ARCH 331 Note Set 22.

1 Su2015abn

Reinforced Concrete Design

Notation:
a = depth of the effective compression f = symbol for stress
block in a concrete beam fc = compressive stress
A = name for area fc ′ = concrete design compressive stress
Ag = gross area, equal to the total area fpu = tensile strength of the prestressing
ignoring any reinforcement reinforcement
As = area of steel reinforcement in fs = stress in the steel reinforcement for
concrete beam design concrete design
As′ = area of steel compression fs ′ = compressive stress in the
reinforcement in concrete beam compression reinforcement for
design concrete beam design
Ast = area of steel reinforcement in fy = yield stress or strength
concrete column design fyt = yield stress or strength of transverse
Av = area of concrete shear stirrup reinforcement
reinforcement F = shorthand for fluid load
ACI = American Concrete Institute Fy = yield strength
b = width, often cross-sectional G = relative stiffness of columns to
bE = effective width of the flange of a beams in a rigid connection, as is Ψ
concrete T beam cross section h = cross-section depth
bf = width of the flange H = shorthand for lateral pressure load
bw = width of the stem (web) of a hf = depth of a flange in a T section
concrete T beam cross section Itransformed = moment of inertia of a multi-
c = distance from the top to the neutral material section transformed to one
axis of a concrete beam (see x) material
cc = shorthand for clear cover k = effective length factor for columns
C = name for centroid ℓb = length of beam in rigid joint
= name for a compression force
Cc = compressive force in the ℓc = length of column in rigid joint
compression steel in a doubly ld = development length for reinforcing
reinforced concrete beam steel
Cs = compressive force in the concrete of l dh = development length for hooks
a doubly reinforced concrete beam ln = clear span from face of support to
d = effective depth from the top of a face of support in concrete design
reinforced concrete beam to the L = name for length or span length, as is
centroid of the tensile steel l
d´ = effective depth from the top of a = shorthand for live load
reinforced concrete beam to the Lr = shorthand for live roof load
centroid of the compression steel LL = shorthand for live load
db = bar diameter of a reinforcing bar Mn = nominal flexure strength with the
D = shorthand for dead load steel reinforcement at the yield
DL = shorthand for dead load stress and concrete at the concrete
E = modulus of elasticity or Young’s design strength for reinforced
modulus concrete beam design
= shorthand for earthquake load Mu = maximum moment from factored
Ec = modulus of elasticity of concrete loads for LRFD beam design
Es = modulus of elasticity of steel
359
ARCH 331 Note Set 22.1 Su2015abn

n = modulus of elasticity transformation wLL = load per unit length on a beam from
coefficient for steel to concrete live load
n.a. = shorthand for neutral axis (N.A.) wself wt = name for distributed load from self
pH = chemical alkalinity weight of member
P = name for load or axial force vector wu = load per unit length on a beam from
Po = maximum axial force with no load factors
concurrent bending moment in a W = shorthand for wind load
reinforced concrete column x = horizontal distance
Pn = nominal column load capacity in = distance from the top to the neutral
concrete design axis of a concrete beam (see c)
Pu = factored column load calculated y = vertical distance
from load factors in concrete design β1 = coefficient for determining stress
R = shorthand for rain or ice load block height, a, based on concrete
= radius of curvature in beam strength, fc′
deflection relationships (see ρ ) ∆ = elastic beam deflection
Rn = concrete beam design ratio = ε = strain
Mu/bd2 ε t = strain in the steel
s = spacing of stirrups in reinforced ε y = strain at the yield stress
concrete beams λ = modification factor for lightweight
S = shorthand for snow load concrete
t = name for thickness φ = resistance factor
T = name for a tension force
= shorthand for thermal load φc = resistance factor for compression
U = factored design value γ = density or unit weight
Vc = shear force capacity in concrete ρ = radius of curvature in beam
Vs = shear force capacity in steel shear deflection relationships (see R)
stirrups = reinforcement ratio in concrete
Vu = shear at a distance of d away from beam design = As/bd
the face of support for reinforced ρbalanced = balanced reinforcement ratio in
concrete beam design concrete beam design
wc = unit weight of concrete υc = shear strength in concrete design
wDL = load per unit length on a beam from
dead load

Reinforced Concrete Design

Structural design standards for reinforced concrete are established by the Building Code and
Commentary (ACI 318-14) published by the American Concrete Institute International, and uses
strength design (also known as limit state design).

f’c = concrete compressive design strength at 28 days (units of psi when used in equations)

360
FORMULAS: Reinforcement Ratio For Design
𝐴𝑠
𝜌= 𝑏𝑑
; 𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑
Equilibrium
0.85𝑓′𝑐𝑎𝑏 = 𝑓𝑠𝐴𝑠 For balanced Sections:
𝑓𝑠𝐴𝑠
𝑎=
0.85𝑓′𝑐𝑏 𝜀𝑐 = 0.003 , 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦
600𝑑
Nominal Moment Strength 𝑐=
600 + 𝑓𝑦
𝑎
𝑀𝑛 = 0.85𝑓′𝑐𝑎𝑏(𝑑 − ) 𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐
2
𝑎 𝑓′𝑐
𝑀𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑠(𝑑 − ) 𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 0.85𝛽1 𝑏 𝑑
2 4𝑓𝑦 𝑤 :

Ultimate Moment Capacity Minimum Reinforcement

𝑀𝑢 = Ø𝑴𝒏 (Choose the larger value)
𝑎 𝑓′𝑐
𝑀𝑢 = Ø0.85𝑓′𝑐𝑎𝑏(𝑑 − ) 𝐴𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑏 𝑑
2 4𝑓𝑦 𝑤
𝑎 1.4
𝑀𝑢 = Ø𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑠(𝑑 − ) = 𝑓𝑦 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
2
fs=fy steel is yielding
𝒇𝒚
𝑀𝑢 = Ø𝝆𝒃𝒅𝟐 𝒇𝒚(𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝟗𝝆 𝒇′𝒄)
√𝑓′𝑐
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = =
Resistance Factor (refer to table 421.2.2) 4𝑓𝑦
Ø = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒑𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒅 1.4
= 𝑓𝑦
= 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓 +
𝜺𝒕 −𝜺𝒕𝒚
𝟎. 𝟐𝟓( ) 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟓−𝜺𝒕𝒚
Maximum Reinforcement
= 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒕𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒆𝒅
3 𝑓′𝑐 NOTE: steel strain is equal
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (0.85)𝛽1 to 0.004 use rho(max)
𝑓𝑦 7 𝑓𝑦
𝜀𝑡𝑦 = Es=200000 MPa (maximum)
𝐸𝑠
c = depth of neutral axis
Stress in the Steel Reinforcement d = effective depth
𝑑−𝑐 𝜀𝑠 = strain in the steel
𝑓𝑠 = (600)
𝑐 𝑓𝑠 = stress in the steel
𝑓𝑦 =yield strength of the steel
Strain in the Steel Es = Young’s Modulus of Elasticity
𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐 𝜀𝑐 = Compressive strain in concrete extreme
𝜀𝑡 = (0.003)
𝑐 fiber
𝑓𝑠
a = depth of equivalent rectangular
𝜀𝑠 = compression block
𝐸𝑠
fc’ = Compressive strength of concrete
As = Area of tension reinforcement
Guidelines for Analysis
For getting the dimension of 𝑑and 𝑑𝑡 , minimum value of 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 25

ø𝒃𝒂𝒓
𝑑 = 𝑑𝑡 = ℎ − 𝑐𝑐 − ø𝒔 −
𝟐

𝒔
𝑑 = ℎ − 𝑐𝑐 − ø𝒔 − ø𝒃𝒂𝒓 −
𝟐
ø𝒃𝒂𝒓
𝑑𝑡 = ℎ − 𝑐𝑐 − ø𝒔 −
𝟐
 1. Check if steel is yielding at failure
𝐴𝑠
𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 =
𝑏𝑑
𝑓𝑐′ 600
𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 0.85𝛽1 ( )( )
𝑓𝑦 600 + 𝑓𝑦

