Ain Shams Engineering Journal 12 (2021) 2695–2707

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Ain Shams Engineering Journal

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Electrical Engineering

Investigation of switching over-voltages with different wind farm

topologies
Mostafa Elshahed a,b,⇑, Ahmed Ragab c, Mahmoud Gilany a, Mahmoud Sayed a
a
Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt
b
Faculty of Engineering & Information Technology, Buraydah Private College, Saudi Arabia
c
Faculty of Engineering, Fayoum University, Egypt

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: With increasing wind farms scale, the practical problems become more complicated. One of the promi-
Received 18 November 2019 nent problems is over-voltage production due to frequent switching activity. The over-voltage cruelty
Revised 9 October 2020 mainly depends on the wind farm topology, defined for an arrangement of the wind farm feeders
Accepted 22 October 2020
between the turbines. In this paper, the switching over-voltages in different wind farm topologies are
Available online 23 February 2021
presented by simulating ZAAFRANA wind farm in Egypt with the support of DIGSILENT. First, the four dif-
ferent topologies named radial, single-sided ring, double-sided ring, and star, are examined by measuring
Keywords:
the generated over-voltages. Finally, based on the more accurate and comprehensive analysis of the over-
Transient over-voltages
Wind energy
voltage produced by the four topologies, an effective methodology is proposed for reducing the amount of
Wind farm topologies the over-voltage peaks, in the low-cost radial topology, by splitting the switching process into two stages.
The proposed methodology is applied to ZAAFRANA wind farm and found that the destructive effects are
reduced remarkably.
Ó 2021 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier BV on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams Uni-
versity. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/
by-nc-nd/4.0/).

1. Introduction ies–parallel arrangement of the wind turbines, with different wind

farm topology, which refers to the way that the wind turbines are
In the last decades extracting electrical power from wind connected inside the wind farm. The four widely used wind farm
energy has been increased as one of the most widespread sources topologies are Radial topology, Single-Sided Ring (SSR) topology,
of renewable energy utilized for generating electricity. The finite- Double-Sided Ring (DSR) topology, and Star topology [1].
ness of the earth’s fossil fuel reserves is considered as the main rea- Switching over-voltage is one of the transients that occur in
son for the advent of renewable resources to share greatly in the wind farms due to the repeated switching or the resonance excita-
electricity network grids around the entire world. The existence tion during the energization of any feeder. The combination of the
of the wind everywhere on the earth and its availability in some power transformers and the MV cables forms a resonant RLC cir-
places with considerable density positioned the wind at the top cuit that may cause for producing destructive over-voltages. Volt-
of the renewable energy sources in addition to the solar energy [1]. age duplication is also taking place at the remote open end as a
Wind farm differs from the conventional power plant as it con- result of the traveling waves generated after feeder energization
tains a great number of power transformers, long-distances under- [2]. Several wind farms in Egypt suffer from insulation failures in
ground medium voltage cables, and frequent operation of the transformers, cables, and electronic components after switch-
switching processes [2]. The wind farm is constituted with the ser- ing operations. Especially ZAAFRANA wind farm suffers from
destructive switching over-voltages.
The research and development methods are widely increased to
⇑ Corresponding author at: Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University, Egypt.
improve the performance of the wind power technologies, over-
E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Elshahed).
coming the restrictions created from such technology and making
Peer review under responsibility of Ain Shams University.
it more reliable, efficient, and safe. Wind farms’ topology is
addressed in many publications in the literature. The cable topol-
ogy for wind farms has been designed based on the reduction of
the installation costs [3–5]. The impacts of the wind farm topology
Production and hosting by Elsevier

