s a slaalia. i.O s as laalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.

O saasla
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i .O . rgrgA.R COACHING
O i .O . Orgrg CENTRE
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a saasa
PG-TRB,
d
l
a
POLYTECHNIC-TRB,
d d saasa l SET
d a
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l
saaCOACHING
sa FOR
d a
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O rgrg PG O rgrgTRB - 2019 O rgrg O rgrg
a i . i . O a i . i . O a i . i . O a i . i . O
saaslala saaslala saaslala saaslala saasla
ww
a
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d ad Unit ww
IV
a
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d a
d - Statistical ww
a
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d a
d Mechanics ww
a
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d a
d
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i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
asall a a i l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa d a sa
a ad Boltzmann statistics:-
P.P a ad (or) Classical
.P.P a ad
.P.statistics: .P.Pa ad .P.P a ad

87
w w.Maxwell w w w w P w w w w
w
www wwww w
www w
www wwww

78
Basics:
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
I The a i a i a i a i
d adsaasastatistical methodsdare
l l a
a
d saasapplied
la l a only to physicalsa
d a
d a
systems
l
sa l a containing a very
d a
d saaslarge
la number of
l a
d a
d saasla
a a particles. aa aa aa aa

73
ww .P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w ww ww www w www w ww w w

67
I Types of rstatistics:
a ia.Oi . Ogrg a ia.Oi . rgrg
O a ia.Oi . rgrg
O a ia.Oi . rgrg
O
(1)asClassical
asa l l Statistics a saasal l
a
l
saasa l
a
l
saasa l
a saasla
d d a d d d d d d d d

6
a a (i) Maxwell-Boltzmann
.P.P a a statistics (Ex: gas molecule).
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.P aa
ww ww ww ww ww

- 8i
w
ww w ww ww www w www w ww w w
(2) Quantum rgrStatistics
g
Ela
rgrg rgrg rgrg
a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O
la
sa(i)aslaBose-Einstein statistics lala −→ zero or integral
saas(Bosons saaslalaspin, Ex: photon). saaslala saasla
sTRa
a d ad a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
.P.Pa (ii) Fermi-Dirac wstatistics .PPa (Fermions −→ w half
.PP a
integral spin, Ex: Electron). .P.Pa .P.Pa
ww
ww
ww
ww www. wwwww. wwwwww
ww ww ww
Phase-Space: rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
dEaN

l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O a ia. O
i . O
a asal the state of gas a
Toasspecify from
saasathel molecular point ofsaview
a a s al we require the position a sa
l
asaland velocity (or asaasla
d
a adconveniently momentum) d
a adof each of its molecules, d
ad we must specify six
a(i.e) d
ad
aquantities adad
w .wmore
P.P w .wP.P w .wP.P w .wP.P x, y, z, px , w .,Pp.zP
pyw
PGaC

ww for each of the molecules.

ww ww ww wwww wwww ww ww
The state.O ofO the
rg rg point in the spacei.O willrgrbe
O g described by a set.Oof rgsix
O rg co-ordinate x, y, z,i.O O y , pz . This
pxr,gprg
l a ia i . l a a i . l a ia i . l a a i .
six-dimensional
saasa l space is called aphase-space
saasa l and elementaofsaasvolume
a l in the space isatermed l
saasa as a cell. saasla
IN

d ad
a∴a Six dimensional phase d d
aspace
a for a single particle d d
aisa called molecular phase-space d d
a a (or) µ− space and aad a
d
ww .P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P
w w
ww 6N dimensional phase ww
ww space is called τ −space w w
ww(or) γ−space. www w ww w w
H

Note:- rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg

AC

l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O

IaThe
d d
l
saasadimension of the volume d a
d
l
saasaelement are (length d a
d
l
saasmomentum)
× a f
= (joule
d a
d
l
asa f .
sasecond) d a
d saasla
aIa The size of the cell.P a a be hf . aa aa aa
.P.P ww(each)
.P .P.P .P.P .P.P
CO

w ww
w ww w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww h −→ constant ww has the dimension ofwjoule w second . ww ww
Microstates:- r(2
. O Ogrgn
) . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
a i i .
aslalastate to which cellaseach a ia i . a i
la i . a i i .
We samust aslalmolecule of the system saaslabelongs temporarilyd.asaaslala saasla
R

a d
a ad a d
a d a a d a
d a d a d a
d
ww .P.PExample: w.P.P the total number
In the 4wparticles, wof Pa
.P.microstates = 2n = 2w 4 .PPa
= .16 . ww.P.Pa
ww wwww ww w www ww
A

