle:thin:@amrood:1521:EMP

Now you have to call getConnection() method with appropriate username and password to get a Connection
object as follows:

String URL = "jdbc:oracle:thin:@amrood:1521:EMP";


String USER = "username";
String PASS = "password"
Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(URL, USER, PASS);

Using only a database URL:

A second form of the DriverManager.getConnection( ) method requires only a database URL:

DriverManager.getConnection(String url);

However, in this case, the database URL includes the username and password and has the following general
form:
jdbc:oracle:driver:username/password@database

So the above connection can be created as follows:

String URL = "jdbc:oracle:thin:username/password@amrood:1521:EMP";


Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(URL);

Using a database URL and a Properties object:

A third form of the DriverManager.getConnection( ) method requires a database URL and a Properties object:

DriverManager.getConnection(String url, Properties info);

A Properties object holds a set of keyword-value pairs. It's used to pass driver properties to the driver during a
call to the getConnection() method.

To make the same connection made by the previous examples, use the following code:

import java.util.*;

String URL = "jdbc:oracle:thin:@amrood:1521:EMP";


Properties info = new Properties( );
info.put( "user", "username" );
info.put( "password", "password" );

Connection conn = DriverManager.getConnection(URL, info);

Closing JDBC connections:


At the end of your JDBC program, it is required explicitly close all the connections to the database to end each
database session. However, if you forget, Java's garbage collector will close the connection when it cleans up
stale objects.

Relying on garbage collection, especially in database programming, is very poor programming practice. You
should make a habit of always closing the connection with the close() method associated with connection
object.

To ensure that a connection is closed, you could provide a finally block in your code. A finally block always
executes, regardless if an exception occurs or not.

To close above opened connection you should call close() method as follows:

conn.close();

Explicitly closing a connection conserves DBMS resources, which will make your database administrator
happy.

JDBC - Statements
Once a connection is obtained we can interact with the database. The JDBC Statement, CallableStatement, and
PreparedStatement interfaces define the methods and properties that enable you to send SQL or PL/SQL
commands and receive data from your database.

They also define methods that help bridge data type differences between Java and SQL data types used in a
database.

Following table provides a summary of each interface's purpose to understand how do you decide which
interface to use?

Interfaces Recommended Use

Use for general-purpose access to your database. Useful when you are using static
Statement
SQL statements at runtime. The Statement interface cannot accept parameters.

Use when you plan to use the SQL statements many times. The PreparedStatement
PreparedStatement
interface accepts input parameters at runtime.

Use when you want to access database stored procedures. The CallableStatement
CallableStatement
interface can also accept runtime input parameters.

The Statement Objects:


Creating Statement Object:

Before you can use a Statement object to execute a SQL statement, you need to create one using the Connection
object's createStatement( ) method, as in the following example:

Statement stmt = null;


try {
stmt = conn.createStatement( );
. . .
}
catch (SQLException e) {
. . .
}
finally {
. . .
}

Once you've created a Statement object, you can then use it to execute a SQL statement with one of its three
execute methods.

1. boolean execute(String SQL) : Returns a boolean value of true if a ResultSet object can be retrieved;
otherwise, it returns false. Use this method to execute SQL DDL statements or when you need to use
truly dynamic SQL.
2. int executeUpdate(String SQL) : Returns the numbers of rows affected by the execution of the SQL
statement. Use this method to execute SQL statements for which you expect to get a number of rows
affected - for example, an INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE statement.
3. ResultSet executeQuery(String SQL) : Returns a ResultSet object. Use this method when you expect
to get a result set, as you would with a SELECT statement.

Closing Statement Obeject:

Just as you close a Connection object to save database resources, for the same reason you should also close the
Statement object.

A simple call to the close() method will do the job. If you close the Connection object first it will close the
Statement object as well. However, you should always explicitly close the Statement object to ensure proper
cleanup.

Statement stmt = null;


try {
stmt = conn.createStatement( );
. . .
}
catch (SQLException e) {
. . .
}
finally {
stmt.close();
}

For a better understanding, I would suggest to study Statement - Example Code.

The PreparedStatement Objects:


The PreparedStatement interface extends the Statement interface which gives you added functionality with a
couple of advantages over a generic Statement object.

This statement gives you the flexibility of supplying arguments dynamically.

Creating PreparedStatement Object:


PreparedStatement pstmt = null;
try {
String SQL = "Update Employees SET age = ? WHERE id = ?";
pstmt = conn.prepareStatement(SQL);
. . .
}
catch (SQLException e) {
. . .
}
finally {
. . .
}

All parameters in JDBC are represented by the ? symbol, which is known as the parameter marker. You must
supply values for every parameter before executing the SQL statement.
The setXXX() methods bind values to the parameters, where XXX represents the Java data type of the value
you wish to bind to the input parameter. If you forget to supply the values, you will receive an SQLException.

Each parameter marker is referred to by its ordinal position. The first marker represents position 1, the next
position 2, and so forth. This method differs from that of Java array indices, which start at 0.

All of the Statement object's methods for interacting with the database (a) execute(), (b) executeQuery(), and
(c) executeUpdate() also work with the PreparedStatement object. However, the methods are modified to use
SQL statements that can take input the parameters.

Closing PreparedStatement Obeject:

Just as you close a Statement object, for the same reason you should also close the PreparedStatement object.

A simple call to the close() method will do the job. If you close the Connection object first it will close the
PreparedStatement object as well. However, you should always explicitly close the PreparedStatement object to
ensure proper cleanup.

PreparedStatement pstmt = null;


try {
String SQL = "Update Employees SET age = ? WHERE id = ?";
pstmt = conn.prepareStatement(SQL);
. . .
}
catch (SQLException e) {
. . .
}
finally {
pstmt.close();
}

For a better understanding, I would suggest to study Prepare - Example Code.

The CallableStatement Objects:


Just as a Connection object creates the Statement and PreparedStatement objects, it also creates the
CallableStatement object which would be used to execute a call to a database stored procedure.

Creating CallableStatement Object:

Suppose, you need to execute the following Oracle stored procedure:

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE getEmpName


(EMP_ID IN NUMBER, EMP_FIRST OUT VARCHAR) AS
BEGIN
SELECT first INTO EMP_FIRST
FROM Employees
WHERE ID = EMP_ID;
END;

NOTE: Above stored procedure has been written for Oracle, but we are working with MySQL database so let
us write same stored procedure for MySQL as follows to create it in EMP database:
DELIMITER $$

DROP PROCEDURE IF EXISTS `EMP`.`getEmpName` $$


CREATE PROCEDURE `EMP`.`getEmpName`
(IN EMP_ID INT, OUT EMP_FIRST VARCHAR(255))
BEGIN
SELECT first INTO EMP_FIRST
FROM Employees
WHERE ID = EMP_ID;
END $$

DELIMITER ;

Three types of parameters exist: IN, OUT, and INOUT. The PreparedStatement object only uses the IN
parameter. The CallableStatement object can use all three.

Here are the definitions of each:

Parameter Description

A parameter whose value is unknown when the SQL statement is created. You bind
IN
values to IN parameters with the setXXX() methods.

A parameter whose value is supplied by the SQL statement it returns. You retrieve
OUT
values from theOUT parameters with the getXXX() methods.

A parameter that provides both input and output values. You bind variables with the
INOUT
setXXX() methods and retrieve values with the getXXX() methods.

The following code snippet shows how to employ the Connection.prepareCall() method to instantiate a
CallableStatement object based on the preceding stored procedure:

CallableStatement cstmt = null;


try {
String SQL = "{call getEmpName (?, ?)}";
cstmt = conn.prepareCall (SQL);
. . .
}
catch (SQLException e) {
. . .
}
finally {
. . .
}

The String variable SQL represents the stored procedure, with parameter placeholders.

Using CallableStatement objects is much like using PreparedStatement objects. You must bind values to all
parameters before executing the statement, or you will receive an SQLException.
If you have IN parameters, just follow the same rules and techniques that apply to a PreparedStatement object;
use the setXXX() method that corresponds to the Java data type you are binding.

When you use OUT and INOUT parameters you must employ an additional CallableStatement method,
registerOutParameter(). The registerOutParameter() method binds the JDBC data type to the data type the
stored procedure is expected to return.

Once you call your stored procedure, you retrieve the value from the OUT parameter with the appropriate
getXXX() method. This method casts the retrieved value of SQL type to a Java data type.

Closing CallableStatement Obeject:

Just as you close other Statement object, for the same reason you should also close the CallableStatement
object.

A simple call to the close() method will do the job. If you close the Connection object first it will close the
CallableStatement object as well. However, you should always explicitly close the CallableStatement object to
ensure proper cleanup.

CallableStatement cstmt = null;


try {
String SQL = "{call getEmpName (?, ?)}";
cstmt = conn.prepareCall (SQL);
. . .
}
catch (SQLException e) {
. . .
}
finally {
cstmt.close();
}

JDBC - Result Sets


The SQL statements that read data from a database query return the data in a result set. The SELECT statement
is the standard way to select rows from a database and view them in a result set. The java.sql.ResultSet interface
represents the result set of a database query.

A ResultSet object maintains a cursor that points to the current row in the result set. The term "result set" refers
to the row and column data contained in a ResultSet object.

The methods of the ResultSet interface can be broken down into three categories:

1. Navigational methods: used to move the cursor around.


2. Get methods: used to view the data in the columns of the current row being pointed to by the cursor.
3. Update methods: used to update the data in the columns of the current row. The updates can then be
updated in the underlying database as well.
The cursor is movable based on the properties of the ResultSet. These properties are designated when the
corresponding Statement that generated the ResultSet is created.

JDBC provides following connection methods to create statements with desired ResultSet:

1. createStatement(int RSType, int RSConcurrency);


2. prepareStatement(String SQL, int RSType, int RSConcurrency);
3. prepareCall(String sql, int RSType, int RSConcurrency);

The first argument indicate the type of a ResultSet object and the second argument is one of two ResultSet
constants for specifying whether a result set is read-only or updatable.

Type of ResultSet:

The possible RSType are given below, If you do not specify any ResultSet type, you will automatically get one
that is TYPE_FORWARD_ONLY.

Type Description

ResultSet.TYPE_FORWARD_ONLY The cursor can only move forward in the result set.

The cursor can scroll forwards and backwards, and the result set is
ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_INSENSITIVE not sensitive to changes made by others to the database that occur
after the result set was created.

The cursor can scroll forwards and backwards, and the result set is
ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_SENSITIVE. sensitive to changes made by others to the database that occur after
the result set was created.

Concurrency of ResultSet:

The possible RSConcurrency are given below, If you do not specify any Concurrency type, you will
automatically get one that is CONCUR_READ_ONLY.

Concurrency Description

ResultSet.CONCUR_READ_ONLY Creates a read-only result set. This is the default

ResultSet.CONCUR_UPDATABLE Creates an updateable result set.

