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Week3 Lec5

Raw water conc. = 100 CFU/100mL Log removal = 2.5 Nt/N0 = 10^(-log removal) = 10^(-2.5) = 0.00316 Remaining conc. = Raw water conc. * (Nt/N0) = 100 * 0.00316 = 0.316 CFU/100mL Indian drinking water standard for E.coli is 0 CFU/100mL. The remaining concentration of 0.316 CFU/100mL exceeds the standard. So there is still a risk of infection posed. January 18, 2022 36 Calculation for remaining conc. • Cryptosporidium Raw water

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Chand Patel
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41 views

Week3 Lec5

Raw water conc. = 100 CFU/100mL Log removal = 2.5 Nt/N0 = 10^(-log removal) = 10^(-2.5) = 0.00316 Remaining conc. = Raw water conc. * (Nt/N0) = 100 * 0.00316 = 0.316 CFU/100mL Indian drinking water standard for E.coli is 0 CFU/100mL. The remaining concentration of 0.316 CFU/100mL exceeds the standard. So there is still a risk of infection posed. January 18, 2022 36 Calculation for remaining conc. • Cryptosporidium Raw water

Uploaded by

Chand Patel
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 38

CVL100:Environmental Science(2-0-0)

(Tuesday and Wednesday; Friday slot reserved for extra class)

Water Treatment Plant Schematic and Contaminant


Removal
Lec5: Jan 18,2022

Prof. Arun Kumar


([email protected])
See Moodle and Impartus for Additional materials ; check class email

1
Conventional Surface Water Treatment
• Screening (remove relatively large floating and
suspended debris)
• Rapid-mix (mixing water with chemicals that
encourage suspended solids to coagulate into
larger particles that will settle easily)
• Flocculation (gently mixing water and
coagulant allowing the formation of large
particles of floc)
Conventional Surface Water Treatment
• Sedimentation (flow is slowed enough so that
gravity will cause flocs to settle)
• Sludge processing (mixture of solids and
liquids collected from settling tank are
dewatered and disposed of)
• Disinfection (ensure that water is free of
harmful pathogens)
• Distribution system protection (residual
disinfection)
Xagoraraki and Kuo(2008)

January 18, 2022 4


Xagoraraki and Kuo(2008)

January 18, 2022 5


Case:Groundwater produce drinking water

January 18, 2022 6


Groundwater Drinking water

Name: constituents to be removed; unit


processes; their role; their sequence; solid
waste generation
January 18, 2022 7
Treatment schematic (GW Potable drinking
water)

• Raw Ground water  aeration chamber  Softening


unit  Filtration with chlorination Disinfection 
Storage
• See sequence of units used
• Units where chemicals are required to be added
• Water is treated
• Units which produce chemical sludge
• See if one unit can remove more than one contaminants

January 18, 2022 8


Units used for GW Potable drinking water

• Aeration chamber (to remove gases; using air)


• Softening unit (to remove divalent and multivalent
cations such as calcium ions, magnesium ions, ferric
ions,etc.; using softener and/or cation exchangers)

January 18, 2022 9


Schematic part contd..

• Filtration with chlorination (to remove solids; chlorine is


added to kill microbial growth on filter unit surface)(some
adsorption of organics and pathogen can happen on filter
media if media surface has adsorption sites also)

• Disinfection (chlorine addition in this case to kill


microorganisms before water is supplied for public
consumption)

• Storage

January 18, 2022 10


Example 2: Yamuna River Water produce
drinking water)

January 18, 2022 11


Example 2 schematic contd.

January 18, 2022 12


Treatment schematic (SW) Potable drinking
water)

• Sequence of unit processes: pre-sedimentation mixing,


flocculation, settlingfiltrationadsorption disinfection

• Function of unit processes: solids removal  removal of


ions, and solids using chemical additionremoval of smaller
particles removal of organic compounds and
ionsoxidation of oxygen-demanding wastes and chemical
killing of pathogens in water

January 18, 2022 13


(SW Potable drinking water) contd..

• Chlorine is added in sedimentation and filtration


tank to avoid microbial growth
• Chorine is used as an oxidizing agent and as
disinfectant also.

January 18, 2022 14


Example 2

January 18, 2022 15


January 18, 2022 16
Stackelberg et al. 2004

To remove large materials and solids

January 18, 2022 17


To remove solids; coagulants addition

Stackelberg et al. 2004


January 18, 2022 18
• PAC-powdered activated carbon is added here to provide
sites on activated carbon surfaces for adsorption of
organics and pathogens and ions.

• Sulfuric acid is added for pH adjustment.