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2020.10.023
2090-4479/Ó 2021 THE AUTHORS. Published by Elsevier BV on behalf of Faculty of Engineering, Ain Shams University.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
M. Elshahed, A. Ragab, M. Gilany et al. Ain Shams Engineering Journal 12 (2021) 2695–2707

on stability, power losses, and voltage level changes have been results, discusses the investigation carried out on the switching
introduced in [6,7]. Authors in [8–13] have investigated the mitiga- of different topologies of the wind farm, along with the proposed
tion of switching over-voltages and resonance frequencies resulted methodology on switching sequence for radial topology. Finally,
due to transformers energization in grid-connected wind farms. Section 4 summarizes the results of our investigations and the pro-
The over-voltage phenomenon is classified into internal and posed switching sequence for radial topology with the conclusion.
external over-voltage. The most known reason for the external
over-voltage is the lightning strokes originated from thunder 2. Wind farm layout and equipment modeling
clouds [14]. The over-voltages caused by the system itself are
called internal over-voltages. Internal over-voltage has a shorter The studied Egyptian ZAAFRANA wind farm is 550 MW. It con-
rise time than lightning impulses of micro to nanoseconds [15]. tains 700 wind turbines. For simplicity, identical characteristics for
The main reason for the external over-voltages is the operation each WTT are assumed. Each turbine-transformer has 1 MVA rated
of the circuit breakers. Switching transients in wind farms during power and a 690 V/22 kV voltage ratio. The cable length between
energization and de-energization during fault clearing and load every two series wind turbines is 200 m. ZAAFRANA wind farm
rejection events are the most common reasons for over-voltages is connected to the external utility grid through a 220/22 kV sub-
in wind farms [16]. These transients produce sustained waves with station that transfers the wind farm output power to the grid.
high frequencies and increased amplitudes to several times their The general layout of the studied wind farm is shown in Fig. 1.
rated value causing over-voltages on the MV and LV sides of the Frequency-dependent models of DIGSILENT software are used to
wind turbine transformers. estimate the transient operation of the different wind farm
The cable system transients and its configuration with the other components.
system components causing resonance and over-voltage, when the
natural frequency of the transformer is matching with the domi- 2.1. External network grid
nant harmonic frequency of the transient wave, are focused in
[17]. The authors in [18] simulated the radial system topology of The grid-source is always modeled as an ideal voltage source
a real practical wind farm. Switching over-voltages have been sim- when studying switching transients [18]. The max short circuit
ulated in a wind farm to show the effect of changing the topology current is 16.5 kA, and the X/R ratio is taken as 8.85.
from radial to star topology in [19,20]. The severity of the over-
voltages that are generated because of these switching processes
2.2. Overhead transmission lines
is affected by the wind farm topology. Assessment of electrical
stresses resulted from the transient over-voltages on the wind tur-
The frequency-dependent model of the transmission lines is
bine transformers have been represented by the frequency domain
employed, and the PI-circuits are sectionalized for every incremen-
severity factor by ATP-EMTP software [21].
tal length [29]. The transmission line parameters are given in
Above and beyond, many publications have been presented in
Table 1.
recent years focusing on optimizing wind farm controllers and
improving the dynamic and transient performances. A cascaded
2.3. Power transformers
ANFIS-GA controller has been introduced to enhance the perfor-
mance of ZAAFRANA wind farm with the measured wind speed
The frequency-dependent model is used to account for nonlin-
data using MATLAB/Simulink [22]. In a recent paper [23], the
earities when studying the transformer’s energization. Different
author presented a new self-tuned control approach, which was
capacitances are considered for running harmonic analysis and fre-
employed at to ZAAFRANA wind farm. Similarly, an optimized Tak-
quency sweep analysis. Stray capacitances between each winding
agi–Sugeno fuzzy logic controller using a salp-swarm-algorithm to
and the ground and the capacitance between the two windings
improve the fault ride-through capability is presented by authors
of the main transformers don’t depend on the electrical character-
of [24]. Then, the cuckoo search algorithm and the grey wolf opti-
istics as the voltage or frequency but depend on the transformer
mizer have been hybridized to adjust the controller parameters in
construction [29,30].
wind generator systems in the literature [25]. Additionally, techno-
economical solutions for hybrid PV-wind systems with battery
storage have been optimized with real measurements by using Lin- 2.4. Under-ground cables
ear TORSCHE optimization [26].
Despite several studies for stability basis, reliability, economic, Presently, the models widely-used in the DIGSILENT software
and transformers energization for the wind farm have been exten- package are the best suitable methods when dealing with the issue
sively described in the literature; there is still a lack of study of the of the frequency-dependent parameters calculated in the field of
transient over-voltages that are resulted from the cables switching electromagnetic transients. Parameters of NEXAN OLEX cables
in these topologies. These limitations are addressed in the current [31] are used in this paper.
research paper. In this paper, the switching transients are simu-
lated for the ZAAFRANA wind farm in Egypt. Switching events 3. Simulation results and discussions
and produced over-voltages are investigated in four different wind
farm topologies (Radial, SSR, DSR, and Star) using DIGSILENT The over-voltages that appear at the low-voltage side of the
PowerFactory software. The over-voltages that appear at the low- WTTs are examined during the energizing actions in the under-
voltage side of the Wind Turbine Transformers (WTTs) are study four different topologies.
recorded for each topology and classified according to the IEC-
60071 standard reported in [27,28]. Furthermore, we proposed in 3.1. Switching in radial topology
this paper an effective switching sequence to reduce the over-
voltages in the widely-used radial topology in the existing wind In radial topology, WTTs are connected in series arrangements,
farms in Egypt. as shown in Fig. 2. The feeder F1 is energized through circuit
The rest of the paper is organized into three sections. Section 2 breaker S1. The length of feeder F1 is 8 km, and the cable length
describes the introductory background of the wind farm layout and between each two wind turbines is 200 m. The feeder F1 is
modeling of the components. Section 3 presents the simulation 3 * 1 * 500 mm2 copper conductors. The voltages during the ener-
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Fig. 1. The general layout of the studied wind farm.