Our all the examples written so far can be written as follows which initializes a Statement object to create a
forward-only, read only ResultSet object:

try {
Statement stmt = conn.createStatement(
ResultSet.TYPE_FORWARD_ONLY,
ResultSet.CONCUR_READ_ONLY);
}
catch(Exception ex) {
....
}
finally {
....
}

Navigating a Result Set:


There are several methods in the ResultSet interface that involve moving the cursor, including:

S.N. Methods & Description

public void beforeFirst() throws SQLException


1
Moves the cursor to just before the first row

public void afterLast() throws SQLException


2
Moves the cursor to just after the last row

public boolean first() throws SQLException


3
Moves the cursor to the first row

public void last() throws SQLException


4
Moves the cursor to the last row.

public boolean absolute(int row) throws SQLException


5
Moves the cursor to the specified row

public boolean relative(int row) throws SQLException


6
Moves the cursor the given number of rows forward or backwards from where it currently is pointing.

public boolean previous() throws SQLException


7
Moves the cursor to the previous row. This method returns false if the previous row is off the result set

public boolean next() throws SQLException


8
Moves the cursor to the next row. This method returns false if there are no more rows in the result set

public int getRow() throws SQLException


9
Returns the row number that the cursor is pointing to.

10 public void moveToInsertRow() throws SQLException


Moves the cursor to a special row in the result set that can be used to insert a new row into the database. The
current cursor location is remembered.

public void moveToCurrentRow() throws SQLException


11 Moves the cursor back to the current row if the cursor is currently at the insert row; otherwise, this method does
nothing

For a better understanding, I would suggest to study Navigate - Example Code.

Viewing a Result Set:


The ResultSet interface contains dozens of methods for getting the data of the current row.

There is a get method for each of the possible data types, and each get method has two versions:

1. One that takes in a column name.


2. One that takes in a column index.

For example, if the column you are interested in viewing contains an int, you need to use one of the getInt()
methods of ResultSet:

S.N. Methods & Description

public int getInt(String columnName) throws SQLException


1
Returns the int in the current row in the column named columnName

public int getInt(int columnIndex) throws SQLException


2 Returns the int in the current row in the specified column index. The column index starts at 1, meaning the first
column of a row is 1, the second column of a row is 2, and so on.

Similarly there are get methods in the ResultSet interface for each of the eight Java primitive types, as well as
common types such as java.lang.String, java.lang.Object, and java.net.URL

There are also methods for getting SQL data types java.sql.Date, java.sql.Time, java.sql.TimeStamp,
java.sql.Clob, and java.sql.Blob. Check the documentation for more information about using these SQL data
types.

For a better understanding, I would suggest to study Viewing - Example Code.

Updating a Result Set:


The ResultSet interface contains a collection of update methods for updating the data of a result set.

As with the get methods, there are two update methods for each data type:
1. One that takes in a column name.
2. One that takes in a column index.

For example, to update a String column of the current row of a result set, you would use one of the following
updateString() methods:

S.N. Methods & Description

public void updateString(int columnIndex, String s) throws SQLException


1
Changes the String in the specified column to the value of s.

public void updateString(String columnName, String s) throws SQLException


2
Similar to the previous method, except that the column is specified by its name instead of its index.

There are update methods for the eight primitive data types, as well as String, Object, URL, and the SQL data
types in the java.sql package.

Updating a row in the result set changes the columns of the current row in the ResultSet object, but not in the
underlying database. To update your changes to the row in the database, you need to invoke one of the
following methods.

S.N. Methods & Description

public void updateRow()


1
Updates the current row by updating the corresponding row in the database.

public void deleteRow()


2
Deletes the current row from the database

public void refreshRow()


3
Refreshes the data in the result set to reflect any recent changes in the database.

public void cancelRowUpdates()


4
Cancels any updates made on the current row.

public void insertRow()


5
Inserts a row into the database. This method can only be invoked when the cursor is pointing to the insert row.

JDBC - Data Types


The JDBC driver converts the Java data type to the appropriate JDBC type before sending it to the database. It
uses a default mapping for most data types. For example, a Java int is converted to an SQL INTEGER. Default
mappings were created to provide consistency between drivers.
The following table summarizes the default JDBC data type that the Java data type is converted to when you
call the setXXX() method of the PreparedStatement or CallableStatement object or the ResultSet.updateXXX()
method.

SQL JDBC/Java setXXX updateXXX


VARCHAR java.lang.String setString updateString
CHAR java.lang.String setString updateString
LONGVARCHAR java.lang.String setString updateString
BIT boolean setBoolean updateBoolean
NUMERIC java.math.BigDecimal setBigDecimal updateBigDecimal
TINYINT byte setByte updateByte
SMALLINT short setShort updateShort
INTEGER int setInt updateInt
BIGINT long setLong updateLong
REAL float setFloat updateFloat
FLOAT float setFloat updateFloat
DOUBLE double setDouble updateDouble
VARBINARY byte[ ] setBytes updateBytes
BINARY byte[ ] setBytes updateBytes
DATE java.sql.Date setDate updateDate
TIME java.sql.Time setTime updateTime
TIMESTAMP java.sql.Timestamp setTimestamp updateTimestamp
CLOB java.sql.Clob setClob updateClob
BLOB java.sql.Blob setBlob updateBlob
ARRAY java.sql.Array setARRAY updateARRAY
REF java.sql.Ref SetRef updateRef
STRUCT java.sql.Struct SetStruct updateStruct

JDBC 3.0 has enhanced support for BLOB, CLOB, ARRAY, and REF data types. The ResultSet object now has
updateBLOB(), updateCLOB(), updateArray(), and updateRef() methods that enable you to directly manipulate
the respective data on the server.

The setXXX() and updateXXX() methods enable you to convert specific Java types to specific JDBC data
types. The methods, setObject() and updateObject(), enable you to map almost any Java type to a JDBC data
type.
ResultSet object provides corresponding getXXX() method for each data type to retrieve column value. Each
method can be used with column name or by its ordinal position.

SQL JDBC/Java setXXX getXXX


VARCHAR java.lang.String setString getString
CHAR java.lang.String setString getString
LONGVARCHAR java.lang.String setString getString
BIT boolean setBoolean getBoolean
NUMERIC java.math.BigDecimal setBigDecimal getBigDecimal
TINYINT byte setByte getByte
SMALLINT short setShort getShort
INTEGER int setInt getInt
BIGINT long setLong getLong
REAL float setFloat getFloat
FLOAT float setFloat getFloat
DOUBLE double setDouble getDouble
VARBINARY byte[ ] setBytes getBytes
BINARY byte[ ] setBytes getBytes
DATE java.sql.Date setDate getDate
TIME java.sql.Time setTime getTime
TIMESTAMP java.sql.Timestamp setTimestamp getTimestamp
CLOB java.sql.Clob setClob getClob
BLOB java.sql.Blob setBlob getBlob
ARRAY java.sql.Array setARRAY getARRAY
REF java.sql.Ref SetRef getRef
STRUCT java.sql.Struct SetStruct getStruct

Date & Time Data Types:


The java.sql.Date class maps to the SQL DATE type, and the java.sql.Time and java.sql.Timestamp classes map
to the SQL TIME and SQL TIMESTAMP data types, respectively.

Following examples shows how the Date and Time classes format standard Java date and time values to match
the SQL data type requirements.
import java.sql.Date;
import java.sql.Time;
import java.sql.Timestamp;
import java.util.*;

public class SqlDateTime {


public static void main(String[] args) {
//Get standard date and time
java.util.Date javaDate = new java.util.Date();
long javaTime = javaDate.getTime();
System.out.println("The Java Date is:" +
javaDate.toString());

//Get and display SQL DATE


java.sql.Date sqlDate = new java.sql.Date(javaTime);
System.out.println("The SQL DATE is: " +
sqlDate.toString());

//Get and display SQL TIME


java.sql.Time sqlTime = new java.sql.Time(javaTime);
System.out.println("The SQL TIME is: " +
sqlTime.toString());
//Get and display SQL TIMESTAMP
java.sql.Timestamp sqlTimestamp =
new java.sql.Timestamp(javaTime);
System.out.println("The SQL TIMESTAMP is: " +
sqlTimestamp.toString());
}//end main
}//end SqlDateTime

Now let us compile above example as follows:

C:\>javac SqlDateTime.java
C:\>

When you run JDBCExample, it produces following result:

C:\>java SqlDateTime
The Java Date is:Tue Aug 18 13:46:02 GMT+04:00 2009
The SQL DATE is: 2009-08-18
The SQL TIME is: 13:46:02
The SQL TIMESTAMP is: 2009-08-18 13:46:02.828
C:\>

Handling NULL Values:


SQL's use of NULL values and Java's use of null are different concepts. So how do you handle SQ L NULL
values in Java? There are three tactics you can use:

1. Avoid using getXXX( ) methods that return primitive data types.


2. Use wrapper classes for primitive data types, and use the ResultSet object's wasNull( ) method to test
whether the wrapper class variable that received the value returned by the getXXX( ) method should be
set to null.
3. Use primitive data types and the ResultSet object's wasNull( ) method to test whether the primitive
variable that received the value returned by the getXXX( ) method should be set to an acceptable value
that you've chosen to represent a NULL.

Here is one example to handle a NULL value:

Statement stmt = conn.createStatement( );


String sql = "SELECT id, first, last, age FROM Employees";
ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(sql);

int id = rs.getInt(1);
if( rs.wasNull( ) ) {
id = 0;
}

JDBC - Transactions
If your JDBC Connection is in auto-commit mode, which it is by default, then every SQL statement is
committed to the database upon its completion.

That may be fine for simple applications, but there are three reasons why you may want to turn off auto-commit
and manage your own transactions:

1. To increase performance
2. To maintain the integrity of business processes
3. To use distributed transactions

Transactions enable you to control if, and when, changes are applied to the database. It treats a single SQL
statement or a group of SQL statements as one logical unit, and if any statement fails, the whole transaction
fails.

To enable manual- transaction support instead of the auto-commit mode that the JDBC driver uses by default,
use the Connection object's setAutoCommit() method. If you pass a boolean false to setAutoCommit( ), you
turn off auto-commit. You can pass a boolean true to turn it back on again.

For example, if you have a Connection object named conn, code the following to turn off auto-commit:

conn.setAutoCommit(false);

Commit & Rollback


Once you are done with your changes and you want to commit the changes then call commit() method on
connection object as follows:

conn.commit( );

Otherwise, to roll back updates to the database made using the Connection named conn, use the following code:
conn.rollback( );

The following example illustrates the use of a commit and rollback object:

try{
//Assume a valid connection object conn
conn.setAutoCommit(false);
Statement stmt = conn.createStatement();

String SQL = "INSERT INTO Employees " +


"VALUES (106, 20, 'Rita', 'Tez')";
stmt.executeUpdate(SQL);
//Submit a malformed SQL statement that breaks
String SQL = "INSERTED IN Employees " +
"VALUES (107, 22, 'Sita', 'Singh')";
stmt.executeUpdate(SQL);
// If there is no error.
conn.commit();
}catch(SQLException se){
// If there is any error.
conn.rollback();
}

In this case none of the abobe INSERT statement would success and everything would be rolled back.

For a better understanding, I would suggest to study Commit - Example Code.

Using Savepoints:
The new JDBC 3.0 Savepoint interface gives you additional transactional control. Most modern DBMS support
savepoints within their environments such as Oracle's PL/SQL.

When you set a savepoint you define a logical rollback point within a transaction. If an error occurs past a
savepoint, you can use the rollback method to undo either all the changes or only the changes made after the
savepoint.

The Connection object has two new methods that help you manage savepoints:

1. setSavepoint(String savepointName): defines a new savepoint. It also returns a Savepoint object.


2. releaseSavepoint(Savepoint savepointName): deletes a savepoint. Notice that it requires a Savepoint
object as a parameter. This object is usually a savepoint generated by the setSavepoint() method.