ww ww ww ww
Macrostates:-
i . O . rg(n
O rg+ 1) i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a
al a i
aspecication l a a i
asaofl molecules (or) phase l a a i
al in each cell of aphase
aspoints l a a
asalspace.i asla
The
d a sa s of the number
d a sa d a sa d sa d a s a
ad
aExample:
.P.P a adthe total number of
.P.P
In the 4wparticles, a ad
.P.macrostates
P a a+d1) = 5 .
.=P.(4
P .P.P a ad
w w w w w w w w = (n + 1)
w w w w w w
www I Many dierent w
wwmicrostates may correspond www to the same macrostate. www www
I The microstates
i .O . rgrg which are allowed
O i .O . Ogrg given restrictions
runder i .O . rgrgcalled accessible microstates.
are
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
aa
P.P
.Ensemble:- aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.P aa
w ww
w wwww w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww A collection of w w number of identicalwindependent
large w system is called ww an ensemble. In an w w
ensemble
the systemsi.play O . rgrthe
O g same role as molecule
i .O . rgrgin a gas.
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aa l al a i aal al a i aal al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
 s as laalia. i.O s as laalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O saasla
a
2adada A.R aad a
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Physics, Kallakurichi(Dt)- aad a
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ww.P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
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I Accessible rgrgstates: are the states consistant
rgrg with the given constraintsrgrg of the system.rgrg
l i
ala . O
i . O l alai . O
i. O l i
ala . O
i . O l alia.Oi.O
d a dsa as a
d a
d s aas a
d a
d sa as a
d a
d saas a
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w www w ww
w wwww wwww
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Thermodynamic
i . O . rgrg probability:- i.O.O
O rgrg i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
d adsaaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
ww.P.PaThe number of microstates
a
ww.P.Pa corresponding toww
a that
.P.Pamacrostate.
a
ww
a
.P.Pa ww
a
.P.Pa
ww
ww Example: The thermodynamical
wwww probability
w w w ww
w for the macrostate Niw= 3, Nj = 1 is 4. (i.e) Ωw= 4.
w w ww

i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
cell l a a
asi al abc i abd l a
al
asacd a i bcd l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa d a s a d a sa d a sa d a sa
.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P

87
w w w w w w w w w w ww w w w
www cell j d www c b wwaw www www

78
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i N! l a a i l a a i
d
IadsaThe l
asa thermodynamic probability
d a
d saasa l Ω=
d a
d sa!asa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa aa n 1 a
! n ! n
.P.P2 a 3 aa aa

73
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww ww.P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w wwww www w wwww wwww

67
n!
I Number i . O . rgofrgmeaning arrangements
O i . O . rgrg=
O =n Ci.rO..O rgrg i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l r! (n − r)!
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla

6
aa
.P.Example:
P aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
ww ww ww ww ww

- 8i
w
ww w ww w w ww ww
A system of 4wdistinguishable,
w Ela ww
for a macrostate (1,3), r = 1, (nw −wr) = 3 and n = 4 the number
ww of
microstate.i.O g
r rg g
r rg g
r rg g
r rg
l a a i .O l a ia.Oi .O l a ia.Oi .O l a ia.Oi .O
a l
sasa∴ Thermodynamicdaprobability a
sasa l an!
sasa = l 4!
= 4. da a
sasa l saasla
sTRa
a d ad a d (Ω)(r,n−r) = da
a d a d a d a
d
.P.Pa .P.Pa .P.Par! (n − r)! 1! 3! ww .PPa .P.Pa
ww
ww
ww
wwwwww
wwwwww
wwww . wwwwww
Fundamental postulate of statistical mechanics:-
rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
dEaN

l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O
asathe
1.adsaAll l cells in the phasesspace
a aasal are of equal size.asaasal a saasal a saasla
aad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w ww.P.P w .P.P
w
PGaC

w
www 2. All the accessible w
www microstate corresponding w
www to possible macrostates w
wwware equally probablew .www The
(i.e)
probability rgrgof all microstates of thergrgsystem are equal. rgrg rgrg
l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O
asa l saaasgas
a l asa l saasa l saasla
IN

3.
d adsaThe equilibrium state of
d a
d corresponds to the
d a
d smacrostate
a of maximum d a
dprobability . d a
d
.P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w wwww w ww
w wwww wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
H

4. The total number of molecules is constant (N ) .

rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
AC

l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O

5.asThe
d d a asa total number of theassystem
l
d d aasa is constant (E) a. saasa
l
d d
l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
CO

w ww
w wwww w ww
w wwww wwww
ww h = δpi δqi ww ww ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
saaslala saaslala saaslala saaslala saasla
R