Conditions for fs
𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 < 𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 (over reinforced 𝑓𝑠 < 𝑓𝑦), 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑠
𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 > 𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 (under reinforced 𝑓𝑠 > 𝑓𝑦), 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦
𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 (balanced 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦), 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦

Conditions for 𝛽1
If 17 ≤ 𝑓𝑐′ ≤ 28, 𝛽1 = 0.85
𝑓𝑐′−28
If 28 ≤ 𝑓𝑐′ ≤ 55, 𝛽1 = 0.85 − (0.05)
7
If 𝑓𝑐′ ≥ 55, 𝛽1 = 0.65

2. Compute for the ff

Under Reinforced Over Reinforced

𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑠 0.85𝑓𝑐′𝛽1 𝑐𝑏
𝑎= Equation 1: 𝑓𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠
0.85𝑓𝑐′𝑐𝑏

𝑎 𝑑−𝑐
𝑐= Equation 2: 𝑓𝑠 = (600)
𝛽1 𝑐

𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐 From Eq. 1 & Eq. 2 will result of

𝜀𝑡 = (0.003)
𝑐 having a, c and fs

𝑑𝑡 − 𝑐
𝜀𝑡 = (0.003)
𝑐
Conditions for Resistance Factor, Ø
𝑓𝑦
𝜀𝑡 ≤ (Compression Controlled), Ø = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓
200000
𝑓𝑦
𝑓𝑦 (𝜺𝒕 − )
< 𝜀𝑡 < 0.005 (Transition),Ø = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟓 + 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 200000
𝑓𝑦
200000 (𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟓− )
200000
𝜀𝑡 ≥ 0.005(Tension Controlled), Ø = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟎

3. Compute Ultimate Moment Capacity, Mu

𝑎
𝑀𝑢 = Ø0.85𝑓′𝑐𝑎𝑏(𝑑 − )
2
𝑎
= Ø𝐴𝑠𝑓𝑠(𝑑 − )
2

𝑀𝑢 < 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 ; 𝐼𝑛𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒

𝑀𝑢 > 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 ; 𝐴𝑑𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒

𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠

Guidelines for Design

1. Limits of Reinforcements:

√𝑓′𝑐
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = =
4𝑓𝑦
1.4
= 𝑓𝑦
(Choose the larger value of 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 )

3 𝑓′𝑐
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (0.85)𝛽1
7 𝑓𝑦
𝐴𝑠
𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 =
𝑏𝑑

𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 ≤ 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥

Condition to determine;
If 𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 is within the interval (Singly Reinforced)
If 𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 is less than 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 (Use 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 )
If 𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 is greater than 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 (Doubly Reinforced)
 2. Calculate the required reinforcement,𝜌𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑
𝒇𝒚
𝑀𝑢 = Ø𝝆𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒃𝒅𝟐 𝒇𝒚(𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝟗𝝆 𝒇′𝒄)
𝜌𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 should be greater than 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 if not use 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛

3. Calculate the As and 𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑
𝐴𝑠
𝑛ø𝑏𝑎𝑟 = 𝐴 (Round up)
𝑏

4. Checking using
❖ Reinforcement Ratio
𝐴𝑠
𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 =
𝑏𝑑

✓✓𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 ≤ 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥

❖ Spacing Requirements
2(𝑐𝑐) + 2(ø𝒔) + 𝒏ø𝑏𝑎𝑟 (ø𝑏𝑎𝑟) + (𝒏ø𝑏𝑎𝑟 − 𝟏)(𝒔) ≤ 𝒃
Sample Problem 1 (Analysis)
A 5.0 m simple beam supports the given floor loads and a concentrated load 𝑃𝑢 due to the wall transverse
to the given beam. For each given section, check the adequacy of the beam.

𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 128.6(2) − 44.24(2) = 186.72

a.

𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
𝑑 = ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 − 𝑐𝑐 − 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑠 −
2
20
𝑑 = 400 − 40 − 10 − = 340 𝑚𝑚
2

1. Check if steel is yielding at failure

𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙 < 𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 ; 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑, 𝑓𝑠 > 𝑓𝑦
𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙 > 𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 ; 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑, 𝑓𝑠 > 𝑓𝑦
𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 ; 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑑, 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦
𝐴𝑠
𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 =
𝑏𝑑
𝜋
3( )(20)2
4
𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 350(340)
= 0.00792
𝛽1 = 0.85 𝑖𝑓 17 ≤ 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 ≤ 28𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓′ 𝑐−28
0.85 − (0.05) 𝑖𝑓 28 ≤ 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 ≤ 55
7
′
0.65 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 𝑐 > 55𝑀𝑃𝑎
′
For 𝑓 𝑐 = 35 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑓′ 𝑐−28
𝛽1 = 0.85 − 𝑓𝑦
(0.05)
35−28
𝛽1 = 0.85 − 7 (0.05) = 0.80
𝑓′ 𝑐 600
𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.85𝛽1 𝑓 (600+𝑓 )
𝑦 𝑦
 35 600
𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.85(0.80) (415) (600+415) = 0.003390
𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.03390 > 𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 0.00792 ; Underreinforced fs>fy (Steel is y=ielding); Use fs=fy

2. Compute a, c, 𝜺𝒕 , and Φ

𝐴 𝑓
𝑠 𝑠
𝑎 = 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏 ; 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦
𝜋
3( )(20)2 (415)
4
𝑎= 0.85(35)(350)
= 37.563
𝑎
𝑐= 𝛽1
37.563
𝑐= 0.85
= 46.95375

𝑑𝑡 −𝑐
𝜀𝑡 = (0.003)
𝑐
340−46.954
𝜀𝑡 = (0.003)
46.954
𝜀𝑡 = 0.01872 > 0.005 ; 𝜀𝑡 ≥ 0.005 Tension Controlled 𝛷 = 0.90

3. Compute Ultimate Moment Capacity, Mu

𝑎
𝑀𝑢 = 𝛷0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑎𝑏 (𝑑 − )
2
𝑎
𝛷𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 (𝑑 − 2 ); fs=fy
𝜋 37.563 1 𝑘𝑁 1𝑚
𝑀𝑢 = 0.90(3)( )(20)2 (415)(340 − )[𝑁. 𝑚𝑚] ( )( )
4 2 1000 𝑁 1000 𝑚𝑚
𝑀𝑢 = 113.074 𝑘𝑁 𝑚 < 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 186.912 𝑘𝑁 𝑚
Therefore it is: ADEQUATE

b.

𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
𝑑 = ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 − 𝑐𝑐 − 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑠 − 2
25
𝑑 = 400 − 40 − 10 − 20 − 2
= 317.5 𝑚𝑚
20
𝑑𝑡 = 400 − 40 − 10 − 2
= 340 𝑚𝑚

1. Check if steel is yielding at failure

𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙 < 𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 ; 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑, 𝑓𝑠 > 𝑓𝑦
𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙 > 𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 ; 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑑, 𝑓𝑠 > 𝑓𝑦
𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 ; 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑑, 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑓𝑦
𝐴𝑠
𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 =
𝑏𝑑
 𝜋
6( )(20)2
4
𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 250(317.5) = 0.023

𝛽1 = 0.85 𝑖𝑓 17 ≤ 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 ≤ 28𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑓′ 𝑐−28
0.85 − 7
(0.05) 𝑖𝑓 28 ≤ 𝑓 ′ 𝑐 ≤ 55
′
0.65 𝑖𝑓 𝑓 𝑐 > 55𝑀𝑃𝑎
′
For 𝑓 𝑐 = 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝛽1 = 0.85
𝑓′ 𝑐 600
𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.85𝛽1 (
𝑓𝑦 600+𝑓𝑦
)
21 600
𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.85(0.85) (415) (600+415) = 0.02161
𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.03390 > 𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 0.02161 ; Over Reinforced fs<fy