There is one rollback ( String savepointName ) method which rolls back work to the specified savepoint.

The following example illustrates the use of a Savepoint object:

try{
//Assume a valid connection object conn
conn.setAutoCommit(false);
Statement stmt = conn.createStatement();

//set a Savepoint
Savepoint savepoint1 = conn.setSavepoint("Savepoint1");
String SQL = "INSERT INTO Employees " +
"VALUES (106, 20, 'Rita', 'Tez')";
stmt.executeUpdate(SQL);
//Submit a malformed SQL statement that breaks
String SQL = "INSERTED IN Employees " +
"VALUES (107, 22, 'Sita', 'Tez')";
stmt.executeUpdate(SQL);
// If there is no error, commit the changes.
conn.commit();

}catch(SQLException se){
// If there is any error.
conn.rollback(savepoint1);
}

In this case none of the abobe INSERT statement would success and everything would be rolled back.

JDBC - Exceptions Handling


Exception handling allows you to handle exceptional conditions such as program-defined errors in a controlled
fashion.

When an exception condition occurs, an exception is thrown. The term thrown means that current program
execution stops, and control is redirected to the nearest applicable catch clause. If no applicable catch clause
exists, then the program's execution ends.

JDBC Exception handling is very similar to Java Excpetion handling but for JDBC, the most common
exception you'll deal with is java.sql.SQLException.

SQLException Methods:
A SQLException can occur both in the driver and the database. When such an exception occurs, an object of
type SQLException will be passed to the catch clause.

The passed SQLException object has the following methods available for retrieving additional information
about the exception:

Method Description

getErrorCode( ) Gets the error number associated with the exception.

Gets the JDBC driver's error message for an error handled by the
getMessage( ) driver or gets the Oracle error number and message for a database
error.

Gets the XOPEN SQLstate string. For a JDBC driver error, no useful
getSQLState( ) information is returned from this method. For a database error, the
five-digit XOPEN SQLstate code is returned. This method can return
null.

getNextException( ) Gets the next Exception object in the exception chain.

Prints the current exception, or throwable, and its backtrace to a


printStackTrace( )
standard error stream.

Prints this throwable and its backtrace to the print stream you
printStackTrace(PrintStream s)
specify.

Prints this throwable and its backtrace to the print writer you
printStackTrace(PrintWriter w)
specify.

By utilizing the information available from the Exception object, you can catch an exception and continue your
program appropriately. Here is the general form of a try block:

try {
// Your risky code goes between these curly braces!!!
}
catch(Exception ex) {
// Your exception handling code goes between these
// curly braces, similar to the exception clause
// in a PL/SQL block.
}
finally {
// Your must-always-be-executed code goes between these
// curly braces. Like closing database connection.
}

Example:

Study the following example code to understand the usage of try....catch...finally blocks.

//STEP 1. Import required packages


import java.sql.*;

public class JDBCExample {


// JDBC driver name and database URL
static final String JDBC_DRIVER = "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver";
static final String DB_URL = "jdbc:mysql://localhost/EMP";

// Database credentials
static final String USER = "username";
static final String PASS = "password";

public static void main(String[] args) {


Connection conn = null;
try{
//STEP 2: Register JDBC driver
Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");

//STEP 3: Open a connection


System.out.println("Connecting to database...");
conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL,USER,PASS);

//STEP 4: Execute a query


System.out.println("Creating statement...");
Statement stmt = conn.createStatement();
String sql;
sql = "SELECT id, first, last, age FROM Employees";
ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(sql);

//STEP 5: Extract data from result set


while(rs.next()){
//Retrieve by column name
int id = rs.getInt("id");
int age = rs.getInt("age");
String first = rs.getString("first");
String last = rs.getString("last");

//Display values
System.out.print("ID: " + id);
System.out.print(", Age: " + age);
System.out.print(", First: " + first);
System.out.println(", Last: " + last);
}
//STEP 6: Clean-up environment
rs.close();
stmt.close();
conn.close();
}catch(SQLException se){
//Handle errors for JDBC
se.printStackTrace();
}catch(Exception e){
//Handle errors for Class.forName
e.printStackTrace();
}finally{
//finally block used to close resources
try{
if(conn!=null)
conn.close();
}catch(SQLException se){
se.printStackTrace();
}//end finally try
}//end try
System.out.println("Goodbye!");
}//end main
}//end JDBCExample

Now let us compile above example as follows:

C:\>javac JDBCExample.java
C:\>

When you run JDBCExample, it produces following result if there is no problem, otherwise corresponding
error would be caught and error message would be displayed:

C:\>java JDBCExample
Connecting to database...
Creating statement...
ID: 100, Age: 18, First: Zara, Last: Ali
ID: 101, Age: 25, First: Mahnaz, Last: Fatma
ID: 102, Age: 30, First: Zaid, Last: Khan
ID: 103, Age: 28, First: Sumit, Last: Mittal
C:\>

Try above example by passing wrong database name or wrong username or password and check the result.

JDBC - Batch Processing


Batch Processing allows you to group related SQL statements into a batch and submit them with one call to the
database.

When you send several SQL statements to the database at once, you reduce the amount of communication
overhead, thereby improving performance.

 JDBC drivers are not required to support this feature. You should use the
DatabaseMetaData.supportsBatchUpdates() method to determine if the target database supports batch
update processing. The method returns true if your JDBC driver supports this feature.
 The addBatch() method of Statement, PreparedStatement, and CallableStatement is used to add
individual statements to the batch. The executeBatch() is used to start the execution of all the statements
grouped together.
 The executeBatch() returns an array of integers, and each element of the array represents the update
count for the respective update statement.
 Just as you can add statements to a batch for processing, you can remove them with the clearBatch()
method. This method removes all the statements you added with the addBatch() method. However, you
cannot selectively choose which statement to remove.

Batching with Statement Object:


Here is a typical sequence of steps to use Batch Processing with Statment Object:

1. Create a Statement object using either createStatement() methods.


2. Set auto-commit to false using setAutoCommit().
3. Add as many as SQL statements you like into batch using addBatch() method on created statement
object.
4. Execute all the SQL statements using executeBatch() method on created statement object.
5. Finally, commit all the changes using commit() method.

Example:

The following code snippet provides an example of a batch update using Statement object:

// Create statement object


Statement stmt = conn.createStatement();

// Set auto-commit to false


conn.setAutoCommit(false);

// Create SQL statement


String SQL = "INSERT INTO Employees (id, first, last, age) " +
"VALUES(200,'Zia', 'Ali', 30)";
// Add above SQL statement in the batch.
stmt.addBatch(SQL);

// Create one more SQL statement


String SQL = "INSERT INTO Employees (id, first, last, age) " +
"VALUES(201,'Raj', 'Kumar', 35)";
// Add above SQL statement in the batch.
stmt.addBatch(SQL);

// Create one more SQL statement


String SQL = "UPDATE Employees SET age = 35 " +
"WHERE id = 100";
// Add above SQL statement in the batch.
stmt.addBatch(SQL);

// Create an int[] to hold returned values


int[] count = stmt.executeBatch();

//Explicitly commit statements to apply changes


conn.commit();

For a better understanding, I would suggest to study Batching - Example Code.

Batching with PrepareStatement Object:


Here is a typical sequence of steps to use Batch Processing with PrepareStatement Object:

1. Create SQL statements with placeholders.


2. Create PrepareStatement object using either prepareStatement() methods.
3. Set auto-commit to false using setAutoCommit().
4. Add as many as SQL statements you like into batch using addBatch() method on created statement
object.
5. Execute all the SQL statements using executeBatch() method on created statement object.
6. Finally, commit all the changes using commit() method.

The following code snippet provides an example of a batch update using PrepareStatement object:

// Create SQL statement


String SQL = "INSERT INTO Employees (id, first, last, age) " +
"VALUES(?, ?, ?, ?)";

// Create PrepareStatement object


PreparedStatemen pstmt = conn.prepareStatement(SQL);

//Set auto-commit to false


conn.setAutoCommit(false);

// Set the variables


pstmt.setInt( 1, 400 );
pstmt.setString( 2, "Pappu" );
pstmt.setString( 3, "Singh" );
pstmt.setInt( 4, 33 );
// Add it to the batch
pstmt.addBatch();
// Set the variables
pstmt.setInt( 1, 401 );
pstmt.setString( 2, "Pawan" );
pstmt.setString( 3, "Singh" );
pstmt.setInt( 4, 31 );
// Add it to the batch
pstmt.addBatch();

//add more batches


.
.
.
.
//Create an int[] to hold returned values
int[] count = stmt.executeBatch();

//Explicitly commit statements to apply changes


conn.commit();

JDBC - Stored Procedures


I have explained how to use Stored Procedures in JDBC while discussing JDBC - Statements. This tutorial is
similar to that section but it would give you additional information about JDBC SQL escape syntax.

Just as a Connection object creates the Statement and PreparedStatement objects, it also creates the
CallableStatement object which would be used to execute a call to a database stored procedure.

Creating CallableStatement Object:

Suppose, you need to execute the following Oracle stored procedure:

CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE getEmpName


(EMP_ID IN NUMBER, EMP_FIRST OUT VARCHAR) AS
BEGIN
SELECT first INTO EMP_FIRST
FROM Employees
WHERE ID = EMP_ID;
END;

NOTE: Above stored procedure has been written for Oracle, but we are working with MySQL database so let
us write same stored procedure for MySQL as follows to create it in EMP database:

DELIMITER $$

DROP PROCEDURE IF EXISTS `EMP`.`getEmpName` $$


CREATE PROCEDURE `EMP`.`getEmpName`
(IN EMP_ID INT, OUT EMP_FIRST VARCHAR(255))
BEGIN
SELECT first INTO EMP_FIRST
FROM Employees
WHERE ID = EMP_ID;
END $$

DELIMITER ;
Three types of parameters exist: IN, OUT, and INOUT. The PreparedStatement object only uses the IN
parameter. The CallableStatement object can use all three.

Here are the definitions of each:

Parameter Description

A parameter whose value is unknown when the SQL statement is created. You bind
IN
values to IN parameters with the setXXX() methods.

A parameter whose value is supplied by the SQL statement it returns. You retrieve
OUT
values from theOUT parameters with the getXXX() methods.

A parameter that provides both input and output values. You bind variables with the
INOUT
setXXX() methods and retrieve values with the getXXX() methods.

The following code snippet shows how to employ the Connection.prepareCall() method to instantiate a
CallableStatement object based on the preceding stored procedure:

CallableStatement cstmt = null;


try {
String SQL = "{call getEmpName (?, ?)}";
cstmt = conn.prepareCall (SQL);
. . .
}
catch (SQLException e) {
. . .
}
finally {
. . .
}

The String variable SQL represents the stored procedure, with parameter placeholders.

Using CallableStatement objects is much like using PreparedStatement objects. You must bind values to all
parameters before executing the statement, or you will receive an SQLException.

If you have IN parameters, just follow the same rules and techniques that apply to a PreparedStatement object;
use the setXXX() method that corresponds to the Java data type you are binding.

When you use OUT and INOUT parameters you must employ an additional CallableStatement method,
registerOutParameter(). The registerOutParameter() method binds the JDBC data type to the data type the
stored procedure is expected to return.

Once you call your stored procedure, you retrieve the value from the OUT parameter with the appropriate
getXXX() method. This method casts the retrieved value of SQL type to a Java data type.
Closing CallableStatement Obeject:

Just as you close other Statement object, for the same reason you should also close the CallableStatement
object.

