DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

MODULE 2

I. TOPICS/SUBJECT MATTER
3. Application of 1st Order Differential Equation
3.1. Decomposition/Growth
3.2. Newton’s law of cooling
3.3. Mixing (Non-reacting fluids)
3.4. Electric Circuits

II. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

1. Solve applied problems involving first order differential equations.

III. LESSON PRESENTATION

LESSON 11
APPLICATION OF 1ST ORDER DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

3.1. DECOMPOSITION/GROWTH

POPULATION GROWTH
The rate of population growth is proportional to the present population P.
dP
= kP
dt

P = PO ekt ------------------------------------- 3.1-A

Where 𝑃𝑂 is the population at time 𝑡 = 0, 𝑘 is constant.

EXPONENTIAL GROWTH AND DECAY

dQ
= kQ
dt

Q = Q O ekt ------------------------------------- 3.1-B

EXAMPLE 3.1-1
Radium decomposes at a rate proportional to the amount present. In 100 years, 100
mg of radium decompose to 96 mg. how many mg will be left after another 100 years?
What is the half-life (the time required to decompose half the initial amount) of
radium?

SOLUTION:
a) Use Equation 3.1-B, that is,

Q = Q O ekt

Where Q is the amount of radium at any time, t (mg)

1 Differential Equation
 b) When t = 0, Q = 100 mg and Q O = 100
c) When t = 100 years, Q = 96 mg
96 = Q O ek(100)
Since Q O = 100, then k = −4.08𝑥 10−4
−4
And Q = 100𝑒 −4.08𝑥10 𝑡

d) When t = 200 years

−4
Q = 100𝑒 −4.08𝑥10 (200)
Q = 91.2 mg

e) To get the “half-life” of radium, use Q = 50 mg

−4
50 = 100𝑒 −4.08𝑥10 (𝑡)
𝐭 = 𝟏𝟕𝟎𝟎 𝐲𝐞𝐚𝐫𝐬 (𝐚𝐩𝐩𝐫𝐨𝐱. )

SELF-CHECKED ACTIVITY 3.1

A tank contains 400 liters of brine holding 100 kg of salt in solution, water containing
125 g of salt per liter flows into the tank at the rate of 12 liters per minute, and the
mixture, kept uniform by stirring, flows out at the same rate. Find the amount of salt
at the end of 90 minutes. Answer: 53.36 kg

ACTIVITY 1
Direction: solve and analyze each of the following problem in neat and orderly manner.
Do this in your indicated format.

1. The population of a certain community follows the law of exponential change. If

the present population of the community is 144,000 and ten (10) years ago was
100,000 when will the population double? In ten (10) years what will be the
population of the community?

2. The population of a country doubles in 50 years. How many years will be 5

times as much? Assume that the rate of increase is proportional to the number
of habitants.

3. Radium decomposes at a rate proportional to the amount present. If half of the

original amounts disappears after 1000 years, what is the percentage loss in
100 years.

4. Under a certain condition, cane sugar in water is converted into dextrose at a

rate proportional to the amount that is unconverted at any time. If 75 kg at 𝑡 =
0, 8 𝑘𝑔 are converted during the first 30 minutes, find the amount converted in 2
hours.

5. A certain radioactive material follows the law of exponential change and has a
half-life of 38 hours. Find how long it takes for 90% of the radioactivity to be
dissipated.

2 Differential Equation
3.2. NEWTON’S LAW OF COOLING

The surface temperature of a cooling body changes at the rate proportional to the
difference between the surface and ambient temperatures.

dT𝑏
= k(𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇𝑚 )
dt

Where: 𝑇𝑏 is the temperature of the body at any time

𝑇𝑚 is the constant temperature of the medium

𝑘 is the constant proportionality

Example 3.2-1
According to the Newton’s law of cooling, the rate at which the heat is lost by a heated
body is proportional to the difference in temperature between the body and the
surrounding medium (when that temperature difference is very small). If thermometer
is taken outdoors, where the temperature is 5oC, from a room in which the
temperature is 20oC, and the reading drops 10oC in one minute, how long after its
removal from the room will the reading be 6oC? after 30 seconds what will be the
thermometer reading?