2. Compute a, c, 𝜺𝒕 , and Φ

𝑠 𝑠𝐴 𝑓 0.05𝑓′ 𝑐𝑎𝑏
𝑎 = 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐𝑏 ; 𝑓𝑠 = 𝐴𝑠
; 𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐
𝑑−𝑐
𝑓𝑠 = (600)
𝑐

0.85(21)(0.85𝑐)(250)
𝑓𝑠 = 𝜋 − 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 1 EQUILIBRIUM
6( )(20)2
4
317.5−𝑐
𝑓𝑠 = − 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 2 COMPATIBILITY
𝑐

Equate 1 and 2:
𝑐 = 192.813 𝑚𝑚
𝑎 = 𝛽1 𝑐 = 0.85(192.813) = 163.891 𝑚𝑚
𝑓𝑠 = 388.002 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 𝑓𝑦 = 415 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝑑𝑡 −𝑐
𝜀𝑡 = (0.003)
𝑐
340−192.813
𝜀𝑡 = (0.003)
192.813
𝜀𝑡 = 0.00229 for 𝑓𝑦 = 415 𝑀𝑃𝑎 ; 𝜀𝑡𝑦 < 𝜀𝑡 < 0.005 Transition
250
𝛷 = 0.65 + (𝜀𝑡 − 0.002)
3
250
𝛷 = 0.65 + (0.00229 − 0.002) = 0.674
3

3. Compute Ultimate Moment Capacity, Mu

𝑎
𝑀𝑢 = 𝛷𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 (𝑑 − 2)
𝜋 163.891 1 𝑘𝑁 1𝑚
𝑀𝑢 = 0.674(6)( 4 )(20)2 (388.002)(317.5 − 2
)[𝑁. 𝑚𝑚] (1000 𝑁)(1000 𝑚𝑚)
𝑀𝑢 = 116.114 𝑘𝑁 𝑚 < 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 186.912 𝑘𝑁 𝑚
Therefore it is: INADEQUATE
Sample Problem 2 (Analysis)
Check the adequacy of the given section to adequately support the given loads. Use f’c=28 MPa, fy=415
MPa, stirrups diameter=10 mm and concrete cover 40 mm.

𝑤𝐿2
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 =
2
(20)(4)2
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = 160 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
2

⌀𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠(𝑚) = 3 (𝑐𝑐 + ⌀𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑠 + )
2
⌀𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
+2 (𝑐𝑐 + ⌀𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑠 + ⌀𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠 + 𝑠𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 + )
2

20 20
5𝑚 = 3 (40 + 10 + ) + 2 (40 + 10 + 20 + 25 + )
2 2
𝑚 = 78 𝑚𝑚

𝑑 =ℎ−𝑚
𝑑 = 450 − 78 = 372

⌀𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑠
𝑑𝑡 = ℎ − 𝑐𝑐 − ⌀𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑢𝑝𝑠 −
2
20
𝑑𝑡 = 450 − 40 − 10 −
2

1. Check if the steel is yielding at failure

𝑓𝑐 ′ 600
𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.85𝛽1 ( 𝑓𝑦 ) (600+𝑓𝑦)
21 600
𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙 = 0.85(0.85) (415) (600+415) = 0.02882

𝐴𝑠
𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 𝑏𝑑
𝛱
5( (20)2 )
4
𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 = (300)(372) = 0.01408

𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 < 𝜌𝑏𝑎𝑙 (under reinforced fs > fy), fs = fy

2. Compute a, c, 𝜺𝒕 , 𝜱
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠
𝑎=
0.85𝑓𝑐 ′ 𝑏
𝛱
5( 4 (20)2 )(415)
𝑎= = 91.3 𝑚𝑚
0.85(21)(300)

𝑎
𝑐=
𝛽1
 91.3
𝑐= = 107.412 𝑚𝑚
0.85

𝑑𝑡 −𝑐
𝜀𝑡 = 𝑐
(0.003)
390−107.412
𝜀𝑡 = 107.412 (0.003) = 0.00789
𝜀𝑡 > 0.005, Tension controlled, ⌀ = 0.90

3. Ultimate Moment Capacity, Mu

𝑎
𝑀𝑢 = Ø𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑠 (𝑑 − )
2
𝛱(20)2 91.3
𝑀𝑢 = 0.90 (5 ( )) (415) (372 − )
4 2

𝑀𝑢 = 191.467 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚 > 𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 160 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚

Therefore it is: ADEQUATE
Sample Problem 3 (Analysis)
Determine the number of 16 mm diameter bars of the 250 mm by 400 mm rectangular propped beam to
adequately support the given loads. Use fc’=21 MPa, fy=415 MPa, stirrups diameter=10 mm, and
concrete cover=40 mm.

16
𝑑 = 𝑑𝑡 = 400 − 40 − 10 − 2
= 342 𝑚𝑚

Limits of Reinforcement
√𝑓′ 𝑐
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
4𝑓𝑦
√(21)
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 4(415)
= 0.00276

1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑓𝑦
1.4
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 415 = 0.00337

The larger will govern, 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.00337

3 𝑓𝑐 ′
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 7 0.85(𝛽1 ) ( 𝑓𝑦 )
3 21
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 7 0.85(0.85) (415) = 0.01567

𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 ≤ 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥

0.00337 ≤ 𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 ≤ 0.01567
 a. Calculate the required reinforcement ratio, 𝜌𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑

9𝑤𝐿2
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 (+) = 128
9(40)(4)2
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 (+) = = 45 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
128
2 𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑢 = 𝛷𝜌𝑏𝑑 𝑓𝑦 (1 − 0.59𝜌 𝑓𝑐′ )
2 415
45𝑥106 = (0.90)(𝜌𝑟𝑒𝑞. )(250)(342) (415)(1 − 0.59𝜌𝑟𝑒𝑞 21
)
𝜌𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 0.00434 > 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.00337

𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑
𝐴𝑠 = (0.00434)(250)(342) = 371.07 𝑚𝑚2

b. Compute for the no. of bars

𝐴𝑠
𝑛16 = 𝐴
𝑟𝑒𝑏𝑎𝑟
371.07
𝑛16 = 𝛱 = 1.846 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠 ≈ 2 − 16𝑚𝑚 𝜙 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 ✓✓
(16)2
4
𝐴
𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 𝑏𝑑𝑠
𝛱
2 (16)2
4
𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 = (250)(342) = 0.00470

0.00337 ≤ 0.00470 ≤ 0.01567

Therefore, correct assumption.

𝑤𝐿2
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 (−) = 8
(40)(4)2
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 (−) = 8
= 80 𝑘𝑁. 𝑚
 a. Calculate the required reinforcement ratio, 𝜌𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑
2 𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑢 = 𝛷𝜌𝑏𝑑 𝑓𝑦 (1 − 0.59𝜌 𝑓𝑐′ )
2 415
80𝑥106 = (0.90)(𝜌𝑟𝑒𝑞. )(250)(342) (415)(1 − 0.59𝜌𝑟𝑒𝑞 21
)
𝜌𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 0.00809 > 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.00337

b. Compute for the no. of bars

𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑
𝐴𝑠 = (0.00809)(250)(342) = 691.695 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠
𝑛16 =
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
691.695
𝑛16 = 𝜋 = 3.44 4 − 16 𝑚𝑚 𝜙 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
(16)2
4

Check the spacing requirements:

2(40) + 2(10) + 4(16) + 3(25) < 250

239 < 250 ; 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟

𝐴𝑠
𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 =
𝑏𝑑
𝜋
4( )(16)2
4
𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 = = 0.00941 𝑑𝑖𝑎; 𝑈𝑠𝑒 4 − 16𝑚𝑚 𝜙 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
250(342)
Sample Problem 4 (Analysis)

Determine the number of 20 mm diameter bars at left support of beam CD to adequately support the given
loads. The beam dimension is 300 mm by 450 mm and column size is 500 mm by 500 mm. Use f’c=28
MPa, stirrups diameter=10 mm, and concrete cover=40 mm. Use approximate method of analysis.