A simple call to the close() method will do the job. If you close the Connection object first it will close the
CallableStatement object as well. However, you should always explicitly close the CallableStatement object to
ensure proper cleanup.

CallableStatement cstmt = null;


try {
String SQL = "{call getEmpName (?, ?)}";
cstmt = conn.prepareCall (SQL);
. . .
}
catch (SQLException e) {
. . .
}
finally {
cstmt.close();
}

For a better understanding, I would suggest to study Callable - Example Code.

JDBC SQL escape syntax:


The escape syntax gives you the flexibility to use database specific features unavailable to you by using
standard JDBC methods and properties.

The general SQL escape syntax format is as follows:

{keyword 'parameters'}

Here are following escape sequences which you would find very useful while doing JDBC programming:

d, t, ts Keywords:

They help identify date, time, and timestamp literals. As you know, no two DBMSs represent time and date the
same way. This escape syntax tells the driver to render the date or time in the target database's format. For
Example:

{d 'yyyy-mm-dd'}

Where yyyy = year, mm = month; dd = date. Using this syntax {d '2009-09-03'} is March 9, 2009.

Here is a simple example showing how to INSERT date in a table:

//Create a Statement object


stmt = conn.createStatement();
//Insert data ==> ID, First Name, Last Name, DOB
String sql="INSERT INTO STUDENTS VALUES" +
"(100,'Zara','Ali', {d '2001-12-16'})";

stmt.executeUpdate(sql);

Similarly, you can use one of the following two syntaxes, either t or ts:

{t 'hh:mm:ss'}

Where hh = hour; mm = minute; ss = second. Using this syntax {t '13:30:29'} is 1:30:29 PM.

{ts 'yyyy-mm-dd hh:mm:ss'}

This is combined syntax of the above two syntax for 'd' and 't' to represent timestamp.

escape Keyword:

This keyword identifies the escape character used in LIKE clauses. Useful when using the SQL wildcard %,
which matches zero or more characters. For example:

String sql = "SELECT symbol FROM MathSymbols


WHERE symbol LIKE '\%' {escape '\'}";
stmt.execute(sql);

If you use the backslash character (\) as the escape character, you also have to use two backslash characters in
your Java String literal, because the backslash is also a Java escape character.

fn Keyword:

This keyword represents scalar functions used in a DBMS. For example, you can use SQL function length to ge
the length of a string:

{fn length('Hello World')}

This returns 11, the length of the character string 'Hello World'.

call Keyword:

This keywork is used to call stored procedures. For example, for a stored procedure requiring an IN parameter,
use following syntax:

{call my_procedure(?)};

For a stored procedure requiring an IN parameter and returning an OUT parameter, use following syntax:

{? = call my_procedure(?)};
oj Keyword:

This keyword is used to signify outer joins. The syntax is as follows:

{oj outer-join}

Where outer-join = table {LEFT|RIGHT|FULL} OUTERJOIN {table | outer-join} on search-condition. For


example:

String sql = "SELECT Employees


FROM {oj ThisTable RIGHT
OUTER JOIN ThatTable on id = '100'}";
stmt.execute(sql);

JDBC - Streaming Data


A PreparedStatement object has the ability to use input and output streams to supply parameter data. This
enables you to place entire files into database columns that can hold large values, such as CLOB and BLOB
data types.

There are following methods which can be used to stream data:

1. setAsciiStream(): This method is used to supply large ASCII values.


2. setCharacterStream(): This method is used to supply large UNICODE values.
3. setBinaryStream(): This method is used to supply large binary values.

The setXXXStream() method requires an extra parameter, the file size, besides the parameter placeholder. This
parameter informs the driver how much data should be sent to the database using the stream.

Example

Consider we want to upload an XML file XML_Data.xml into a database table. Here is the content of this XML
file:

<?xml version="1.0"?>
<Employee>
<id>100</id>
<first>Zara</first>
<last>Ali</last>
<Salary>10000</Salary>
<Dob>18-08-1978</Dob>
<Employee>

Keep this XML file in the same directory where you are going to run this example.

This example would create a database table XML_Data and then file XML_Data.xml would be uploaded into
this table.

Copy and past following example in JDBCExample.java, compile and run as follows:
// Import required packages
import java.sql.*;
import java.io.*;
import java.util.*;

public class JDBCExample {


// JDBC driver name and database URL
static final String JDBC_DRIVER = "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver";
static final String DB_URL = "jdbc:mysql://localhost/EMP";

// Database credentials
static final String USER = "username";
static final String PASS = "password";

public static void main(String[] args) {


Connection conn = null;
PreparedStatement pstmt = null;
Statement stmt = null;
ResultSet rs = null;
try{
// Register JDBC driver
Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");

// Open a connection
System.out.println("Connecting to database...");
conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL,USER,PASS);

//Create a Statement object and build table


stmt = conn.createStatement();
createXMLTable(stmt);

//Open a FileInputStream
File f = new File("XML_Data.xml");
long fileLength = f.length();
FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(f);

//Create PreparedStatement and stream data


String SQL = "INSERT INTO XML_Data VALUES (?,?)";
pstmt = conn.prepareStatement(SQL);
pstmt.setInt(1,100);
pstmt.setAsciiStream(2,fis,(int)fileLength);
pstmt.execute();

//Close input stream


fis.close();

// Do a query to get the row


SQL = "SELECT Data FROM XML_Data WHERE id=100";
rs = stmt.executeQuery (SQL);
// Get the first row
if (rs.next ()){
//Retrieve data from input stream
InputStream xmlInputStream = rs.getAsciiStream (1);
int c;
ByteArrayOutputStream bos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
while (( c = xmlInputStream.read ()) != -1)
bos.write(c);
//Print results
System.out.println(bos.toString());
}
// Clean-up environment
rs.close();
stmt.close();
pstmt.close();
conn.close();
}catch(SQLException se){
//Handle errors for JDBC
se.printStackTrace();
}catch(Exception e){
//Handle errors for Class.forName
e.printStackTrace();
}finally{
//finally block used to close resources
try{
if(stmt!=null)
stmt.close();
}catch(SQLException se2){
}// nothing we can do
try{
if(pstmt!=null)
pstmt.close();
}catch(SQLException se2){
}// nothing we can do
try{
if(conn!=null)
conn.close();
}catch(SQLException se){
se.printStackTrace();
}//end finally try
}//end try
System.out.println("Goodbye!");
}//end main

public static void createXMLTable(Statement stmt)


throws SQLException{
System.out.println("Creating XML_Data table..." );
//Create SQL Statement
String streamingDataSql = "CREATE TABLE XML_Data " +
"(id INTEGER, Data LONG)";
//Drop table first if it exists.
try{
stmt.executeUpdate("DROP TABLE XML_Data");
}catch(SQLException se){
}// do nothing
//Build table.
stmt.executeUpdate(streamingDataSql);
}//end createXMLTable
}//end JDBCExample

Now let us compile above example as follows:

C:\>javac JDBCExample.java
C:\>

When you run JDBCExample, it produces following result:

C:\>java JDBCExample
Connecting to database...
Creating XML_Data table...
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<Employee>
<id>100</id>
<first>Zara</first>
<last>Ali</last>
<Salary>10000</Salary>
<Dob>18-08-1978</Dob>
<Employee>
Goodbye!
C:\>

JDBC - Create Database Example


This tutorial provides an example on how to create a Database using JDBC application. Before executing
following example, make sure you have the following in place:

 You should have admin privilege to create a database in the given schema. To execute the following
example you need to replace username and password with your actual user name and password.
 Your MySQL or whatever database you are using is up and running.

Required Steps:
There are following steps required to create a new Database using JDBC application:

1. Import the packages . Requires that you include the packages containing the JDBC classes needed for
database programming. Most often, using import java.sql.* will suffice.
2. Register the JDBC driver . Requires that you initialize a driver so you can open a communications
channel with the database.
3. Open a connection . Requires using the DriverManager.getConnection() method to create a Connection
object, which represents a physical connection with datbase server.

To create a new database, you need not to give any database name while preparing database URL as
mentioned in the below example.

4. Execute a query . Requires using an object of type Statement for building and submitting an SQL
statement to the database.
5. Clean up the environment . Requires explicitly closing all database resources versus relying on the
JVM's garbage collection.

Sample Code:
Copy and past following example in JDBCExample.java, compile and run as follows:

//STEP 1. Import required packages


import java.sql.*;

public class JDBCExample {


// JDBC driver name and database URL
static final String JDBC_DRIVER = "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver";
static final String DB_URL = "jdbc:mysql://localhost/";

// Database credentials
static final String USER = "username";
static final String PASS = "password";

public static void main(String[] args) {


Connection conn = null;
Statement stmt = null;
try{
//STEP 2: Register JDBC driver
Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");

//STEP 3: Open a connection


System.out.println("Connecting to database...");
conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL, USER, PASS);

//STEP 4: Execute a query


System.out.println("Creating database...");
stmt = conn.createStatement();

String sql = "CREATE DATABASE STUDENTS";


stmt.executeUpdate(sql);
System.out.println("Database created successfully...");
}catch(SQLException se){
//Handle errors for JDBC
se.printStackTrace();
}catch(Exception e){
//Handle errors for Class.forName
e.printStackTrace();
}finally{
//finally block used to close resources
try{
if(stmt!=null)
stmt.close();
}catch(SQLException se2){
}// nothing we can do
try{
if(conn!=null)
conn.close();
}catch(SQLException se){
se.printStackTrace();
}//end finally try
}//end try
System.out.println("Goodbye!");
}//end main
}//end JDBCExample

Now let us compile above example as follows:

C:\>javac JDBCExample.java
C:\>

When you run JDBCExample, it produces following result:

C:\>java JDBCExample
Connecting to database...
Creating database...
Database created successfully...
Goodbye!
C:\>
JDBC - Select Database Example
This tutorial provides an example on how to select a Database using JDBC application. Before executing
following example, make sure you have the following in place:

 To execute the following example you need to replace username and password with your actual user
name and password.
 Your MySQL or whatever database you are using is up and running.

Required Steps:
There are following steps required to create a new Database using JDBC application:

1. Import the packages . Requires that you include the packages containing the JDBC classes needed for
database programming. Most often, using import java.sql.* will suffice.
2. Register the JDBC driver . Requires that you initialize a driver so you can open a communications
channel with the database.
3. Open a connection . Requires using the DriverManager.getConnection() method to create a Connection
object, which represents a physical connection with a selected database.

Selection of database is made while you prepare database URL. Following example would make
connection with STUDENTS database.

4. Clean up the environment . Requires explicitly closing all database resources versus relying on the
JVM's garbage collection.