Table 1 oscillations occur with frequencies calculated as per Eq. (1). The
Transmission line parameters. transients over-voltages increase if the oscillation frequencies
Positive and negative Zero sequence match with the system resonance frequencies calculated as per
sequence parameters parameters Eq. (2) [32,33].
Resistance (OHM/km) 0.03 0.13
2n  1
Reactance (OHM/km) 0.306 0.83 F¼ ; n ¼ 1; 2; 3; 4    ð1Þ
Susceptance (mS/km) 3.25 2.3 4T

1
fr ¼ pffiffiffiffiffiffi ð2Þ
2p LC
gization process are measured across the low voltage terminals of
the wind turbine transformers WTT1 to WTT13. Switching of S1 is where
executed at the instant of the peak value of the upstream voltage
wave taking into consideration step size transient time of 0.1 ms F: Oscillation frequency in Hz.
and maximum step size of 0.008 s. f r : Transformer resonance frequency in Hz
T: Traveling time in seconds
3.1.1. Results L, C: Inductance and capacitance of the system
Fig. 3 shows the instantaneous over-voltage peaks across the
transformers after closing the circuit breaker, S1. The transformer A discontinuity point is considered as the point that connects
of WTT13 suffers the highest over-voltage peak in the row (2.183 two systems of different surge impedances [32]. The surge impe-
p.u.) while the transformer of WTT1 suffers the lowest over- dance of any system is calculated from Eq. (3).
voltage value in the row (1.98 p.u.). During the simulation studies, rffiffiffi
L
the length of feeder F1 is varied from 1 km to 10 km with steps Surge impedance ¼ Z0 ¼ ð3Þ
equal to 1 km. Fig. 4 shows that the transient over-voltage peak C
increases with the increase of the main feeder length in a non- When a traveling wave propagates from a system with low
linear relation. With the increase of the main feeder length, the ini- surge impedance into a system with higher surge impedance, a res-
tial impulse of the transient over-voltage increases, and the decay- onant over-voltage phenomenon could occur, and the voltage in
ing rate of the generated transient over-voltage decreases, as the highest surge impedance system is amplified to retain the
shown in Fig. 5. energy conservation law [32]. After closing the circuit breaker,
the traveling wave propagates through the feeder F1. At the first
3.1.2. Discussion discontinuity (Bus1 in Fig. 2), the wave meets a higher characteris-
When energizing the unloaded WTTs through the main MV fee- tic impedance (the characteristic impedance of the transformer is
der, the system can be considered as a resonant RLC circuit in this much larger than that of the cable). Then, multiple reflections
case. The initiated traveling waves propagate through the cable and refractions occur due to the existence of the discontinuity
towards the transformer. Since this wave propagates through points. When the natural frequency of the transformer coincides
two different surge impedances (cables and transformers), high with the dominant frequency of the oscillations, high transient
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Fig. 2. Turbine arrangement in radial topology.