𝑊𝑢 𝑙𝑛2
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 10
5.5+6 2
50( )
2
𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = = 165.315
10

20
𝑑 = 𝑑𝑡 = 450 − 40 − 10 − = 390 𝑚𝑚
2

Limits of Reinforcement
√𝑓′ 𝑐
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
4𝑓𝑌
1.4
𝑓𝑌
√(28)
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 4(415)
= 0.00319
1.4
415
= 0.00337
Higher value will govern, 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.00337
a. Calculate the required reinforcement ratio, 𝜌𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑
2 𝑓𝑦
𝑀𝑢 = 𝛷𝜌𝑏𝑑 𝑓𝑦 (1 − 0.59𝜌 )
𝑓𝑐′
2 415
165.313𝑥106 = (0.90)(𝜌𝑟𝑒𝑞. )(300)(390) (415)(1 − 0.59𝜌𝑟𝑒𝑞 28
)
𝜌𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 0.01070 > 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.00337, Use 𝜌𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑
 b. Compute for the As and no. of bars
𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑
𝐴𝑠 = (0.00337)(300)(390) = 1251.9 𝑚𝑚2
𝐴𝑠
𝑛16 = 𝐴
𝑟𝑒𝑏𝑎𝑟
1251.9
𝑛16 = 𝜋 = 3.44 4 − 16 𝑚𝑚 𝜙 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
(10)2
4

Check the spacing requirements:

2(40) + 2(10) + 4(20) + 3(25) < 300

255 < 300 ; 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟

𝐴
𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 = 𝑏𝑑𝑠
𝜋
4( )(20)2
4
𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡 = = 0.01074 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟; 𝑈𝑠𝑒 4 − 20𝑚𝑚 𝜙 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
300(390)
Guidelines for Continuous Beam Design

Moment Location Condition 𝑀𝑢

Positive End Span Discontinuous end integral with 𝑤𝑢 𝑙 2 𝑛

support
14
Discontinuous end unrestrained 𝑤𝑢 𝑙 2 𝑛
11
Interior Span All 𝑤𝑢 𝑙 2 𝑛
16
Negative Interior face of exterior Member built integrally with 𝑤𝑢 𝑙 2 𝑛
support supporting spandrel beam
24
Member built integrally with 𝑤𝑢 𝑙 2 𝑛
supporting column
16
Exterior face of first Two spans 𝑤𝑢 𝑙 2 𝑛
interior support
9
More than two spans 𝑤𝑢 𝑙 2 𝑛
10
Face of other supports All 𝑤𝑢 𝑙 2 𝑛
11
Face of all supports a. Slabs with spans not 𝑤𝑢 𝑙 2 𝑛
satisfying (a) or (b) exceeding 3m.
b. Beams where ratio of 12
sum of column stiffness
to beam stiffness exceeds
8 at each span

To calculate negative moments, 𝑙𝑛 shall be the average of the adjacent clear span lengths.
 Location Vu

Exterior face of first interior support 1.15𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑛

,A
2

Face of all other support 𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑛

,B
2
 1. Get the Maximum Moment and d

2. Limits of Reinforcements:

√𝑓′𝑐
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 = = 4𝑓𝑦
1.4
= 𝑓𝑦
(choose the larger value)

3 𝑓′𝑐
𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 = (0.85)𝛽1
7 𝑓𝑦

3. Calculate the required reinforcement,𝜌𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑

𝒇𝒚
𝑀𝑢 = Ø𝝆𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒃𝒅𝟐 𝒇𝒚(𝟏 − 𝟎. 𝟓𝟗𝝆 𝒇′𝒄)

4. Calculate the As and 𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡

𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑
𝐴𝑠
𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑏𝑑
Check Spacing Requirements:
2(𝑐𝑐) + 2(ø𝒔) + 𝒏ø𝑏𝑎𝑟 (ø𝑏𝑎𝑟) + (𝒏ø𝑏𝑎𝑟 − 𝟏)(𝒔) ≤ 𝒃
𝐴𝑠
𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 =
𝑏𝑑
𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 ≤ 𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 ≤ 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥
Condition to determine;
If 𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 is within the interval (Singly Reinforced)
If 𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 is less than 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 (Use 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑛 )
If 𝜌𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 is greater than 𝜌𝑚𝑎𝑥 (Doubly Reinforced)

Minimum Beam Depth (h)

If fy = 420 MPa,

Support Condition Minimum h

Simply Supported 𝑙/16

One end Continuous 𝑙/18.5

Both ends Continuous 𝑙/21

Cantilever 𝑙/8

If fy≠420 MPa
𝑙 𝑓𝑦
ℎ = (0.4 + )
16 700
𝑙 𝑓𝑦
ℎ = (0.4 + )
21 700

If Wc = 1500 kg/𝑚3 (Density of Concrete):

Choose larger value
h=1.65-0.003Wc
h=1.09
SECTION 422 422.2.2.4.1 Concrete stress of 0.85f’c shall be
SECTION STRENGTH assumed uniformly distributed over an
equivalent compression zone bounded by edges
422.1 Scope of the cross section and a line parallel to the
neutral axis located a distance a from the fiber of
422.1.1 This section shall apply to calculating maximum compressive strain, as calculated by:
nominal strength at sections of members,
including (a) through (g): 𝛼 = 𝛽1 𝑐
a. Flexural strength;
b. Axial strength or combined flexural and 422.2.2.4.2 Distance from the fiber of maximum
axial strength; compressive strain to the neutral axis, c, shall be
c. One-way shear strength; measured perpendicular to the neutral axis.
d. Two-way shear strength
e. Torsional strength 422.1.3 Design strength at a section shall be
f. Bearing taken as the nominal strength multiplied by the
g. Shear friction applicable strength reduction factor, 0, given in
Section 421.
422.2 Design Assumptions for Moment and
Axial Strength

422.2.1 Equilibrium and Strain Compatibility

SECTION 421
422.2.1.1 Equilibrium shall be satisfied at each STRENGTH REDUCTION FACTORS
section 421.1 Scope

422.2.1.2 Strain in concrete and non-prestressed 421.1.1 This section shall apply to the selection
reinforcement shall be assumed proportional to of strength reduction used in design, except as
the distance from neutral axis. permitted by Section 427

422.2.2.2 Tensile strength of concrete shall be 421.2 Strength Reduction Factors for
neglected in flexural and axial strength Structural Concrete Members and
calculations. Connections

422.2.2.3 The relationship between concrete 421.2.1 Strength reduction factors, Φ, shall be in
compressive stress and strain shall be accordance with Table 421.2.1, except as
represented by a rectangular, trapezoidal, modified by Sections 421.2.2, 421.2.3, 421.2.4
parabolic, or other shape that results in
prediction of strength in substantial agreement 421.2.2 Strength reduction factor for moment,
with results of comprehensive tests. axial force, or combined moment and axial force
shall be in accordance with Table 421.2.2.
422.2.2.4 The equivalent rectangular concrete
stress distribution in accordance with Sections
422.2.2.4.1 through 422.2.2.4.3 satisfies Section
422.2.2.3.
 Table 421.2.1 Table 421.2.2
Strength reduction factors, Φ Strength reduction factors, Φ, for moment,
Axial Force, or Combined Moment and Axial
Force
Action or structural element Φ Exception

Net tensile strain, 𝜀𝑡 Classification Φ

0.65 to Near ends of
0.90 pretensioned 𝜀𝑡 ≤ 𝜀𝑡𝑦 Compression 0. 65
a Moment, axial force, or With members where Controlled
strands are not fully
combined moment accordance
developed,Φ shall be
with in accordance with
𝜀𝑡𝑦 < 𝜀𝑡 < 0.005 Transition 0.65
Section (𝜀𝑡 − 𝜀𝑡𝑦)
Section 421.2.3 + 0.25
421.2.2 (0.005 − 𝜀𝑡𝑦 )

0.75 Additional 𝜀𝑡 ≥ 0.005 Tension 0.90

requirements are Controlled
b Shear given in Section
421.2.4 for structures
designed to resist 421.2.2.1 For deformed reinforcement, 𝜀𝑡𝑦 shall
earthquake effects
be fy/Es. For Grade 420 deformed
c Torsion 0.75 -
reinforcement, it shall be permitted to take 𝜀𝑡𝑦
d Bearing 0.65 - equal to 0.002.

e Post-tensioned 0.85 -
anchorage zones
422.2.2 Design Assumptions for Concrete

f Brackets and corbels 0.75 - 422.2.2.1 Maximum strain at the extreme

g Struts, ties, nodal 0.75 concrete compression fiber shall be assumed
zones, and bearing area equal to 0.003.
designed in accordance -
with struct-and-tie
method in Section 423 420.2.2 Design Properties

h Components of 0.90
420.2.2.1 For non-prestressed bars and wires, the
connections of precast
members controlled by - stress below fy shall be Es times steel strain. For
yielding of steel strains greater than that corresponding to fy, stress
elements in tension
shall be considered independent of strain and
i Plain concrete elements 0.60 - equal to fy .