Sample Code:
Copy and past following example in JDBCExample.java, compile and run as follows:

//STEP 1. Import required packages


import java.sql.*;

public class JDBCExample {


// JDBC driver name and database URL
static final String JDBC_DRIVER = "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver";
static final String DB_URL = "jdbc:mysql://localhost/STUDENTS";

// Database credentials
static final String USER = "username";
static final String PASS = "password";

public static void main(String[] args) {


Connection conn = null;
try{
//STEP 2: Register JDBC driver
Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");

//STEP 3: Open a connection


System.out.println("Connecting to a selected database...");
conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL, USER, PASS);
System.out.println("Connected database successfully...");
}catch(SQLException se){
//Handle errors for JDBC
se.printStackTrace();
}catch(Exception e){
//Handle errors for Class.forName
e.printStackTrace();
}finally{
//finally block used to close resources
try{
if(conn!=null)
conn.close();
}catch(SQLException se){
se.printStackTrace();
}//end finally try
}//end try
System.out.println("Goodbye!");
}//end main
}//end JDBCExample

Now let us compile above example as follows:

C:\>javac JDBCExample.java
C:\>

When you run JDBCExample, it produces following result:

C:\>java JDBCExample
Connecting to a selected database...
Connected database successfully...
Goodbye!
C:\>

JDBC - Drop Database Example


This tutorial provides an example on how to drop an existing Database using JDBC application. Before
executing following example, make sure you have the following in place:

 To execute the following example you need to replace username and password with your actual user
name and password.
 Your MySQL or whatever database you are using is up and running.

NOTE: This is a serious operation and you have to make a firm decision before proceeding to delete a database
because everything you have in your database would be lost.

Required Steps:
There are following steps required to create a new Database using JDBC application:

1. Import the packages: Requires that you include the packages containing the JDBC classes needed for
database programming. Most often, using import java.sql.* will suffice.
2. Register the JDBC driver: Requires that you initialize a driver so you can open a communications
channel with the database.
3. Open a connection: Requires using the DriverManager.getConnection() method to create a Connection
object, which represents a physical connection with a database server.

Deleting a database does not require database name to be in your database URL. Following example
would delete STUDENTS database.

4. Execute a query: Requires using an object of type Statement for building and submitting an SQL
statement to delete the database.
5. Clean up the environment . Requires explicitly closing all database resources versus relying on the
JVM's garbage collection.

Sample Code:
Copy and past following example in JDBCExample.java, compile and run as follows:

//STEP 1. Import required packages


import java.sql.*;

public class JDBCExample {


// JDBC driver name and database URL
static final String JDBC_DRIVER = "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver";
static final String DB_URL = "jdbc:mysql://localhost/";

// Database credentials
static final String USER = "username";
static final String PASS = "password";

public static void main(String[] args) {


Connection conn = null;
Statement stmt = null;
try{
//STEP 2: Register JDBC driver
Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");

//STEP 3: Open a connection


System.out.println("Connecting to a selected database...");
conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL, USER, PASS);
System.out.println("Connected database successfully...");

//STEP 4: Execute a query


System.out.println("Deleting database...");
stmt = conn.createStatement();

String sql = "DROP DATABASE STUDENTS";


stmt.executeUpdate(sql);
System.out.println("Database deleted successfully...");
}catch(SQLException se){
//Handle errors for JDBC
se.printStackTrace();
}catch(Exception e){
//Handle errors for Class.forName
e.printStackTrace();
}finally{
//finally block used to close resources
try{
if(stmt!=null)
conn.close();
}catch(SQLException se){
}// do nothing
try{
if(conn!=null)
conn.close();
}catch(SQLException se){
se.printStackTrace();
}//end finally try
}//end try
System.out.println("Goodbye!");
}//end main
}//end JDBCExample

Now let us compile above example as follows:

C:\>javac JDBCExample.java
C:\>

When you run JDBCExample, it produces following result:

C:\>java JDBCExample
Connecting to a selected database...
Connected database successfully...
Deleting database...
Database deleted successfully...
Goodbye!
C:\>

JDBC - Create Tables Example


This tutorial provides an example on how to create a table using JDBC application. Before executing following
example, make sure you have the following in place:

 To execute the following example you can replace username and password with your actual user name
and password.
 Your MySQL or whatever database you are using is up and running.

Required Steps:
There are following steps required to create a new Database using JDBC application:

1. Import the packages: Requires that you include the packages containing the JDBC classes needed for
database programming. Most often, using import java.sql.* will suffice.
2. Register the JDBC driver: Requires that you initialize a driver so you can open a communications
channel with the database.
3. Open a connection: Requires using the DriverManager.getConnection() method to create a Connection
object, which represents a physical connection with a database server.
4. Execute a query: Requires using an object of type Statement for building and submitting an SQL
statement to create a table in a seleted database.
5. Clean up the environment . Requires explicitly closing all database resources versus relying on the
JVM's garbage collection.
Sample Code:
Copy and past following example in JDBCExample.java, compile and run as follows:

//STEP 1. Import required packages


import java.sql.*;

public class JDBCExample {


// JDBC driver name and database URL
static final String JDBC_DRIVER = "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver";
static final String DB_URL = "jdbc:mysql://localhost/STUDENTS";

// Database credentials
static final String USER = "username";
static final String PASS = "password";

public static void main(String[] args) {


Connection conn = null;
Statement stmt = null;
try{
//STEP 2: Register JDBC driver
Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");

//STEP 3: Open a connection


System.out.println("Connecting to a selected database...");
conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL, USER, PASS);
System.out.println("Connected database successfully...");

//STEP 4: Execute a query


System.out.println("Creating table in given database...");
stmt = conn.createStatement();

String sql = "CREATE TABLE REGISTRATION " +


"(id INTEGER not NULL, " +
" first VARCHAR(255), " +
" last VARCHAR(255), " +
" age INTEGER, " +
" PRIMARY KEY ( id ))";

stmt.executeUpdate(sql);
System.out.println("Created table in given database...");
}catch(SQLException se){
//Handle errors for JDBC
se.printStackTrace();
}catch(Exception e){
//Handle errors for Class.forName
e.printStackTrace();
}finally{
//finally block used to close resources
try{
if(stmt!=null)
conn.close();
}catch(SQLException se){
}// do nothing
try{
if(conn!=null)
conn.close();
}catch(SQLException se){
se.printStackTrace();
}//end finally try
}//end try
System.out.println("Goodbye!");
}//end main
}//end JDBCExample

Now let us compile above example as follows:

C:\>javac JDBCExample.java
C:\>

When you run JDBCExample, it produces following result:

C:\>java JDBCExample
Connecting to a selected database...
Connected database successfully...
Creating table in given database...
Created table in given database...
Goodbye!
C:\>

JDBC - Drop Tables Example


This tutorial provides an example on how to delete a table using JDBC application. Before executing following
example, make sure you have the following in place:

 To execute the following example you can replace username and password with your actual user name
and password.
 Your MySQL or whatever database you are using is up and running.

NOTE: This is a serious operation and you have to make a firm decision before proceeding to delete a table
because everything you have in your table would be lost.

Required Steps:
There are following steps required to create a new Database using JDBC application:

1. Import the packages: Requires that you include the packages containing the JDBC classes needed for
database programming. Most often, using import java.sql.* will suffice.
2. Register the JDBC driver: Requires that you initialize a driver so you can open a communications
channel with the database.
3. Open a connection: Requires using the DriverManager.getConnection() method to create a Connection
object, which represents a physical connection with a database server.
4. Execute a query: Requires using an object of type Statement for building and submitting an SQL
statement to drop a table in a seleted database.
5. Clean up the environment . Requires explicitly closing all database resources versus relying on the
JVM's garbage collection.

Sample Code:
Copy and past following example in JDBCExample.java, compile and run as follows:

//STEP 1. Import required packages


import java.sql.*;

public class JDBCExample {


// JDBC driver name and database URL
static final String JDBC_DRIVER = "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver";
static final String DB_URL = "jdbc:mysql://localhost/STUDENTS";

// Database credentials
static final String USER = "username";
static final String PASS = "password";

public static void main(String[] args) {


Connection conn = null;
Statement stmt = null;
try{
//STEP 2: Register JDBC driver
Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");

//STEP 3: Open a connection


System.out.println("Connecting to a selected database...");
conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL, USER, PASS);
System.out.println("Connected database successfully...");

//STEP 4: Execute a query


System.out.println("Deleting table in given database...");
stmt = conn.createStatement();

String sql = "DROP TABLE REGISTRATION ";

stmt.executeUpdate(sql);
System.out.println("Table deleted in given database...");
}catch(SQLException se){
//Handle errors for JDBC
se.printStackTrace();
}catch(Exception e){
//Handle errors for Class.forName
e.printStackTrace();
}finally{
//finally block used to close resources
try{
if(stmt!=null)
conn.close();
}catch(SQLException se){
}// do nothing
try{
if(conn!=null)
conn.close();
}catch(SQLException se){
se.printStackTrace();
}//end finally try
}//end try
System.out.println("Goodbye!");
}//end main
}//end JDBCExample

Now let us compile above example as follows:


C:\>javac JDBCExample.java
C:\>

When you run JDBCExample, it produces following result:

C:\>java JDBCExample
Connecting to a selected database...
Connected database successfully...
Deleting table in given database...
Table deleted in given database...
Goodbye!
C:\>

JDBC - Insert Records Example


This tutorial provides an example on how to insert records in a table using JDBC application. Before executing
following example, make sure you have the following in place:

 To execute the following example you can replace username and password with your actual user name
and password.
 Your MySQL or whatever database you are using is up and running.

Required Steps:
There are following steps required to create a new Database using JDBC application:

1. Import the packages: Requires that you include the packages containing the JDBC classes needed for
database programming. Most often, using import java.sql.* will suffice.
2. Register the JDBC driver: Requires that you initialize a driver so you can open a communications
channel with the database.
3. Open a connection: Requires using the DriverManager.getConnection() method to create a Connection
object, which represents a physical connection with a database server.
4. Execute a query: Requires using an object of type Statement for building and submitting an SQL
statement to insert records into a table.
5. Clean up the environment: Requires explicitly closing all database resources versus relying on the
JVM's garbage collection.

Sample Code:
Copy and past following example in JDBCExample.java, compile and run as follows:

//STEP 1. Import required packages


import java.sql.*;

public class JDBCExample {


// JDBC driver name and database URL
static final String JDBC_DRIVER = "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver";
static final String DB_URL = "jdbc:mysql://localhost/STUDENTS";
// Database credentials
static final String USER = "username";
static final String PASS = "password";

public static void main(String[] args) {


Connection conn = null;
Statement stmt = null;
try{
//STEP 2: Register JDBC driver
Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");

//STEP 3: Open a connection


System.out.println("Connecting to a selected database...");
conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL, USER, PASS);
System.out.println("Connected database successfully...");

//STEP 4: Execute a query


System.out.println("Inserting records into the table...");
stmt = conn.createStatement();

String sql = "INSERT INTO Registration " +


"VALUES (100, 'Zara', 'Ali', 18)";
stmt.executeUpdate(sql);
sql = "INSERT INTO Registration " +
"VALUES (101, 'Mahnaz', 'Fatma', 25)";
stmt.executeUpdate(sql);
sql = "INSERT INTO Registration " +
"VALUES (102, 'Zaid', 'Khan', 30)";
stmt.executeUpdate(sql);
sql = "INSERT INTO Registration " +
"VALUES(103, 'Sumit', 'Mittal', 28)";
stmt.executeUpdate(sql);
System.out.println("Inserted records into the table...");

}catch(SQLException se){
//Handle errors for JDBC
se.printStackTrace();
}catch(Exception e){
//Handle errors for Class.forName
e.printStackTrace();
}finally{
//finally block used to close resources
try{
if(stmt!=null)
conn.close();
}catch(SQLException se){
}// do nothing
try{
if(conn!=null)
conn.close();
}catch(SQLException se){
se.printStackTrace();
}//end finally try
}//end try
System.out.println("Goodbye!");
}//end main
}//end JDBCExample

Now let us compile above example as follows:

C:\>javac JDBCExample.java
C:\>

When you run JDBCExample, it produces following result:

C:\>java JDBCExample
Connecting to a selected database...
Connected database successfully...
Inserting records into the table...
Inserted records into the table...
Goodbye!
C:\>

JDBC - Select Records Example


This tutorial provides an example on how to select/ fetch records from a table using JDBC application. Before
executing following example, make sure you have the following in place:

 To execute the following example you can replace username and password with your actual user name
and password.
 Your MySQL or whatever database you are using is up and running.