SOLUTION:
a) In accordance with the stated law above,

dT𝑏
= k(𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇𝑚 )
dt
Where: 𝑇𝑏 is the temperature of the body at any time
𝑇𝑚 is the constant temperature of the medium
𝑘 is the constant proportionality

b) Since 𝑇𝑚 = 5𝑜 𝐶,
dT𝑏
= k(𝑇𝑏 − 5)
dt
Separating the variables and integrating, we get
Tb = C1 ekt + 5

When t = 0, Tb = 20o C and C1 = 15,

When t = 1 min, Tb = 10o C with C1 = 15

10 = 15 ek(1) + 5 and k = −1.1

Therefore Tb = 15 e(−1.1)(t) + 5

c) When 𝑇𝑏 = 6𝑜 𝐶
𝟔 = 15 𝑒 (−1.1)(𝑡) + 5
𝑡 = 2.5 𝑚𝑖𝑛
d) When 𝑡 = 30 sec 𝑜𝑟 0.5 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑇𝑏 = 15 𝑒 (−1.1)(0.5) + 5
𝐓𝐛 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟕𝐨𝐂

3 Differential Equation
ACTIVITY 2
Direction: solve and analyze each of the following problem in neat and orderly manner.
Do this in your indicated format.

1. A thermometer reading 18o C is brought into a room where the temperature is

70o C ; 1 minute later the thermometer reading is 31o C. determine the
thermometer reading 5 minutes after its brought into the room.

2. It takes 12 minutes for an object at 100o C to cool to 80o C in a room at 50o C. how
much longer will it take for its temperature to decrease to 70o C.

3. A thermometer reading 10o C is brought into a room where the temperature is

18o C ; 1 minute later the thermometer reading is 14o C. how long does it take
until the reading becomes 16o C.

4. A metal is heated up to a temperature of 500o C. it is then expose to a

temperature of 38o C. after 2 minutes the temperature of the metal becomes
190o C. when will the temperature be 100o C? what is the temperature after 4
minutes?

5. A temperature is taken from an inside room to the outside, where the air
temperature is 5o F. After 1 minute, the thermometer reads 55o F and after 5
minutes it reads 30o F. what was the initial temperature of the thermometer
when inside the room?

3.3. MIXING (NON-REACTING FLUIDS)

Rate of change of substance n Volume = Rate of entrance − Rate of exit

dS
= Rate of inflow − Rate of outflow
dt

dS
= the rate of change of the amount of the substance in the mixture.
dt

𝐝𝐒 𝐝𝐒 𝐝𝐒
=( ) −( ) − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − −Equation 3.3 − A
𝐝𝐭 𝐝𝐭 𝐢𝐧 𝐝𝐭 𝐨𝐮𝐭

dS
Where: ( ) is the rate at which the amount of the substance is entering the mixure
dt in

dS
( ) is the rate at which the amount of the substance is escaping from the mixture
dt out

4 Differential Equation
Example 3.3-1
A tank initially contains 200 liters of fresh water. Brine containing 2.5 N/liter of
dissolve salt runs into the tank at the rate of 8 liters/minute and the mixture kept
uniform by stirring runs out at the same rate. How long will it take for the quantity of
salt in the tank to be 180 N? in 10 minutes, determine the concentration of the salt in
the mixture.