0.45 to
0.75 in 420.2.2.2 Modulus of elasticity, Es, for non
j Anchors in concrete accordance - prestressed bars and wires shall be permitted to
elements with
be taken as 200,000 MPa.
Section 417

409.6 Reinforcement Limits

409.6.1 Minimum Flexural Reinforcement in

Non- Prestressed Beams
409.6.1.1 A minimum area of flexural 420.6.1.3 Specified Concrete Cover
reinforcement 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 shall be provided at every Requirements
section where tension reinforcement is required
by analysis. 420.6.1.3.1 Non-prestressed cast-in-place
concrete members shall have specified concrete
409.6.1.2 𝐴𝑠,𝑚𝑖𝑛 shall be the greater of (a) and cover for reinforcement at least that given in
(b), except as provided in Section 409.6.1.3. For Table 420.6.1 .3. 1 .
a statically determinate beam with a flange in Specified Concrete Cover for Cast-in-Place
tension, the value of Non-Prestressed Concrete Members
bw shall be the lesser of bf and 2bw .

Minimum Reinforcement
Concrete Member Reinforcem Specified
exposure ent cover, mm
0.25√𝑓′𝑐
a. 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
𝑓𝑦 Cast All All 75
1.4
b. 𝑏 𝑑 against
𝑓𝑦 𝑤
and
permanen
409.6.1.3 If 𝐴𝑠 provided at every section is at tly in
least one- third greater than As required by contact
analysis, Sections 409.6. 1 . 1 and 409,6. 1 .2 need with
not be satisfied. ground

Exposed All 20 mm ϕ 50
Maximum Reinforcement to through 58
409.3.3 Reinforcement Strain Limit in Non- weather mm ϕ bars
Prestressed Beams or in
contact 16 mm ϕ 40
with bar MW
409.3.3.1 For non-prestressed beams 𝑃𝑢 <
ground 200 or
0.10𝑓𝑐′𝐴𝑔 , 𝜀𝑡 shall be at least 0.004 MD200

418.6.3 Longitudinal Reinforcement Not Slabs, 40 mm ϕ 40

exposed joists, and 58 mm
to and walls ϕ bars
418.6.3.1 Beams shall have at least two weather
continuous bars at both top and bottom faces. At or in 36 mm ϕ 20
any section, for top as well as for bottom contact bar and
reinforcement, the amount of reinforcement with smaller
shall be at least that required by Section ground
Beams, Primary 40
409.6.1.2 and the reinforcement ratio, p, shall columns, reinforceme
not exceed 0.025. pedestals, nt stirrups,
and ties, spirals,
tension and hoops
ties
 Table 422.2.2.4.3 406.5 Simplified Method of Analysis for Non-
Values of 𝛽1 for Equivalent Rectangular Prestressed Continuous Beams and One-way
Concrete Stress Distribution Slabs

406.5.1 It shall be permitted to calculate 𝑀𝑢 and

𝑓′𝑐, 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝛽1
𝑉𝑢 due to gravity loads in accordance with this
section for continuous beams and one-way slabs
17 ≤ 𝑓′𝑐 ≤ 28 0.85 (a) satisfying (a) through (e):

28 < 𝑓′𝑐 < 55 0.05(𝑓′𝑐 − 28) (b) a. Members are prismatic;

0.85 −
7
b. Loads are uniformly distributed;
𝑓′𝑐 ≥ 55 0.65 (c)
c.𝐿 ≤ 3𝐷;

d. There are at least two spans;

425.2 Minimum Spacing of Reinforcement
e. The longer of two adjacent spans does not
425.2.1 For parallel non-prestressed exceed the shorter by more than 20 percent.
reinforcement in a horizontal layer, clear spacing
shall be at least the greatest of 25 mm, d b , and
(4/3)𝑑𝑎𝑔𝑔 .

425.2.2 For parallel non-prestressed

reinforcement placed in two or more horizontal
layers, reinforcement in the upper layers shall be
placed directly above reinforcement in the bottom
layer with a clear spacing between layers of at
least 25 mm.
406.5.2 𝑀𝑢 due to gravity loads shall be Table 406.5.4
calculated in accordance with Table 406.5.2. Approximate Shears for Non-Prestressed
Continuous Beams and One-Way Slabs
Table 406.5.2 Location Vu
Approximate Moments for Non- Prestressed Exterior face of first interior support 1.15𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑛
,A
2
Continuous Beams and One-Way Slabs
Face of all other support 𝑤𝑢 𝑙𝑛
,B
2
Moment Location Condition 𝑀𝑢

Positive End Span Discontinuous end 𝑤𝑢 𝑙 2 𝑛 409.3.1 Minimum Beam Depth

integral with support
14 409.3.1.1 For non-prestressed beams not
supporting or attached to partitions or other
Discontinuous end 𝑤𝑢 𝑙 2 𝑛
unrestrained construction likely to be damaged by large
11
deflections, overall beam depth h shall satisfy the
Interior Span All 𝑤𝑢 𝑙 2 𝑛 limits in Table 409, 3,1 .1, unless the calculated
16 deflection limits of Section 409.3.2 arc satisfied.
Negative Interior face Member built integrally 𝑤𝑢 𝑙 2 𝑛 Table 409.3.1.1
of exterior with supporting spandrel
support beam 24 Minimum Depth of Non-Prestressed Beams
Member built integrally 𝑤𝑢 𝑙 2 𝑛
with supporting column
16 Support Condition Minimum h

Exterior face Two spans 𝑤𝑢 𝑙 2 𝑛 Simply Supported 𝑙

of first interior
support 9 16

More than two spans 𝑤𝑢 𝑙 2 𝑛 One end continuous 𝑙

18.5
10
Both end continuous 𝑙
Face of other All 𝑤𝑢 𝑙 2 𝑛
supports 21
11
Cantilever 𝑙
Face of all a. Slabs with 𝑤𝑢 𝑙 2 𝑛
supports spans not 8
satisfying (a) exceeding 3m. 12
or (b) b. Beams where 409.3.1.1.1 For fy other than 420 MPa, the
ratio of sum of expressions in Tablen409.3.1.1 shall be
column
stiffness to 𝑓𝑦
multiplied by (0.4 + 700).
beam stiffness
exceeds 8 at 409.3.1.1.2 For non-prestressed beams made of
each span
lightweight concrete having wc in the range of
To calculate negative moments, 𝑙𝑛 shall be the average of the 1440 to 1840 kg/m 3 , the expressions in
adjacent clear span lengths.
Table 409.3.1.1 shall be multiplied by the greater
of (a) and (b):

a. 1.65 - 0.0003wc ;

b. 1.09.
Answer the following problems by choosing the letter that corresponds to your answer.