Required Steps:
There are following steps required to create a new Database using JDBC application:

1. Import the packages: Requires that you include the packages containing the JDBC classes needed for
database programming. Most often, using import java.sql.* will suffice.
2. Register the JDBC driver: Requires that you initialize a driver so you can open a communications
channel with the database.
3. Open a connection: Requires using the DriverManager.getConnection() method to create a Connection
object, which represents a physical connection with a database server.
4. Execute a query: Requires using an object of type Statement for building and submitting an SQL
statement to select (i.e. fetch ) records from a table.
5. Extract Data: Once SQL query is executed, you can fetch records from the table.
6. Clean up the environment: Requires explicitly closing all database resources versus relying on the
JVM's garbage collection.

Sample Code:
Copy and past following example in JDBCExample.java, compile and run as follows:

//STEP 1. Import required packages


import java.sql.*;

public class JDBCExample {


// JDBC driver name and database URL
static final String JDBC_DRIVER = "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver";
static final String DB_URL = "jdbc:mysql://localhost/STUDENTS";
// Database credentials
static final String USER = "username";
static final String PASS = "password";

public static void main(String[] args) {


Connection conn = null;
Statement stmt = null;
try{
//STEP 2: Register JDBC driver
Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");

//STEP 3: Open a connection


System.out.println("Connecting to a selected database...");
conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL, USER, PASS);
System.out.println("Connected database successfully...");

//STEP 4: Execute a query


System.out.println("Creating statement...");
stmt = conn.createStatement();

String sql = "SELECT id, first, last, age FROM Registration";


ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(sql);
//STEP 5: Extract data from result set
while(rs.next()){
//Retrieve by column name
int id = rs.getInt("id");
int age = rs.getInt("age");
String first = rs.getString("first");
String last = rs.getString("last");

//Display values
System.out.print("ID: " + id);
System.out.print(", Age: " + age);
System.out.print(", First: " + first);
System.out.println(", Last: " + last);
}
rs.close();
}catch(SQLException se){
//Handle errors for JDBC
se.printStackTrace();
}catch(Exception e){
//Handle errors for Class.forName
e.printStackTrace();
}finally{
//finally block used to close resources
try{
if(stmt!=null)
conn.close();
}catch(SQLException se){
}// do nothing
try{
if(conn!=null)
conn.close();
}catch(SQLException se){
se.printStackTrace();
}//end finally try
}//end try
System.out.println("Goodbye!");
}//end main
}//end JDBCExample

Now let us compile above example as follows:


C:\>javac JDBCExample.java
C:\>

When you run JDBCExample, it produces following result:

C:\>java JDBCExample
Connecting to a selected database...
Connected database successfully...
Creating statement...
ID: 100, Age: 18, First: Zara, Last: Ali
ID: 101, Age: 25, First: Mahnaz, Last: Fatma
ID: 102, Age: 30, First: Zaid, Last: Khan
ID: 103, Age: 28, First: Sumit, Last: Mittal
Goodbye!
C:\>

JDBC - Update Records Example


This tutorial provides an example on how to update records in a table using JDBC application. Before executing
following example, make sure you have the following in place:

 To execute the following example you can replace username and password with your actual user name
and password.
 Your MySQL or whatever database you are using is up and running.

Required Steps:
There are following steps required to create a new Database using JDBC application:

1. Import the packages: Requires that you include the packages containing the JDBC classes needed for
database programming. Most often, using import java.sql.* will suffice.
2. Register the JDBC driver: Requires that you initialize a driver so you can open a communications
channel with the database.
3. Open a connection: Requires using the DriverManager.getConnection() method to create a Connection
object, which represents a physical connection with a database server.
4. Execute a query: Requires using an object of type Statement for building and submitting an SQL
statement to update records in a table. This Query makes use of IN and WHERE clause to update
conditional records.
5. Clean up the environment: Requires explicitly closing all database resources versus relying on the
JVM's garbage collection.

Sample Code:
Copy and past following example in JDBCExample.java, compile and run as follows:

//STEP 1. Import required packages


import java.sql.*;

public class JDBCExample {


// JDBC driver name and database URL
static final String JDBC_DRIVER = "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver";
static final String DB_URL = "jdbc:mysql://localhost/STUDENTS";

// Database credentials
static final String USER = "username";
static final String PASS = "password";

public static void main(String[] args) {


Connection conn = null;
Statement stmt = null;
try{
//STEP 2: Register JDBC driver
Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");

//STEP 3: Open a connection


System.out.println("Connecting to a selected database...");
conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL, USER, PASS);
System.out.println("Connected database successfully...");

//STEP 4: Execute a query


System.out.println("Creating statement...");
stmt = conn.createStatement();
String sql = "UPDATE Registration " +
"SET age = 30 WHERE id in (100, 101)";
stmt.executeUpdate(sql);

// Now you can extract all the records


// to see the updated records
sql = "SELECT id, first, last, age FROM Registration";
ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(sql);

while(rs.next()){
//Retrieve by column name
int id = rs.getInt("id");
int age = rs.getInt("age");
String first = rs.getString("first");
String last = rs.getString("last");

//Display values
System.out.print("ID: " + id);
System.out.print(", Age: " + age);
System.out.print(", First: " + first);
System.out.println(", Last: " + last);
}
rs.close();
}catch(SQLException se){
//Handle errors for JDBC
se.printStackTrace();
}catch(Exception e){
//Handle errors for Class.forName
e.printStackTrace();
}finally{
//finally block used to close resources
try{
if(stmt!=null)
conn.close();
}catch(SQLException se){
}// do nothing
try{
if(conn!=null)
conn.close();
}catch(SQLException se){
se.printStackTrace();
}//end finally try
}//end try
System.out.println("Goodbye!");
}//end main
}//end JDBCExample

Now let us compile above example as follows:

C:\>javac JDBCExample.java
C:\>

When you run JDBCExample, it produces following result:

C:\>java JDBCExample
Connecting to a selected database...
Connected database successfully...
Creating statement...
ID: 100, Age: 30, First: Zara, Last: Ali
ID: 101, Age: 30, First: Mahnaz, Last: Fatma
ID: 102, Age: 30, First: Zaid, Last: Khan
ID: 103, Age: 28, First: Sumit, Last: Mittal
Goodbye!
C:\>

JDBC - Delete Records Example


This tutorial provides an example on how to delete records from a table using JDBC application. Before
executing following example, make sure you have the following in place:

 To execute the following example you can replace username and password with your actual user name
and password.
 Your MySQL or whatever database you are using is up and running.

Required Steps:
There are following steps required to create a new Database using JDBC application:

1. Import the packages: Requires that you include the packages containing the JDBC classes needed for
database programming. Most often, using import java.sql.* will suffice.
2. Register the JDBC driver: Requires that you initialize a driver so you can open a communications
channel with the database.
3. Open a connection: Requires using the DriverManager.getConnection() method to create a Connection
object, which represents a physical connection with a database server.
4. Execute a query: Requires using an object of type Statement for building and submitting an SQL
statement to delete records from a table. This Query makes use of WHERE clause to delete conditional
records.
5. Clean up the environment: Requires explicitly closing all database resources versus relying on the
JVM's garbage collection.
Sample Code:
Copy and past following example in JDBCExample.java, compile and run as follows:

//STEP 1. Import required packages


import java.sql.*;

public class JDBCExample {


// JDBC driver name and database URL
static final String JDBC_DRIVER = "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver";
static final String DB_URL = "jdbc:mysql://localhost/STUDENTS";

// Database credentials
static final String USER = "username";
static final String PASS = "password";

public static void main(String[] args) {


Connection conn = null;
Statement stmt = null;
try{
//STEP 2: Register JDBC driver
Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");

//STEP 3: Open a connection


System.out.println("Connecting to a selected database...");
conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL, USER, PASS);
System.out.println("Connected database successfully...");

//STEP 4: Execute a query


System.out.println("Creating statement...");
stmt = conn.createStatement();
String sql = "DELETE FROM Registration " +
"WHERE id = 101";
stmt.executeUpdate(sql);

// Now you can extract all the records


// to see the remaining records
sql = "SELECT id, first, last, age FROM Registration";
ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(sql);

while(rs.next()){
//Retrieve by column name
int id = rs.getInt("id");
int age = rs.getInt("age");
String first = rs.getString("first");
String last = rs.getString("last");

//Display values
System.out.print("ID: " + id);
System.out.print(", Age: " + age);
System.out.print(", First: " + first);
System.out.println(", Last: " + last);
}
rs.close();
}catch(SQLException se){
//Handle errors for JDBC
se.printStackTrace();
}catch(Exception e){
//Handle errors for Class.forName
e.printStackTrace();
}finally{
//finally block used to close resources
try{
if(stmt!=null)
conn.close();
}catch(SQLException se){
}// do nothing
try{
if(conn!=null)
conn.close();
}catch(SQLException se){
se.printStackTrace();
}//end finally try
}//end try
System.out.println("Goodbye!");
}//end main
}//end JDBCExample

Now let us compile above example as follows:

C:\>javac JDBCExample.java
C:\>

When you run JDBCExample, it produces following result:

C:\>java JDBCExample
Connecting to a selected database...
Connected database successfully...
Creating statement...
ID: 100, Age: 30, First: Zara, Last: Ali
ID: 102, Age: 30, First: Zaid, Last: Khan
ID: 103, Age: 28, First: Sumit, Last: Mittal
Goodbye!
C:\>

JDBC - WHERE Clause Example


This tutorial provides an example on how to select records from a table using JDBC application. This would
add additional conditions using WHERE clause while selecting records from the table. Before executing
following example, make sure you have the following in place:

 To execute the following example you can replace username and password with your actual user name
and password.
 Your MySQL or whatever database you are using is up and running.

Required Steps:
There are following steps required to create a new Database using JDBC application:

1. Import the packages: Requires that you include the packages containing the JDBC classes needed for
database programming. Most often, using import java.sql.* will suffice.
2. Register the JDBC driver: Requires that you initialize a driver so you can open a communications
channel with the database.
3. Open a connection: Requires using the DriverManager.getConnection() method to create a Connection
object, which represents a physical connection with a database server.
4. Execute a query: Requires using an object of type Statement for building and submitting an SQL
statement to fetch records from a table which meet given condition. This Query makes use of WHERE
clause to select records.
5. Clean up the environment: Requires explicitly closing all database resources versus relying on the
JVM's garbage collection.

Sample Code:
Copy and past following example in JDBCExample.java, compile and run as follows:

//STEP 1. Import required packages


import java.sql.*;

public class JDBCExample {


// JDBC driver name and database URL
static final String JDBC_DRIVER = "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver";
static final String DB_URL = "jdbc:mysql://localhost/STUDENTS";

// Database credentials
static final String USER = "username";
static final String PASS = "password";

public static void main(String[] args) {


Connection conn = null;
Statement stmt = null;
try{
//STEP 2: Register JDBC driver
Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");

//STEP 3: Open a connection


System.out.println("Connecting to a selected database...");
conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL, USER, PASS);
System.out.println("Connected database successfully...");

//STEP 4: Execute a query


System.out.println("Creating statement...");
stmt = conn.createStatement();

// Extract records without any condition.