Fig. 3. Instantaneous over-voltage peaks in pu at WTT1 to WTT13 secondary terminals in radial topology assuming 8 km F1 length.

over-voltages are produced at the low voltage terminals of the Eq. (4) shows that the switching over-voltage value depends on
transformer. The value of transient over-voltage peak is calculated the ratio x2
x0 2 . By increasing the cable length, the capacitance of the
from Eq. (4) [19]. line is increased, and the value of w0 decreases causing the switch-
1 ing over-voltage value Vcm to increase, as shown in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4.
Vcm ¼  Em ð4Þ
1  xx 2 The over-voltage decaying rate decreases with cable length
2

0
increase, as shown in Fig. 5, because of the increased capacitive
where losses and the increased energy stored in the electric field. At the
remote open-end (Bus13), the waves are reflected causing duplica-
x: Angular frequency of the power supply. tion of the voltage [2]. Due to the voltage duplication and accord-
x0: Resonance angular frequency (p1ffiffiffi
LC
ffi). ing to Eq. (4), the last transformer in the string WTT13 suffers the
Vcm: The switching over-voltage peak. highest over-voltage peak value in the radial string.
Em: The peak value of the supply voltage. The peak value of the transient resonance over-voltage is
increased when the dominant frequency of the oscillations is

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Fig. 4. The relation between the over-voltage peak at WTT13 secondary terminal in p.u. and the feeder length in km in radial topology.

Fig. 5. Decaying rate of the transient over-voltage in radial topology; (a) With 8 km main feeder length and (b) with 20 km main feeder length.

more closer to the resonance frequency of the wind turbine- in the case of series resonance, while it reaches a maximum
transformer [17]. Fig. 6 shows the frequency contents of the value in the case of parallel resonance, as shown in Fig. 7.
transformer phase voltage waveforms. Fig. 7 shows the net- The natural frequencies of the circuit coincide with the reso-
work resonance frequency as calculated using the DIGSILENT nance frequency causing minimum terminal impedance (series
software package. Based on Fig. 6 and Fig. 7, the dominant resonance) [33]. Since there is a coincidence between many
and resonance frequencies of transformer WTT13 are tabulated dominant and resonant frequencies, the over-voltage in this
in Table 2. In the vicinity of the transformers’ dominant fre- arrangement is much higher than any other arrangements, as
quencies, the network impedance reaches its minimum value will be shown later.
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Fig. 6. Dominant Frequency of the voltage waves on transformer WTT13 in radial topology.

pared to the radial topology but with an additional cost of cable

added.

3.2.2. Discussion
The addition of feeder, F2 reduces the impact of voltage dupli-
cation at the remote end due to the reflected wave, and hence,
the transient over-voltage value is reduced compared to the radial
topology. Also, the increased capacitance as a result of the addi-
tional cable forces the transient over-voltage peak to be reduced
to maintain the energy conservation law [32]
(0:5C1  V1 2 ¼ 0:5C2  V2 2 ). The traveling time is increased due to
the additional cable, and hence, the oscillations frequencies are
also reduced in the two methodologies cases according to Eq. (1).
Based on Fig. 10 and Fig. 11, the dominant frequency of the SSR
Fig. 7. Network impedance versus the frequency in radial topologyatWTT13. system and the resonance frequency are tabulated in Table 3. There
is a clear deviation between the values of dominant and resonance
frequencies. This explains why the transient instantaneous over-
Table 2 voltage peak (refer to Fig. 9) is reduced in this topology in compar-
Resonance and dominant frequencies of WTT13 in radial topology.
ison to radial topology (refer to Fig. 3).
Resonance frequencies (Hz) Dominant frequencies (Hz)
748.9 676.78
986.7 918.5 3.3. Switching in double-sided ring topology
1271.7 1208.5
1671.8 2610.4 DSR is constructed by connecting every two radial strings from
1919.6
the ends of each string, as shown in Fig. 12. The lengths for feeders
2172.2
F1, F2, and F3 are 8 km, 6.5 km, and 1 km, respectively. As in radial
topology, S1 is closed at the instant of the peak value of the
upstream voltage wave taking into consideration step size tran-
3.2. Switching in single-sided ring topology
sient time of 0.1 ms and maximum step size of 0.008 s.
The SSR topology is shown in Fig. 8. In this arrangement, cable
F2 is added between bus13 and hub1 to make a ring topology. Two
3.3.1. Results
methodologies can be tested in this topology:
As in SSR topology, the over-voltage peak is also reduced in the
DSR topology compared to the radial topology. The maximum
 Case_1: Energizing S1 while S2 is open.
over-voltage peak in DSR topology is less than the minimum value
 Case_2: Energizing S2 while S1 is open
in radial topology, as shown in Fig. 13. The increase in the capital
cost of the additional cable is less than the SSR topology.
Closing S1 and S2 are executed at the instant of the peak value
of the upstream voltage wave taking into consideration step size
transient time of 0.1 ms and maximum step size of 0.008 s. The 3.3.2. Discussion
lengths of feeders F1 and F2 are 8 km and 10.4 km, respectively. In DSR topology, the increased number of transformers and the
additional cable reduces the effect of the voltage duplication at the
remote end. Due to the additional cable capacitance, the over-
3.2.1. Results voltages are reduced to retain the energy conservation law. The
Fig. 9 shows that the transient over-voltage peak is reduced dominant frequencies of the oscillations in this system design also
across each transformer in the two cases compared to the over- show more deviation from the resonance frequency compared to
voltage peaks in the radial topology shown previously in Fig. 3. the radial topology, as concluded from Fig. 14, Fig. 15, which are
This topology shows a reduction in the over-voltage level com- tabulated in Table 4.
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Fig. 8. Arrangement in a single-sided ring topology.