1. It is a mixture of sand, gravel, crushed rock, or other aggregates held together in a

rocklike mass with a paste of cement and water.
a. Cement
b. Mortar
c. Aggregates
d. Concrete
2. The following are components of concrete except
a. Cement
b. None of the choices
c. Air
d. Water
3. When steel bars are provided at the section of the concrete to support primarily
stresses in tension due to bending, the concrete is
a. Plain concrete
b. Fresh concrete
c. Reinforced concrete
d. None of the choices
4. Concrete is dominantly strong in

a. Tension
b. Shear
c. Compression
d. Torsion
5. Concrete is weak in

a. Compression
b. Shear
c. Tension
d. Torsion
6. It is a direct application of laws of statics and mechanics of materials to obtain a
successful design not only on design rules but is capable of being built in a timely
fashion for a reasonable cost and should provide a long service of life
a. Reinforced Concrete Design
b. Strength of Materials
c. Matrix Analysis
d. Steel Design
7. The following are advantages of concrete except
a. Very strong in tension
b. Economy
c. Availability of raw materials
d. Rigidity
8. It is frequently the foremost consideration in the design of RC structures.
a. Maintainability
 b. Serviceability
c. Economy
d. Fire resistance
9. The following are disadvantages of concrete except
a. Tensile strength
b. Suitability of material for structural and architectural functions
c. Forms
d. Shoring
10. What happens to the volumetric shrinkage of concrete as it ages in time?
a. Increases
b. Constant
c. Decreases
d. None of the choices
11. The short term compressive test of concrete is in accordance with
e. ASTM C31
f. ASTM C45
g. ASTM C39
h. ASTM C30
12. The proper curing of concrete samples is in accordance with
e. ASTM C39
f. ASTM C40
g. ASTM C30
h. ASTM C31

13. The standard size of concrete cylinder to be used for compressive strength of concrete
is

e. 3 inches in dimeter by 12 inches in height

f. 6 inches in dimeter by 6 inches in height
g. 4 inches in dimeter by 12 inches in height
h. 6 inches in dimeter by 12 inches in height
14. The age of concrete to be used in short term compressive strength test in accordance
with ASTM standard is
i. 28 days
j. 30 days
k. 7 days
l. 14 days
15. The average poisson's ratio of concrete is

i. 0.11
j. 0.16
k. 0.21
l. 0.25
16. The ratio of this lateral expansion to the longitudinal shortening of concrete is
referred to as
i. Poisson’s Ratio
 j. Creep
k. Shrinkage
l. Workability
17. Defined as the deformation of a structure under sustained load.
m. Creep
n. Poisson’s Ratio
o. Shrinkage
p. Workability
18. The following are disadvantages of concrete except
m. Tensile strength
n. Suitability of material for structural and architectural functions
o. Forms
p. Shoring
19. The ratio of the tensile strength to compressive strength of concrete is roughly equal
to
m. 100%
n. 30%
o. 10%
p. 50%
20. Property of concrete in which there is a decrease in the volume of concrete during
hardening and drying under constant temperature.
q. Shrinkage
r. Workability
s. Creep
t. Poisson’s Ratio
Answer the following problems by choosing the letter that corresponds to your answer.

1. Higher water-cement ratio will result to

a. Strong Concrete
b. Weak Concrete
c. Solid Concrete
d. Rigid Concrete
2. As water in the concrete mix decreases up to a certain desirable amount, the concrete
strength
a. decreases
b. increases
c. remains constant
d. is unaffected
3. What type of cement is described as High Early Strength of cement.
a. Type III
b. Type I
c. Type II
d. Type IV
4. It is the most influencing factor affecting the compressive strength of concrete
a. Type of cement used
b. Supplementary materials added in the mix
c. Water-cement ratio
d. Quality of aggregates used
5. What type of cement is described as Normal Type of cement.
a. Type II
b. Type III
c. Type I
d. Type IV
6. Referred to as pozzolans, which are defined as siliceous, or siliceous and aluminous
materials that in themselves possess little or no cementitious properties but that will, in
the presence of moisture, react with calcium hydroxide to form compounds with such
properties.
a. Fly ash
b. Cement
c. Sand
d. Gravel
7. The following are factors affecting the strength of concrete except
a. None of the choices
b. Water-cement ratio
c. Type of cement
d. Quality of Aggregates
8. A well-graded aggregate produces a concrete that is
a. Porous
b. Less porous
c. Lesser in strength
 d. Less workable
9. Prolonged moist in curing of concrete leads to the highest concrete strength.
a. Porous
b. Better compressive strength
c. Lesser in strength
d. More brittle
10. Objective of design that is associated with arrangement of spaces, spans, ceiling
heights, access and traffic to complement the intended use.
a. Structural adequacy
b. Appropriateness
c. Maintainability
d. Economy
11. Objectives of design that the structure must be strong enough to support anticipated
loadings safely, must not deflect, tilt, vibrate, or crack in a manner that impairs its
usefulness
e. Appropriateness
f. Structural adequacy
g. Maintainability
h. Economy
12. A limit state involving a structural collapse of part or all of the structure.
e. Ultimate Limit State
f. Serviceability Limit
g. Non strength based Criteria
h. None of the choices
13. A limit state that are not strength based but still may make the structure unsuitable for
its intended use.
e. Ultimate Limit
f. Strength Base Limit
g. All of the above
h. Serviceability Limit
14. Which of the following is a component of a limit state.
i. All of the above
j. Structural adequacy
k. Deflections
l. Cracking of concrete
15. Ultimate limit state encompass the following except
i. Loss of Equilibrium
j. None of the choices
k. Rupture of critical parts
l. Progressive collapse
Answer the following problems by choosing the letter that corresponds to your answer.

1. The following are reasons for safety factor except

a. Variability in strength
b. Variability in Loadings
c. None of the choices
d. Consequences of Failure
2. The differences between the as built plan dimensions and those shown in structural
drawings are considered in this reason for safety factor.
a. Variability in Loadings
b. Consequences of Failure
c. Variability in strength
d. All of the above
3. Effects of simplifying assumptions made in deriving equations for member strength
are considered in this reason for safety factor
a. Variability in strength
b. Variability in Loadings
c. Consequences of Failure
d. All of the above
4. Which of the following statements is false?
a. There is a definite chance that a weaker-than average structure will be subjected
by higher-than-average load in extreme case failure will occur.
b. Potential loss of life is note considered in assigning appropriate safety factor.
c. Factor of safety is considered due to the effects of simplifying assumptions
made in deriving equations for member strength.
d. All loadings are variable.
5. What is the wind importance factor of essential facilities such as public school
buildings and hospitals?
a. 1.0
b. 0.87
c. 1.6
d. 1.15
6. The following are factors considered in assigning factor of safety due to consequences
of failure except
a. Variation in the strength of materials purchased
b. Direct cost of clearing the debris
c. Replacing the structure and its contents
d. None of the choices
7. In this design procedure, the moments or forces are added together and the sums are
multiplied by a load combination.
a. Ultimate strength design
b. Load and resistance factor design
c. Plastic design
d. Allowable or Working Stress Design
8. A design based on factored loads and resistances. The loads are amplified or reduced
by load factors depending on the type and sense of the load, while the strengths are
reduced by resistance factors less than or equal to unity.
a. Working stress design
b. Plastic Design
c. Ultimate strength design
d. Capacity design
9. Is a design process that considers the redistribution of moments as successive cross
sections yield thereby forming plastic hinges that lead to a plastic mechanism.
a. Plastic Design
b. Limit Design
c. All of the choices
d. Capacity Design
10. A design so proportioned that maximum stresses of concrete and steel are reached
simultaneously.
a. Balanced Design
b. Underreinforced design
c. Overreinforced Design
d. None of the choices
11. A design in which the amount of steel is lesser than what is needed in the balanced
design.
e. Underreinforced design
f. Balanced design
g. Overreinforced Design
h. None of the choices
12. In this design the steel fails first but failure is gradual with the steel yielding.
e. Underreinforced design
f. Balanced design
g. Overreinforced Design
h. None of the choices
13. A design in which the amount of steel is more than what is required in the balanced
design.
e. Underreinforced design
f. Overreinforced Design
g. Balanced Design
h. None of the choices
14. In this design the concrete fails first in crushing and the steel will not yield before
failure.
i. Underreinforced design
j. Overreinforced Design
k. Balanced Design
l. None of the choices
15. A requirement in which the stress at any point in a member must correspond to the
strain at that point. Except for short, deep beams, the distribution of strains over the
depth of the member is assumed to be linear.
i. Equilibrium
j. Balanced Design
k. Progressive collapse
l. Stress and strain compatibility
Answer the following problems by choosing the letter that corresponds to your answer.

