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Building Blocks of A CPU

The document discusses the basic building blocks of a central processing unit (CPU). It describes how the CPU fetches instructions from internal memory and decodes and executes them with the help of control unit, arithmetic logic unit, and registers like the program counter and instruction register. It also discusses the types of basic logic gates like AND, OR, XOR that are used to build more complex digital circuits like flip-flops, decoders, and multiplexers within the CPU. These digital components serve as fundamental building blocks for constructing computers.

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Raj
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66 views

Building Blocks of A CPU

The document discusses the basic building blocks of a central processing unit (CPU). It describes how the CPU fetches instructions from internal memory and decodes and executes them with the help of control unit, arithmetic logic unit, and registers like the program counter and instruction register. It also discusses the types of basic logic gates like AND, OR, XOR that are used to build more complex digital circuits like flip-flops, decoders, and multiplexers within the CPU. These digital components serve as fundamental building blocks for constructing computers.

Uploaded by

Raj
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Building Blocks of a CPU

Stored in RAM when the


Running a Program program starts executing
Internal memory stores data while the External memory stores data in non-
CPU is operating (e.g., ROM, RAM) volatile media (e.g., hard disk)

Fetch Program Counter (PC)


1010111101011101
Instruction Register (IR)
Control Unit (CU)
Input devices get 1000110101011101 Output devices
data from the user Decode communicate the
into the computer’s results of processing
memory back to the user

Execute
Arithmetic and
e.g., keyboard, Logic Unit (ALU) e.g., monitor,
mouse, scanner,
printer,
microphone
speakers

Central Processing Unit (CPU)


Instruction Types
 CPUs are designed to perform different types of
instructions

 Typical instructions include:


 Data manipulation
 Control
 Input/output

 The set of instructions that a CPU can execute is called


its instruction set
Gates
• Gate: A device that computes a Boolean operation
• Often implemented as (small) electronic circuits
• Provide the building blocks from which computers are constructed

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A pictorial representation of AND, OR, XOR, and NOT
gates as well as their input and output values

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Examples
• Determine the output of the following circuits using
the given inputs:

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Flip-flops
• Flip-flop: A circuit built from gates that can store one
bit.
• One input line is used to set its stored value to 1
• One input line is used to set its stored value to 0
• While both input lines are 0, the most recently stored value is
preserved

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S-R Flip flop

• The flip-flop is a bistable device.


It exists in one of two states and,
in the absence of input, remains
in that state. Thus, the flip-flop
can function as a 1-bit memory.
• The flip-flop has two outputs,
which are always the
complements of each other.

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Decoder

A decoder is a circuit that converts n lines


of input into 2n lines of output.

The n lines of input represent a code.

A specific output line is chosen based


on the code represented by the input
lines.
Enable

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Multiplexor

A multiplexer, shortened to “MUX”


or “MPX”, is a logic circuit designed
to switch one of several input lines
through to a single common output
line by the application of a control
signal.

It is often called a data selector.

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