SOLUTION:
a) Use Equation 3.3-A, that is

𝐝𝐒 𝐝𝐒 𝐝𝐒
=( ) −( )
𝐝𝐭 𝐝𝐭 𝐢𝐧 𝐝𝐭 𝐨𝐮𝐭

Where S is the amount of salt (N) at any time.

dS
So, = 2.5 x 8 − C x 8
dt

𝐒
Where: 𝐂 = since the mixture will always have a volume of 200 liters due to the
𝟐𝟎𝟎
equal rates of entry and exit of the solutions.

dS 8S 25 dS
Then = 20 − 200 and = dt
dt 500−S

Integration of both sides

−𝟐𝟓 𝐥𝐧 (𝟓𝟎𝟎 − 𝐒) = 𝐭 + 𝐂

b) When t = 0, S = 0 and C = −25 ln 500. Substitute this and simplify to get

500 − S −t⁄
25 ln ( ) = −t or S = 500 (1 − e 25 )
500

c) When S = 180 N
−t
180 = 500 (1 − e ⁄25 ) ; 𝑡 = 11.2 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑠

d) When t = 10 minutes

−10⁄
S = 500 (1 − e 25 ) = 165 𝑁

165
The Concentration, 𝐶 =
200

Therefore 𝐂 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟐𝟓 𝐍/𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐞𝐫

5 Differential Equation
SELF CHECK ACTIVITY 3.3

A tank originally contains 380 liters of brine holding 450 N of dissolved salt. 8
liters/minute of brine containing 3,75 N/liter of salt enters the tank and the mixture
assumed uniform leaves at the rate of 12 liters/min. determine the amount of salt
after 10 minutes. When will the amount of salt in the mixture be 500 N? What is the
maximum amount of salt in the mixture?
Answers:

1. Amount of salt after 10 minutes: 577 N

2. When will the amount of salt in the mixture be 500 N? 𝒕 = 𝟑. 𝟒 𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒕𝒆𝒔
3. maximum amount of salt in the mixture: 663 N

ACTIVITY 3
Direction: solve and analyze each of the following problem in neat and orderly manner.
Do this in your indicated format

1. A tank contains 200 liters of fluid in which 30 grams of salt are dissolved. Brine
containing 1 gram of salt per liter is then pumped into the tank at the rate of 4
liters per minute and the solution mixed well is pumped out of the same rate.

a) Find the number of grams of salt in the tank at any time t in minutes.
b) Find the amount of salt in the tank after 5 minutes.

2. Brine containing 3 lbs./gal of salt enters a large tank at the rate of 2

gals/minute and the mixture well stirred leaves at 1.5 gal/minute. If the tank
contains initially 100 gal of water, with 4 lbs. of dissolved salt.

a) Find the amount of salt in the tank at any time t in minutes.

b) Find the amount of salt in the tank after 4 minutes.

3. A tank contains a 200 liters of fresh water. Brine containing 2.5 N/liter of
dissolved salt runs into the tank at the rate of 8 liters/min and the mixture
kept uniform by stirring runs out at 4 liters/minute. Find the amount of salt
when the tank contains 240 liters of brine. The concentration of the salt in the
tank after 25 minutes’ amounts to how much?

4. A tank contains 400 liters of brine. 12 liters of brine each containing 2.5 N of
dissolved salt, enter the tank per minute, and the mixture, assumed uniform,
leaves at the rate of 8 liters per minute. If the concentration is to be 2N/Liter at
the end of one hour, how many newton of salt should there be present in the
tank originally.

6 Differential Equation
3.4. ELECTRIC CIRCUITS

A simple closed electric circuit is one in which an inductance L, a Resistance R, and a

capacitance C, are connected in series with a source of electromotive force of E volts.
The differential equation necessary to solve the various problems relatives to this
circuit is derived with use of the laws of Ohms and Kirchoff.

dI
L + RI = E − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − eq. 3.4 − A
dt

Where: L is the inductance in Henry’s (H)

R is the resistance in Ohms
I is the current in Amperes
E is the voltage source in volts

Example 3.4-1
An inductance of 2 henries and a resistance of 20 ohms are connected in series with
an e.m.f of E volts. If the current is zero at time, 𝑡 = 0, find the current at the end of
0.01 second if: (a) E = 100 volts ; (b) E = 100 sin 150 t volts