System.out.println("Fetching records without condition...");
String sql = "SELECT id, first, last, age FROM Registration";
ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(sql);

while(rs.next()){
//Retrieve by column name
int id = rs.getInt("id");
int age = rs.getInt("age");
String first = rs.getString("first");
String last = rs.getString("last");

//Display values
System.out.print("ID: " + id);
System.out.print(", Age: " + age);
System.out.print(", First: " + first);
System.out.println(", Last: " + last);
}

// Select all records having ID equal or greater than 101


System.out.println("Fetching records with condition...");
sql = "SELECT id, first, last, age FROM Registration" +
" WHERE id >= 101 ";
rs = stmt.executeQuery(sql);

while(rs.next()){
//Retrieve by column name
int id = rs.getInt("id");
int age = rs.getInt("age");
String first = rs.getString("first");
String last = rs.getString("last");

//Display values
System.out.print("ID: " + id);
System.out.print(", Age: " + age);
System.out.print(", First: " + first);
System.out.println(", Last: " + last);
}
rs.close();
}catch(SQLException se){
//Handle errors for JDBC
se.printStackTrace();
}catch(Exception e){
//Handle errors for Class.forName
e.printStackTrace();
}finally{
//finally block used to close resources
try{
if(stmt!=null)
conn.close();
}catch(SQLException se){
}// do nothing
try{
if(conn!=null)
conn.close();
}catch(SQLException se){
se.printStackTrace();
}//end finally try
}//end try
System.out.println("Goodbye!");
}//end main
}//end JDBCExample

Now let us compile above example as follows:

C:\>javac JDBCExample.java
C:\>

When you run JDBCExample, it produces following result:

C:\>java JDBCExample
Connecting to a selected database...
Connected database successfully...
Creating statement...
Fetching records without condition...
ID: 100, Age: 30, First: Zara, Last: Ali
ID: 102, Age: 30, First: Zaid, Last: Khan
ID: 103, Age: 28, First: Sumit, Last: Mittal
Fetching records with condition...
ID: 102, Age: 30, First: Zaid, Last: Khan
ID: 103, Age: 28, First: Sumit, Last: Mittal
Goodbye!
C:\>

JDBC - LIKE Clause Example


This tutorial provides an example on how to select records from a table using JDBC application. This would
add additional conditions using LIKE clause while selecting records from the table. Before executing following
example, make sure you have the following in place:

 To execute the following example you can replace username and password with your actual user name
and password.
 Your MySQL or whatever database you are using is up and running.

Required Steps:
There are following steps required to create a new Database using JDBC application:

1. Import the packages: Requires that you include the packages containing the JDBC classes needed for
database programming. Most often, using import java.sql.* will suffice.
2. Register the JDBC driver: Requires that you initialize a driver so you can open a communications
channel with the database.
3. Open a connection: Requires using the DriverManager.getConnection() method to create a Connection
object, which represents a physical connection with a database server.
4. Execute a query: Requires using an object of type Statement for building and submitting an SQL
statement to fetch records from a table which meet given condition. This Query makes use of LIKE
clause to select records to select all the students whose first name starts with "za".
5. Clean up the environment: Requires explicitly closing all database resources versus relying on the
JVM's garbage collection.

Sample Code:
Copy and past following example in JDBCExample.java, compile and run as follows:

//STEP 1. Import required packages


import java.sql.*;

public class JDBCExample {


// JDBC driver name and database URL
static final String JDBC_DRIVER = "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver";
static final String DB_URL = "jdbc:mysql://localhost/STUDENTS";

// Database credentials
static final String USER = "username";
static final String PASS = "password";
public static void main(String[] args) {
Connection conn = null;
Statement stmt = null;
try{
//STEP 2: Register JDBC driver
Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");

//STEP 3: Open a connection


System.out.println("Connecting to a selected database...");
conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL, USER, PASS);
System.out.println("Connected database successfully...");

//STEP 4: Execute a query


System.out.println("Creating statement...");
stmt = conn.createStatement();

// Extract records without any condition.


System.out.println("Fetching records without condition...");
String sql = "SELECT id, first, last, age FROM Registration";
ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(sql);

while(rs.next()){
//Retrieve by column name
int id = rs.getInt("id");
int age = rs.getInt("age");
String first = rs.getString("first");
String last = rs.getString("last");

//Display values
System.out.print("ID: " + id);
System.out.print(", Age: " + age);
System.out.print(", First: " + first);
System.out.println(", Last: " + last);
}

// Select all records having ID equal or greater than 101


System.out.println("Fetching records with condition...");
sql = "SELECT id, first, last, age FROM Registration" +
" WHERE first LIKE '%za%' ";
rs = stmt.executeQuery(sql);

while(rs.next()){
//Retrieve by column name
int id = rs.getInt("id");
int age = rs.getInt("age");
String first = rs.getString("first");
String last = rs.getString("last");

//Display values
System.out.print("ID: " + id);
System.out.print(", Age: " + age);
System.out.print(", First: " + first);
System.out.println(", Last: " + last);
}
rs.close();
}catch(SQLException se){
//Handle errors for JDBC
se.printStackTrace();
}catch(Exception e){
//Handle errors for Class.forName
e.printStackTrace();
}finally{
//finally block used to close resources
try{
if(stmt!=null)
conn.close();
}catch(SQLException se){
}// do nothing
try{
if(conn!=null)
conn.close();
}catch(SQLException se){
se.printStackTrace();
}//end finally try
}//end try
System.out.println("Goodbye!");
}//end main
}//end JDBCExample

Now let us compile above example as follows:

C:\>javac JDBCExample.java
C:\>

When you run JDBCExample, it produces following result:

C:\>java JDBCExample
Connecting to a selected database...
Connected database successfully...
Creating statement...
Fetching records without condition...
ID: 100, Age: 30, First: Zara, Last: Ali
ID: 102, Age: 30, First: Zaid, Last: Khan
ID: 103, Age: 28, First: Sumit, Last: Mittal
Fetching records with condition...
ID: 100, Age: 30, First: Zara, Last: Ali
ID: 102, Age: 30, First: Zaid, Last: Khan
Goodbye!
C:\>

JDBC - Sorting Data Example


This tutorial provides an example on how to sort records from a table using JDBC application. This would use
asc and desc keywords to sort records in ascending or descending order. Before executing following example,
make sure you have the following in place:

 To execute the following example you can replace username and password with your actual user name
and password.
 Your MySQL or whatever database you are using is up and running.

Required Steps:
There are following steps required to create a new Database using JDBC application:
1. Import the packages: Requires that you include the packages containing the JDBC classes needed for
database programming. Most often, using import java.sql.* will suffice.
2. Register the JDBC driver: Requires that you initialize a driver so you can open a communications
channel with the database.
3. Open a connection: Requires using the DriverManager.getConnection() method to create a Connection
object, which represents a physical connection with a database server.
4. Execute a query: Requires using an object of type Statement for building and submitting an SQL
statement to sort records from a table. Thses Queries make use of asc and desc clauses to sort data in
ascending and descening orders.
5. Clean up the environment: Requires explicitly closing all database resources versus relying on the
JVM's garbage collection.

Sample Code:
Copy and past following example in JDBCExample.java, compile and run as follows:

//STEP 1. Import required packages


import java.sql.*;

public class JDBCExample {


// JDBC driver name and database URL
static final String JDBC_DRIVER = "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver";
static final String DB_URL = "jdbc:mysql://localhost/STUDENTS";

// Database credentials
static final String USER = "username";
static final String PASS = "password";

public static void main(String[] args) {


Connection conn = null;
Statement stmt = null;
try{
//STEP 2: Register JDBC driver
Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");

//STEP 3: Open a connection


System.out.println("Connecting to a selected database...");
conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL, USER, PASS);
System.out.println("Connected database successfully...");

//STEP 4: Execute a query


System.out.println("Creating statement...");
stmt = conn.createStatement();

// Extract records in ascending order by first name.


System.out.println("Fetching records in ascending order...");
String sql = "SELECT id, first, last, age FROM Registration" +
" ORDER BY first ASC";
ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(sql);

while(rs.next()){
//Retrieve by column name
int id = rs.getInt("id");
int age = rs.getInt("age");
String first = rs.getString("first");
String last = rs.getString("last");
//Display values
System.out.print("ID: " + id);
System.out.print(", Age: " + age);
System.out.print(", First: " + first);
System.out.println(", Last: " + last);
}

// Extract records in descending order by first name.


System.out.println("Fetching records in descending order...");
sql = "SELECT id, first, last, age FROM Registration" +
" ORDER BY first DESC";
rs = stmt.executeQuery(sql);

while(rs.next()){
//Retrieve by column name
int id = rs.getInt("id");
int age = rs.getInt("age");
String first = rs.getString("first");
String last = rs.getString("last");

//Display values
System.out.print("ID: " + id);
System.out.print(", Age: " + age);
System.out.print(", First: " + first);
System.out.println(", Last: " + last);
}
rs.close();
}catch(SQLException se){
//Handle errors for JDBC
se.printStackTrace();
}catch(Exception e){
//Handle errors for Class.forName
e.printStackTrace();
}finally{
//finally block used to close resources
try{
if(stmt!=null)
conn.close();
}catch(SQLException se){
}// do nothing
try{
if(conn!=null)
conn.close();
}catch(SQLException se){
se.printStackTrace();
}//end finally try
}//end try
System.out.println("Goodbye!");
}//end main
}//end JDBCExample

Now let us compile above example as follows:

C:\>javac JDBCExample.java
C:\>

When you run JDBCExample, it produces following result:

C:\>java JDBCExample
Connecting to a selected database...
Connected database successfully...
Creating statement...
Fetching records in ascending order...
ID: 103, Age: 28, First: Sumit, Last: Mittal
ID: 102, Age: 30, First: Zaid, Last: Khan
ID: 100, Age: 30, First: Zara, Last: Ali
Fetching records in descending order...
ID: 100, Age: 30, First: Zara, Last: Ali
ID: 102, Age: 30, First: Zaid, Last: Khan
ID: 103, Age: 28, First: Sumit, Last: Mittal
Goodbye!
C:\>

JDBC - Quick Guide


What is JDBC?
JDBC stands for Java Database Connectivity, which is a standard Java API for database-independent
connectivity between the Java programming language and a wide range of databases.

The JDBC library includes APIs for each of the tasks commonly associated with database usage:

 Making a connection to a database


 Creating SQL or MySQL statements
 Executing that SQL or MySQL queries in the database
 Viewing & Modifying the resulting records

Pre-Requisite:
You need to have good understanding on the following two subjects to learn JDBC:

1. Core JAVA Programming


2. SQL or MySQL Database

JDBC - Environment Setup:


Make sure you have done following setup:

1. Core JAVA Installation


2. SQL or MySQL Database Installation

Apart from the above you need to setup a database which you would use for your project. Assuming this is
EMP and you have created on table Employees within the same database.