1. The strain in the concrete is assumed to be proportional to the

a. Distance from neutral axis
b. Young's modulus of the material
c. Compressive strength of concrete
d. Distance from neutral axis
e. Distance from extreme compression fiber.
2. The tensile strength of concrete in strength calculations is assumed to be
a. zero
b. 10% of compressive strength
c. 25% of compressive strength
d. 50% of compressive strength
3. The relationship between compressive stress and strain in substantial agreement with
results of comprehensive tests shall be represented by the following shapes except
a. All of the choices
b. Rectangular
c. Parabolic
d. Trapezoidal
4. The intensity of uniformly distributed stress in concrete for equivalent rectangular
concrete stress distribution in accordance with NSCP is equal to
a. f’c
b. 0.8f’c
c. 0.85f’c
d. 0.55f’c
5. The maximum strength reduction factor for structural element subjected to moment is
equal to
a. 0.65
b. 0.75
c. 0.85
d. 0.90
6. The minimum strength reduction factor for structural element subjected to moment is
equal to
a. 0.75
b. 0.90
c. 0.85
d. 0.65
7. For fy=415 MPa, the balanced strain !!" shall be permitted to be equal to
a. 0.002
b. 0.001
c. 0.003
d. 0.004
8. If the yield stress of steel is equal to 345MPa, the balanced strain !!" is nearest to
a. 0.00225
b. 0.00454
 c. 0.00334
d. 0.00173
9. The strength reduction factor for tension controlled sections is
a. 0.75
b. 0.65
c. 0.90
d. 0.80
10. The strength reduction factor for spiral compression controlled sections is
a. 0.75
b. 0.65
c. 0.90
d. 0.80
11. Calculate the strain at extreme layer of steel if fy=415 MPa and the strength reduction
factor is 0.80.
e. 0.0028
f. 0.0045
g. 0.0038
h. 0.0022
12. If the depth of neutral axis from extreme compression fiber is 250 mm, calculate the
depth of compression block if "# = 0.85.
e. 294.1 mm
f. 211.5 mm
g. 212.5 mm
h. 233.3 mm
13. Equilibrium shall be satisfied at
e. midspan section of the member.
f. support section of the member.
g. each section of the member.
h. critical section of the member.
14. The strength reduction factor for tied compression controlled sections is
i. 0.65
j. 0.85
k. 0.90
l. 0.75
15. The classification of bean section with net tensile strain equal to 0.0045 is
i. Tension Controlled
j. Compression Controlled
k. Transition
l. None of the choices
Answer the following problems by choosing the letter that corresponds to your answer.

1. The maximum strain at extreme compression fiber shall be assumed equal to

a. 0.003
b. 0.004
c. 0.002
d. 0.005
2. For strains greater than that corresponding to fy, stress shall be considered equal to
a. Esfy
b. fy
c. Es/fy
d. fy/Es
3. The modulus of Elasticity Es shall be permitted to be taken as
a. 0.85f’c
b. 200000MPa
c. 0.003
d. fy
4. Calculate the strain in the steel if the stress in the steel is 200 MPa. The specified
yield strength of steel is 415 MPa.
a. 0.003
b. 0.002
c. 0.001
d. 0.005
5. Calculate the depth of neutral axis at balanced condition if the effective depth is 250
mm and fy is 415 MPa.
a. 147.78 mm
b. 212.50 mm
c. 294.12 mm
d. 223.25 mm
6. Calculate the stress at the centroid of the tension steel in single layer if the effective
depth is 250 mm and the depth of neural axis is 100 mm.
a. 800 MPa
b. 500 MPa
c. 1000 MPa
d. 900 MPa
7. Calculate the strain at the centroid of the tension steel in single layer if the effective
depth is 250 mm and the depth of neural axis is 100 mm.
a. 0.0040
b. 0.0025
c. 0.0050
d. 0.0045
8. Calculate the depth of compression at balanced condition if the effective depth is 250
mm, !! =0.85, and fy is 415 MPa.
a. 180.63 MPa
b. 135.57 MPa
 c. 125.61 MPa
d. 178.86 MPa
9. The reinforcement ratio of a section with 3-16 mm diameter tension bars, effective
depth of 338 mm, and width of 280mm is nearest to
a. 0.0064
b. 0.0055
c. 0.0076
d. 0.0123
10. Calculate the minimum reinforcement ratio for a given beam section if f’c=28MPa
and fy=345 MPa.
a. 0.00406
b. 0.00383
c. 0.00556
d. 0.00446
11. The minimum reinforcements need not be satisfied if As provided at every section is
at least _______ greater than As required by analysis.
e. 1/4
f. 1/2
g. ⅕
h. 1/3
12. For non-prestressed beams with Pu less than 0.10f’cAg, the strain at extreme layer of
tension steel shall be at least
e. 0.003
f. 0.002
g. 0.004
h. 0.005
13. Calculate the maximum reinforcement ratio in a beam section having concrete
compressive strength of 28 MPa, !! =0.85, and fy is 415 MPa.
e. 0.02089
f. 0.02678
g. 0.02345
h. 0.01987
14. Beams shall have at least how many continuous bars at both top and bottom faces?
i. 1
j. 3
k. 4
l. 2
15. Considering seismic provision of the NSCP code for longitudinal reinforcement is
flexural members, that reinforcement ratio shall not exceed
i. 0.025
j. 0.035
k. 0.015
l. 0.045
Answer the following problems by choosing the letter that corresponds to your answer.