SOLUTION:
a) When E = 100 volts

1. Since there is no capacitance we use equation 3.4 – A

dI
L + RI = E
dt

dI 𝑑𝐼
2 + 20I = 100 and = dt
dt 50 − 10𝐼

Integration gives:

1
− 10 ln(50 − 10𝐼 ) = 𝑡 + 𝐶

1
2. When 𝑡 = 0, 𝐼 = 𝑂, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 = − ln 50.
10
Substituting C and simplifying, we get

𝐼 = 5(1 − 𝑒 −10𝑡 )

3. When t = 0.01 sec

I = 5(1 − e−10(0.01) )
𝐈 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟕𝟔 𝐚𝐦𝐩.

7 Differential Equation
b) When E = 100 sin 150 t volts

1. Use equation 3.4-A with the same values of L and R as in solution a.

dI dI
2 + 20I = 100 sin 150 t or + 10𝐼 = 50 sin 150 t
dt dt

Which is linear of the first order with

P = 10 and Q = 50 sin 150 t

∅ = e10 t

2. The solution of the Differential equation is

𝐼∅ = ∫ ∅ 𝑄 𝑑𝑡 + 𝐶

Ie10t = ∫ e10t ( 50 sin 150 t) dt + C

From calculus, we have

𝑒 𝑚𝑡
∫ 𝑒 𝑚𝑡 sin 𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = (𝑚 sin 𝑛𝑡 − 𝑛 cos 𝑛𝑡)
𝑚2 − 𝑛 2
So,

50𝑒 10𝑡
Ie10t = (10 sin 150 𝑡 − 150 cos 150𝑡) + 𝐶
100 − 22500
150
3. When 𝑡 = 0, 𝐼 = 𝑂, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 =
452

Substitute C and simplify to get

1 150 −10𝑡
𝐼= (10 sin 150 𝑡 − 150 cos 150𝑡) + 𝑒
452 452

4. When t = 0.01 sec

𝐈 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟗𝟗 𝐚𝐦𝐩.

8 Differential Equation
SELF CHECK ACTIVITY 3.4
1
A constant inductance of 1 henry and a variable resistance 𝑅 = ohms are
5+𝑡
connected in series with constant e.m.f. of E volts. If 𝐼 = 0 at a time, 𝑡 = 0, what is the
constant E if at 𝑡 = 5 sec, the current 𝐼 = 30 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠? Answers: 𝐸 = 8 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠

ACTIVITY 4
Direction: solve and analyze each of the following problem in neat and orderly manner.
Do this in your indicated format

1. An inductance of L Henrys and a resistance of 10 ohms are connected in

series with e.m.f. of 100 volts. If the current is initially zero, and is equal to 9
amperes after 1 second, find L and find the current after 0.5 second.

2. An inductance of 1 henry and a resistance of 1 ohm are connected in series

with a constant e.m.f. of E volts. If the current is initially zero, and is equal to
10 A after 5 seconds, find E.

3. In a series RL circuit, 𝐿 = 4𝐻, 𝑅 = 100 𝑜ℎ𝑚𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸 = 200𝑉. Find the values of
current as a function of time. Assume that the initial current is zero. Find
the current when 𝑡 = 2 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠.

4. A coil inductance 1 henry and resistance 10 ohms is connected in series with

an e.m.f. of 𝐸𝑜 sin 10 𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠. When 𝑡 = 0, the current is zero. If 𝐼 = 5 𝑎𝑚𝑝, when
𝑡 = 0.1 𝑠𝑒𝑐, what must be the value of 𝐸𝑜?

ACTIVITY 5
Direction: Read, write and take notes for the other application of 1st ordered differential
equation, put it in your indicated format and consider the following criteria.

Criteria is as follows:
Lettering, neatness and distribution ------------- 50%
Relevance to the topic--------------------------------50%
Total -------------------------------------------------- 100%

End of Module 2

9 Differential Equation