Creating JDBC Application:


There are six steps involved in building a JDBC application which I'm going to brief in this tutorial:
Import the packages:

This requires that you include the packages containing the JDBC classes needed for database programming.
Most often, using import java.sql.* will suffice as follows:

//STEP 1. Import required packages


import java.sql.*;

Register the JDBC driver:

This requires that you initialize a driver so you can open a communications channel with the database.
Following is the code snippet to achieve this:

//STEP 2: Register JDBC driver


Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");

Open a connection:

This requires using the DriverManager.getConnection() method to create a Connection object, which represents
a physical connection with the database as follows:

//STEP 3: Open a connection


// Database credentials
static final String USER = "username";
static final String PASS = "password";
System.out.println("Connecting to database...");
conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL,USER,PASS);

Execute a query:

This requires using an object of type Statement or PreparedStatement for building and submitting an SQL
statement to the database as follows:

//STEP 4: Execute a query


System.out.println("Creating statement...");
stmt = conn.createStatement();
String sql;
sql = "SELECT id, first, last, age FROM Employees";
ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(sql);

If there is an SQL UPDATE,INSERT or DELETE statement required, then following code snippet would be
required:

//STEP 4: Execute a query


System.out.println("Creating statement...");
stmt = conn.createStatement();
String sql;
sql = "DELETE FROM Employees";
ResultSet rs = stmt.executeUpdate(sql);
Extract data from result set:

This step is required in case you are fetching data from the database. You can use the appropriate
ResultSet.getXXX() method to retrieve the data from the result set as follows:

//STEP 5: Extract data from result set


while(rs.next()){
//Retrieve by column name
int id = rs.getInt("id");
int age = rs.getInt("age");
String first = rs.getString("first");
String last = rs.getString("last");

//Display values
System.out.print("ID: " + id);
System.out.print(", Age: " + age);
System.out.print(", First: " + first);
System.out.println(", Last: " + last);
}

Clean up the environment:

You should explicitly close all database resources versus relying on the JVM's garbage collection as follows:

//STEP 6: Clean-up environment


rs.close();
stmt.close();
conn.close();

First JDBC Program:


Based on the above steps, we can have following consolidated sample code which we can use as a template
while writing our JDBC code:

This sample code has been written based on the environment and database setup done in Environment chapter.

//STEP 1. Import required packages


import java.sql.*;

public class FirstExample {


// JDBC driver name and database URL
static final String JDBC_DRIVER = "com.mysql.jdbc.Driver";
static final String DB_URL = "jdbc:mysql://localhost/EMP";

// Database credentials
static final String USER = "username";
static final String PASS = "password";

public static void main(String[] args) {


Connection conn = null;
Statement stmt = null;
try{
//STEP 2: Register JDBC driver
Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
//STEP 3: Open a connection
System.out.println("Connecting to database...");
conn = DriverManager.getConnection(DB_URL,USER,PASS);

//STEP 4: Execute a query


System.out.println("Creating statement...");
stmt = conn.createStatement();
String sql;
sql = "SELECT id, first, last, age FROM Employees";
ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery(sql);

//STEP 5: Extract data from result set


while(rs.next()){
//Retrieve by column name
int id = rs.getInt("id");
int age = rs.getInt("age");
String first = rs.getString("first");
String last = rs.getString("last");

//Display values
System.out.print("ID: " + id);
System.out.print(", Age: " + age);
System.out.print(", First: " + first);
System.out.println(", Last: " + last);
}
//STEP 6: Clean-up environment
rs.close();
stmt.close();
conn.close();
}catch(SQLException se){
//Handle errors for JDBC
se.printStackTrace();
}catch(Exception e){
//Handle errors for Class.forName
e.printStackTrace();
}finally{
//finally block used to close resources
try{
if(stmt!=null)
stmt.close();
}catch(SQLException se2){
}// nothing we can do
try{
if(conn!=null)
conn.close();
}catch(SQLException se){
se.printStackTrace();
}//end finally try
}//end try
System.out.println("Goodbye!");
}//end main
}//end FirstExample

Now let us compile above example as follows:

C:\>javac FirstExample.java
C:\>

When you run FirstExample, it produces following result:


C:\>java FirstExample
Connecting to database...
Creating statement...
ID: 100, Age: 18, First: Zara, Last: Ali
ID: 101, Age: 25, First: Mahnaz, Last: Fatma
ID: 102, Age: 30, First: Zaid, Last: Khan
ID: 103, Age: 28, First: Sumit, Last: Mittal
C:\>

SQLException Methods:
A SQLException can occur both in the driver and the database. When such an exception occurs, an object of
type SQLException will be passed to the catch clause.

The passed SQLException object has the following methods available for retrieving additional information
about the exception:

Method Description

getErrorCode( ) Gets the error number associated with the exception.

Gets the JDBC driver's error message for an error handled by the
getMessage( ) driver or gets the Oracle error number and message for a database
error.

Gets the XOPEN SQLstate string. For a JDBC driver error, no useful
information is returned from this method. For a database error, the
getSQLState( )
five-digit XOPEN SQLstate code is returned. This method can return
null.

getNextException( ) Gets the next Exception object in the exception chain.

Prints the current exception, or throwable, and its backtrace to a


printStackTrace( )
standard error stream.

Prints this throwable and its backtrace to the print stream you
printStackTrace(PrintStream s)
specify.

Prints this throwable and its backtrace to the print writer you
printStackTrace(PrintWriter w)
specify.

By utilizing the information available from the Exception object, you can catch an exception and continue your
program appropriately. Here is the general form of a try block:

try {
// Your risky code goes between these curly braces!!!
}
catch(Exception ex) {
// Your exception handling code goes between these
// curly braces, similar to the exception clause
// in a PL/SQL block.
}
finally {
// Your must-always-be-executed code goes between these
// curly braces. Like closing database connection.
}

JDBC - Data Types:


The following table summarizes the default JDBC data type that the Java data type is converted to when you
call the setXXX() method of the PreparedStatement or CallableStatement object or the ResultSet.updateXXX()
method.

SQL JDBC/Java setXXX updateXXX

VARCHAR java.lang.String setString updateString

CHAR java.lang.String setString updateString

LONGVARCHAR java.lang.String setString updateString

BIT boolean setBoolean updateBoolean

NUMERIC java.math.BigDecimal setBigDecimal updateBigDecimal

TINYINT byte setByte updateByte

SMALLINT short setShort updateShort

INTEGER int setInt updateInt

BIGINT long setLong updateLong

REAL float setFloat updateFloat

FLOAT float setFloat updateFloat

DOUBLE double setDouble updateDouble


VARBINARY byte[ ] setBytes updateBytes

BINARY byte[ ] setBytes updateBytes

DATE java.sql.Date setDate updateDate

TIME java.sql.Time setTime updateTime

TIMESTAMP java.sql.Timestamp setTimestamp updateTimestamp

CLOB java.sql.Clob setClob updateClob

BLOB java.sql.Blob setBlob updateBlob

ARRAY java.sql.Array setARRAY updateARRAY

REF java.sql.Ref SetRef updateRef

STRUCT java.sql.Struct SetStruct updateStruct

JDBC 3.0 has enhanced support for BLOB, CLOB, ARRAY, and REF data types. The ResultSet object now has
updateBLOB(), updateCLOB(), updateArray(), and updateRef() methods that enable you to directly manipulate
the respective data on the server.

The setXXX() and updateXXX() methods enable you to convert specific Java types to specific JDBC data
types. The methods, setObject() and updateObject(), enable you to map almost any Java type to a JDBC data
type.

ResultSet object provides corresponding getXXX() method for each data type to retrieve column value. Each
method can be used with column name or by its ordinal position.

SQL JDBC/Java setXXX getXXX

VARCHAR java.lang.String setString getString

CHAR java.lang.String setString getString

LONGVARCHAR java.lang.String setString getString

BIT boolean setBoolean getBoolean


NUMERIC java.math.BigDecimal setBigDecimal getBigDecimal

TINYINT byte setByte getByte

SMALLINT short setShort getShort

INTEGER int setInt getInt

BIGINT long setLong getLong

REAL float setFloat getFloat

FLOAT float setFloat getFloat

DOUBLE double setDouble getDouble

VARBINARY byte[ ] setBytes getBytes

BINARY byte[ ] setBytes getBytes

DATE java.sql.Date setDate getDate

TIME java.sql.Time setTime getTime

TIMESTAMP java.sql.Timestamp setTimestamp getTimestamp

CLOB java.sql.Clob setClob getClob

BLOB java.sql.Blob setBlob getBlob

ARRAY java.sql.Array setARRAY getARRAY

REF java.sql.Ref SetRef getRef

STRUCT java.sql.Struct SetStruct getStruct

JDBC - Batch Processing:


Batch Processing allows you to group related SQL statements into a batch and submit them with one call to the
database.
When you send several SQL statements to the database at once, you reduce the amount of communication
overhead, thereby improving performance.

 JDBC drivers are not required to support this feature. You should use the
DatabaseMetaData.supportsBatchUpdates() method to determine if the target database supports batch
update processing. The method returns true if your JDBC driver supports this feature.
 The addBatch() method of Statement, PreparedStatement, and CallableStatement is used to add
individual statements to the batch. The executeBatch() is used to start the execution of all the statements
grouped together.
 The executeBatch() returns an array of integers, and each element of the array represents the update
count for the respective update statement.
 Just as you can add statements to a batch for processing, you can remove them with the clearBatch()
method. This method removes all the statements you added with the addBatch() method. However, you
cannot selectively choose which statement to remove.

JDBC - Streaming Data:


A PreparedStatement object has the ability to use input and output streams to supply parameter data. This
enables you to place entire files into database columns that can hold large values, such as CLOB and BLOB
data types.

There are following methods which can be used to stream data:

1. setAsciiStream(): This method is used to supply large ASCII values.


2. setCharacterStream(): This method is used to supply large UNICODE values.
3. setBinaryStream(): This method is used to supply large binary values.

The setXXXStream() method requires an extra parameter, the file size, besides the parameter placeholder. This
parameter informs the driver how much data should be sent to the database using the stream.

For a detail on all these concept, you need to go through the complete tutorial.

Who is Who in Computer?


 Sabeer Bhatia borned in Chandigarh, India and co-founded first free email service site Hotmail.com with
Jack Smith.
 Tim Berners-Lee is the inventor of the World Wide Web and Director of the World Wide Web
Consortium (W3C).
 Larry Page is co-founder of the Google internet search engine, now Google Inc.
 Sergey Brin is co-founder of the Google internet search engine, now Google Inc. He co-founded google
with Larry Page.
 Charles Babbage is known as the father of computer.
 Larry Wall is the inventor of Perl, rn,patch, and many other wonderful things. He is the language
designer for Perl 6, and has staked out the perl5 to perl6 translator as his own project.
 Rasmus Lerdorf is father of PHP.Here is Rasmus pictured in the ship's exotic Greek ballroom at the
conclusion of an hour's question and answer session.
 James Gosling is a famous software developer, best known as the father of the Java programming
language.
 Dennis Ritchie is an American computer scientist notable for his influence on ALTRAN, B, BCPL, C,
Multics, and Unix.
 Bjarne Stroustrup designed and implemented the C++ programming language. He is the College of
Engineering Professor in Computer Science at Texas A&M University.
 Bill Gates founded Micorsoft with Paul Allen
 Michael Dell Michael Saul Dell (born February 23, 1965, in Houston, Texas) is an American
businessman and the founder and CEO of Dell, Inc.

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