• Coagulant (such as ferric chloride or alum)is added for


(i)neutralizing charges on large particles so that they can
aggregate and become large particles or (ii)for creating
hydroxide flocs which can collect particles during floc
downward movement (when alkaline pH; such as aluminum
hydroxide is formed in bacis pH from alum addition)

• Sodium hypochlorite is added here as a disinfectant and it


creates hypochlorite ions (OCl-) which is a disinfectant and
kills pathogens.
To remove pathogens; oxidize reduced
substances also
Sodium hypochlorite is added again for
disinfection purpose at end.

Stackelberg et al. 2004


January 18, 2022 20
Compounds below 1:1 line are removed
more.

Stackelberg et al. 2004

January 18, 2022 21


Calculate: % removal

January 18, 2022 22


• See range of raw water conc. Of different compounds
(which are in 0.01 to 0.1 microgram/L range and which
are above 0.1microgram/L)

• see range of finished water conc. Of different


compounds(which are in 0.01 to 0.1 microgram/L range
and which are above 0.1microgram/L)

• Do we have standards in our drinking water for these


organic compounds?(IS10500: Drinking water standards
for India: http://cgwb.gov.in/Documents/WQ-
standards.pdf)
Calculate: (a)% removal; (b)partitioning of initial
compounds in finished water and in solids

For AHTN
%removal =100(1-{Cfinished/Craw})
Partitioning in Finished conc. = {Cfinished/Craw}
Partitioning in solids={Csettled/Craw}

January 18, 2022 24


So far..
• Introduction of water treatment schematic concepts
• Discussion on production of water of different final
usages
• Discussion on checks
– Remove solids before removing bacteria
– Remove solids using sedimentation process before
using filtration
– Remove organic compounds and ammonia-based
compounds before disinfection
• Discussion on need for calculating solids waste
produced from every unit processes and solid
waste management
Thinking Exercise 1

Suppose IIT Delhi water has suspended solids,


organic matter, microorganisms, hardness, and
dissolved CO2, which are problematic constituents.
Other dissolved constituents are below problem
levels. Draw a schematic diagram of a treatment
plant that will render this water potable. Identify
each unit and show points of chemical addition with
their names.

January 18, 2022 26


Example 3

January 18, 2022 27


January 18, 2022 28
• Pathogen cocktail (mix of pathogens in water)(table 1
next slide)
• Alum is added as coagulant for increasing size of
particles
• Granular media filtration is used for filtering small
particles remaining after sedimentation steps; it is also
used for filtering bacteria , protozoa, and viruses from
water. (see media filters are in –parallel)

January 18, 2022 29


Bacteriophage MS2=indicator virus

Cfu-colony forming units


Pfu=plaque forming units

January 18, 2022 30


High removal (recall: 2 log removal =>
Nt/N0=10-2)

Less removal =>more persistent in water;


hard to remove from water

January 18, 2022 31


• 10th percentile log removal =10% chance that log
removal value will be smaller than this value
• See how removal of 2 types of bacteria differ when
filtered water turbidity limit changes (IS 10500 Standard:
10NTU (rejection); 1NTU (desirable)
• As we make filtered water turbidity limit more stringent
(i.e., go towards lower values), log removal value
increases.
• Turbidity standard below 0.2 NTU gives higher log
removal as per data earlier.
• Those process which remove particles (which can cause
turbidity) are also removing these particle type
pathogens from water.

January 18, 2022 32


Bacteriophage MS2=indicator virus

January 18, 2022 33


Least
persistence
R -log removal = (-)log10(Nt/N0)
2-log removal =(-)log10(10-2)
(Nt/N0)=10-2

Maximum
persistence

Calculate remaining concentration? Is it exceeding drinking water


standard? (more log-removal means less remaining conc.)
January 18, 2022 34
Calculate remaining
conc. And then compare
with drinking water
standard?

Will the remaining conc.


Pose risk of infection?

January 18, 2022 35


Calculation for remaining conc.

• E.coli O157:H2 initial conc.=6*107 cfu/ml; log-removal


value=0.7
0.7= (-)log10(Nt/N0)
 (Nt/N0)=10-0.7
 Nt= (6*107 cfu/ml)*(10-0.7)

January 18, 2022 36


Calculation for remaining conc.

• MS2 initial conc.=5*107 pfu/ml; log-removal value=1.7


1.7= (-)log10(Nt/N0)
 (Nt/N0)=10-1.7
 Nt= (5*107 pfu/ml)*(10-1.7)

January 18, 2022 37


Linking remaining conc. To need for
extra treatment
• E.coli O157:H2 is harder to remove from water than
bacteriophage MS2(a viral indicator microorganisms).
• We may need further treatment for removing conc.

+ Additional
treatment

January 18, 2022 38

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