1. Concrete cover is provided due to the following reasons except

a. Protect the steel reinforcement bars (rebars) from environmental effects to
prevent their corrosion
b. Provide thermal insulation, which protects the reinforcement bars from fire
c. Give reinforcing bars sufficient embedding to enable them to be stressed
without slipping
d. None of the choices
2. Minimum concrete cover for concrete members cast against and permanently in
contact with ground is equal to
a. 50 mm
b. 40 mm
c. 20 mm
d. 75 mm
3. Minimum concrete cover for concrete beam members not exposed to weather or in
contact with ground is equal to
a. 75 mm
b. 40 mm
c. 50 mm
d. 20 mm
4. For f’c between 17MPa to 28 MPa, the factor !! is equal to
a. 0.85
b. 0.75
c. 0.80
d. 0.65
5. For f’c greater than 56 MPa, the factor !! is equal to
a. 0.65
b. 0.85
c. 0.80
d. 0.75
6. Which of the following is the compressive strength of concrete if !! =0.85.
a. 21 MPa
b. 33 MPa
c. 35 MPa
d. 56 MPa
7. Which of the following is the compressive strength of concrete if !! =0.65.
a. 35 MPa
b. 21 MPa
c. 60 MPa
d. 42 MPa
8. Which of the following is the compressive strength of concrete if !! =0.80.
a. 60 MPa
b. 21 MPa
c. 35 MPa
 d. 42 MPa
9. For parallel non-prestressed reinforcement in a horizontal layer, clear spacing shall be
at least the greatest of the following except
a. 25 mm
b. 30 mm
c. diameter of the steel bar
d. 4/3 of the aggregates nominal size
10. For parallel non-prestressed reinforcement placed in two or more horizontal layer,
reinforcement in the upper layers shall be placed directly above reinforcement in the
bottom layer with the clear spacing between layers of at least
a. 30 mm
b. diameter of steel bar
c. 25 mm
d. 4/3 of the aggregates nominal size
11. Adding bars will impart significant increase in the moment strength of flexural
members within
e. Compression controlled region
f. Transition region
g. Tension controlled region
h. None of the choice.
12. Increasing the moment capacity of a flexural member is best achieved by increasing
the
e. Yield strength of steel
f. Compressive strength of concrete
g. Effective depth
h. Width of the member
13. Increasing the ductility of a flexural member is best achieved by increasing the
e. Compressive strength of concrete
f. Effective depth
g. Yield strength of steel
h. Overall depth
14. The curvature of the beam is increased if the area of tension reinforcement is
i. increased
j. remain constant
k. decreased
l. none of the choices
15. A 250mm by 400mm rectangular beam is reinforced with 3-20 mm diameter bars,
f’c=35 MPa, fy=345 MPa, diameter of stirrups=10mm, and concrete cover=40mm.
Calculate the effective depth of the beam.
i. 340 mm
j. 320 mm
k. 300 mm
l. 330 mm
16. A 250mm by 400mm rectangular beam is reinforced with 3-20 mm diameter bars,
f’c=35 MPa, fy=345 MPa, diameter of stirrups=10mm, and concrete cover=40mm.
Calculate the depth of compression block in the beam.
 m. 54.648 mm
n. 45.446 mm
o. 43.718 mm
p. 50.025 mm
17. A 250mm by 400mm rectangular beam is reinforced with 3-20 mm diameter bars,
f’c=35 MPa, fy=345 MPa, diameter of stirrups=10mm, and concrete cover=40mm.
Calculate the depth of neutral axis in the beam.
m. 43.718 mm
n. 45.446 mm
o. 54.648 mm
p. 50.025 mm
18. A 250mm by 400mm rectangular beam is reinforced with 3-20 mm diameter bars,
f’c=35 MPa, fy=345 MPa, diameter of stirrups=10mm, and concrete cover=40mm.
Calculate the strain at the extreme layer of steel.
i. 0.01134
j. 0.01235
k. 0.01565
l. 0.01889
19. A 250mm by 400mm rectangular beam is reinforced with 3-20 mm diameter bars,
f’c=35 MPa, fy=345 MPa, diameter of stirrups=10mm, and concrete cover=40mm.
Calculate the actual reinforcement ratio in the beam.
q. 0.01109
r. 0.01556
s. 0.01337
t. 0.01224
20. A 250mm by 400mm rectangular beam is reinforced with 3-20 mm diameter bars,
f’c=35 MPa, fy=345 MPa, diameter of stirrups=10mm, and concrete cover=40mm.
Calculate the ultimate moment capacity of the beam.
q. 103.44 kN.m
r. 98.85 kN.m
s. 105.55 kN.m
t. 93.10 kN.m
Answer the following problems by choosing the letter that corresponds to your answer.

1. A 250mm by 300mm rectangular beam is reinforced with 6-20 mm diameter bars

arranged in two layers with 3 bars per layer, f’c=21 MPa, fy=415 MPa, diameter of
stirrups=10mm, and concrete cover=40mm. Calculate the effective depth of the beam.
a. 240 mm
b. 235 mm
c. 217.5 mm
d. 215 mm
2. A 250mm by 300mm rectangular beam is reinforced with 6-20 mm diameter bars
arranged in two layers with 3 bars per layer, f’c=21 MPa, fy=415 MPa, diameter of
stirrups=10mm, and concrete cover=40mm. Calculate the actual reinforcement ratio
of the beam.
a. 0.03467
b. 0.03142
c. 0.03208
d. 0.03507
3. A 250mm by 300mm rectangular beam is reinforced with 6-20 mm diameter bars
arranged in two layers with 3 bars per layer, f’c=21 MPa, fy=415 MPa, diameter of
stirrups=10mm, and concrete cover=40mm. Calculate the balanced reinforcement
ratio of the beam.
a. 0.02161
b. 0.03467
c. 0.03142
d. 0.02556
4. A 250mm by 300mm rectangular beam is reinforced with 6-20 mm diameter bars
arranged in two layers with 3 bars per layer, f’c=21 MPa, fy=415 MPa, diameter of
stirrups=10mm, and concrete cover=40mm. Calculate the stress at the centroid of the
tension steel.
a. 415 MPa
b. 335.668 MPa
c. 293.805 MPa
d. 367.332 MPa
5. A 250mm by 300mm rectangular beam is reinforced with 6-20 mm diameter bars
arranged in two layers with 3 bars per layer, f’c=21 MPa, fy=415 MPa, diameter of
stirrups=10mm, and concrete cover=40mm. Calculate the depth of the neutral axis
from extreme compression fiber.
a. 134.567 mm
b. 125.555 mm
c. 146.005 mm
d. 155.466 mm
6. A 250mm by 300mm rectangular beam is reinforced with 6-20 mm diameter bars
arranged in two layers with 3 bars per layer, f’c=21 MPa, fy=415 MPa, diameter of
stirrups=10mm, and concrete cover=40mm. Calculate the depth of compression block
from extreme compression fiber.
 a. 114.382 MPa
b. 106.722 MPa
c. 124.104 MPa
d. 132.146 MPa
7. A 250mm by 300mm rectangular beam is reinforced with 6-20 mm diameter bars
arranged in two layers with 3 bars per layer, f’c=21 MPa, fy=415 MPa, diameter of
stirrups=10mm, and concrete cover=40mm. Calculate the strain at extreme layer of
steel.
a. 0.00205
b. 0.00345
c. 0.00193
d. 0.00554
8. A 250mm by 300mm rectangular beam is reinforced with 6-20 mm diameter bars
arranged in two layers with 3 bars per layer, f’c=21 MPa, fy=415 MPa, diameter of
stirrups=10mm, and concrete cover=40mm. Calculate the ultimate moment capacity
of the beam.
a. 86.089 kN.m
b. 98.872 kN.m
c. 55.958 kN.m
d. 67.735 kN.m
9. A 250mm by 300mm rectangular beam is reinforced with 6-20 mm diameter bars
arranged in two layers with 3 bars per layer, f’c=21 MPa, fy=415 MPa, diameter of
stirrups=10mm, and concrete cover=40mm. Calculate the nominal moment capacity
of the beam.
e. 55.958 kN.m
f. 98.872 kN.m
g. 86.089 kN.m
h. 67.735 kN.m
10. Design the minimum area of steel reinforcement of a 300mm by 500 mm rectangular
beam necessary to support a maximum ultimate moment of 162.5 kN.m. Use f’c=42
MPa, fy=415 MPa, diameter of stirrups=10 mm , and concrete cover= 40 mm.
a. 1042.125 mm2
b. 1123.123 mm2
c. 1023.414 mm2
d. 1225.156 mm2
11. Approximate method of analysis is permitted if
i. All of the choices is satisfied
j. Members are prismatic
k. Loads are uniformly distributed
l. There are at least two spans
12. In using approximate method of analysis, the longer of two adjacent spans should not
exceed the shorter span by more than
a. 50%
b. 25%
c. 100%
d. 20%
13. In using approximate method of analysis, the ratio of unfactored liveload to
unfactored deadload should not exceed
e. 2.5
f. 2.0
g. 3.0
h. 1.5
14. The minimum depth of a cantilever beam having unsupported length of 3.5 m and
reinforced with rebars of fy=276 MPa is
m. 347.5 mm
n. 437.5 mm
o. 450.5 mm
p. 357.5 mm
15. The minimum depth of a cantilever beam having unsupported length of 3.5 m,
reinforced with rebars of fy=420 MPa, and lightweight concrete having density of
1660 kg/m3 is nearest to
e. 347.5 mm
f. 504 mm
g. 437.5 mm
h. 357.5 mm