Fig. 9. Instantaneous switching over-voltage peaks in pu at low voltage terminals of WTT1 to WT13.

3.4. Switching in star topology shown in Fig. 17. The percentage increase in the over-voltage is
higher than the previous two topologies, and the cable cost is
The star topology of the wind farms is shown in Fig. 16. The higher. However, this arrangement has better reliability compared
length of the F1 feeder is 8 km. The star cables connecting other to all previous topologies.
wind turbine-transformers are 3 * 1 * 95 mm2 with the lengths
shown in Fig. 16. As in previous cases, the switch S1 is closed at
the instant of the peak value of the upstream voltage wave taking 3.4.2. Discussion
into consideration step size transient time of 0.1 ms and maximum The effect of the multiple remote open-ended points increases,
step size of 0.008 s. and the traveling wave at each transformer causing duplication of
the voltage value. However, according to Eq. (4), the over-voltage
in star topology is slightly smaller than that in radial topology
3.4.1. Results because of the reduced distance from the circuit breaker. The
The star topology shows a little reduction in the value of the over-voltages in this topology are high compared with SSR and
transient over-voltage peak compared to the radial topology, as DSR topologies since the deviation of the dominant frequencies
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Fig. 10. Dominant Frequency of the voltage waves on transformer WTT1 in SSR topology.

Table 3
Resonance and dominant frequencies of WTT1 in case_1 methodology of SSR
topology.

Resonance frequencies (Hz) Dominant frequencies (Hz)

718 623.6
796
1050
1295.5

from the resonant frequencies (as shown in Table 5 based on the

results shown in Fig. 18 and Fig. 19) is not high compared with
the deviations shown in Table 3 and Table 4.

Fig. 11. Network impedance versus the frequency at WTT1 SSR topology.

Fig. 12. Arrangement in a double-sided ring topology.

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Fig. 13. Instantaneous switching over-voltage peaks in pu at low voltage terminals in DSR topology of WTT1 to WTT13.

Fig. 14. Fast Fourier Transform analysis of the voltage waves on transformer WTT1 in DSR topology.

Table 4
Resonance and dominant frequencies of WTT1 in DSR topology.

Resonance frequencies (Hz) Dominant frequencies (Hz)

769 665
1076 867.5
1361
2150

Table 5
Resonance and dominant frequencies of WTT13 in star topology.

Resonance frequencies (Hz) Dominant frequencies (Hz)

757.5 653
973.2 887
1880 1167
Fig. 15. Network impedance versus the frequency of transformers WTT1 in DSR 2194
topology.

3.5.1. Results
3.5. The proposed switching sequence in radial topology The recorded over-voltage peak of WTT13 is shown in Fig. 21. In
comparison to Fig. 3, it is clear that the over-voltage level is
The proposed switching sequence is applied to the radial topol- reduced by a large extent (1.4 p.u compared with 2.2 p.u) when
ogy since the topology used in ZAAFRANA wind farm. The switch- splitting the switching into two stages.
ing process is split into two stages. Switch S2 is closed a few
microseconds after closing switch S1. Fig. 20 shows the places of 3.5.2. Discussion
the two switches. Breakers S1 and S2 are closed at the instant of In this method, the distance between the transformer and the
the peak value of the upstream voltage wave taking into consider- circuit breaker is reduced. According to Eq. (4), the over-voltage
ation step size transient time of 0.1 ms and maximum step size of level is decreased. Also, the effect of bus1 as a discontinuity point
0.008 s. This method is practically tested in ZAAFRANA wind farm, is reduced, and hence, the reflections and refractions vanish
and better results are obtained. Breaker S2 already exists, but it quickly, and the values of system dominant frequencies (shown
was kept closed all the time. in Fig. 22) have lower amplitudes compared to the traditional
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Fig. 16. Arrangement in a star topology.

Fig. 17. Instantaneous switching over-voltage peaks in pu at the low voltage terminals of WTT1 to WTT13 in a star topology.

switching method. The ordinary equipment for mitigating the wind farms after switching [8,18]. When splitting the energizing of
over-voltage in the conventional power plants (for example, surge the WTTs, the ordinary equipment for mitigating the over-voltages
arresters) cannot be used alone to mitigate the over-voltages in the can be used alone, and there is no need to use multiple parallel

Fig. 18. Fast Fourier Transform analysis of the voltage waves on WTT13 in a star topology.

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types of equipment to mitigate the over-voltages. This maximizes

the usefulness of the proposed switching method.

4. Conclusions

This paper establishes a transient frequency-dependent model

to simulate switching over-voltages in ZAAFRANA wind farm in
Egypt using DIGSILENT PowerFactory software. This work aims to
examine the effect of the wind farm topologies on the level of
the switching over-voltages. It addresses the designers of the wind
farms to be careful when choosing the topology of the wind farm
feeders. Radial, Single-Sided Ring, Double-Sided Ring, and Star
topologies are examined in this study. The transient over-voltage
peaks in the radial design are the highest among the other topolo-
gies. Single-Sided Ring and Double-Sided Ring topologies show
Fig. 19. Network impedance versus the frequency of transformers WTT1 and lower values of transient over-voltage peaks compared to the
WTT13 in a star topology. Radial and Star topologies.

Fig. 20. Modified switching in the radial topology.

Fig. 21. Instantaneous switching over-voltage peaks in pu on low voltage terminals of WTT1 to WTT13 when splitting the switching.

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Fig. 22. Fast Fourier Transform analysis of the voltage waves of WTT13 when splitting the switching.

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M. Elshahed, A. Ragab, M. Gilany et al. Ain Shams Engineering Journal 12 (2021) 2695–2707

Mahmoud Gilany (M’05) was born in Helwan, Egypt, in

1964. He received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees from Cairo
University, Cairo, Egypt, in 1987 and 1989, respectively,
Mostafa Elshahed received the Ph.D. degrees in electric and the Ph.D. degree from Calgary University, Calgary,
power engineering from Cairo University in 2013. He is AB, Canada, in 1993. He was a Professor with the College
an associate professor with Buraydah Private College of Technological Studies, Shuwaikh, Kuwait. Currently,
and on leave from Cairo University. He was a postdoc- he is a Professor with Cairo University. His research
toral fellow at the University of Porto, Portugal and at interests include power system protection, power
University of Manchester, UK. His interests include quality, and integration of renewable energy sources.
power quality, power systems stability, power systems
operations, stochastic optimization and integration of
renewable energy sources.

Mahmoud Sayed was born in Cairo, Egypt, in 1982. He

received the B.S. in 2005, M.S. in 2008 and Ph.D in 2013
in Electrical engineering from Cairo University, Egypt.
Ahmed Ragab received the B.Sc. degree from Minia He is currently an associate professor at faculty of
University, Egypt, and the M.Sc. degree from Cairo engineering, Cairo University.
University, Egypt, in 2017. He is currently at the Egyp-
tian Electricity Transmission Co since 2010.

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