ENSEMBLE:-
a d ad a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.PaAn ensemble is dened ww.P.Pas
a a collection of a large
ww .P.Pnumber
a of macroscopicallyww.P.Pa identical but essentially ww.P.Pa
ww ww w w ww ww
A

ww independent system.w w w w ww ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
The conditionl a a i
asal of equilibrium abetween l a a i
asal two systems in thermal a i
asal contact - The β−aparameter:-
l a l
asala a i asla
d a sa
d systems which .are d s a d a sa d sa d a s a
.P.Pa aTwo P.P ad
a capable of exchanging a adbetween one another,
.P.heat
P .P.P ad said to be in thermal
a are a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w ww w w w
www contact. www www www www
According i.O.O rto
grgstatistical mechanicsOthe rgrgtwo systems in thermal rgrcontact
g will be in equilibrium rgrg if their
l a a i l a ia. i.O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O
saasla

saasa
functions l ∂
log Ω are equal. saasa l saasa l saasa l
aad ad ∂E aad a
d aad a
d aad a
d d
aa ad
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P .P.P
ww ww.P.P
w
ww w wwww  www w ww
ww w
ww w
∂ ∂ 0 0

i .O . rgrg
O i O
.∂E . rglog
O rg Ω(E) = ∂E log iΩ
0
.O . Orgr)g
(E
i .O . rgrg
O
aa l al a i aa l a l a i aal al a i aal al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
 s aslaalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O s as laalia. i.O saasla
a
3 adada d a
d
A.RaCoaching a CentrePadasalai d a
d
for Physics,
aa a Kallakurichi(Dt)- aad a
d aCell: 8667737887. aad a
d
ww.P.P ww .P.Pa ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w w
ww w www w ww w w wwww

∂
I The function
i .O . Orgrg log Ω is generally
i .O . O rgrg represented by β ,i.O.O rgrg i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
saasla
l ∂E l l l
d a
d saβas−→
a has the dimensions
d a
d
asareciprocal energy forathermally
saof d d saasa equilibrium we
d a
d
asa
sahave, d a
d
aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w www w ww
w wwww
ww ww 1 ww 1 ∂ ww ww
= KT (or) β = = log Ω(E)
i . O . Orgrg β
i . O . Orgrg KT ∂E Orgrg
i . . O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
a saaslala a saaslala a saaslala −1 a s−1
a aslala a saasla
a
.P.Pa
d d K −→ is a Boltzmann's a
.P.Pa
d d constant (dimension .P.Paa
−→d d joule deg ) (or) a
.P.Pa
J dKd . a
.P.Pa
d d
wwww w ww
w w www w ww
w wwww
ww wR
w w w w w ww
Krg =g where, R −→ gas rgrgconstant for 1 Kg mol ,
rgrg N −→ Avogadro number. rgrg
i . O
i . O r N i . O
i . O i . O
i . O i . O
i . O
s l
asala a s l
asala a s l
asala a s l
asal a a s asla
d a a
a ad between entropy d a a
d probability:- .PP
a aand d a
d a d
a ada a d
a ada a
.Relation
P.P .P.P .a a .P.P .P.P

87
w w w w w w w w w w w w w ww
www www www www www
I The probability rgrg of the system ini.Oequilibrium state is maximum. rgrg But from the thermodynamical

78
i . O . O . Orgrg i . O . O i .O . rgrg
O
point
saasal a l a of
i view the equilibrium
saasal alstate
a i of a system is the l
saasa state
al a i of maximum entropy
saasa l al.a i
saasla
d a
d
aIa S = K loge Ω .P S a−→d a
d
a Entropy, Ω −→ .Probability. aad a
d aad a
d aad a
d

73
ww.P.P ww.P wwP.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w www w www w ww w w wwww
The above equation rgrg state that thei.entropy rgrg of a system is proportional rgrg to the logarithm ofrgprobability

67
of thatssystem.
l a ia. O
i . O (i.e) l a a O
i . O l a i
a . O
i . O l a ia. O
i . Org
d a
d a asa l S ∝ log
d
e sa a
a
d
Ω
a s l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla

6
aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
ww ww ww ww ww

- 8i
w w
ww Boltzmann's canonical w w
ww distribution law:- www w ww w w wwww
I The number rgrgof molecules in each
Ela
cell
rgrgas a function of energy rgassociated
rg with each particle rgrg in that
a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O
sacell.
aslala saaslala saaslala saaslala saasla
sTRa
a d a
d a d a
d 1 a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa nw .P.A
i =
w Pae −βε i
; ni = α+βε ww.P;.Pa ni = exp[−α − βεwi ]w .P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww wwww e ww
w w
i
w ww w wwww
Partition function:- rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
dEaN

a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O
Thesa quantity
slal a z is called the s Boltzmann
l
asal a partition function s asalor simply the partition
l a s asfunction.
lal a s asla
d
a ada a d
a ada a d
a ada a d
a ada a d
a ada a
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w ww.P.P
PGaC

w
www w
www z = = N X
giwew
w
i−εw /KT
(or) z =
X
wew
i
w
−βεw w
www
A
i . O . Orgrg i . O .
irg g
O r i . O . rgri g
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
saasthe l
a gas molecules of aansaasassembly a l saa(or)l
sa partitioned among l
asavarious energy saasla
IN

d
z a
−→
d d d are distributedd a
d d a
d sthe
a d a
d
aa
.P.P P.Paa
.state .P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w
ww
ww
w levels. (Sumwww of
w
w w of the system) www www
ww w ww
w wwwwww
H

rgrof
g gases:- rgrg rgrg rgrg
AC

Kinetic theory
l a ia.Oi . O l a i
a .Oi . O l a i
a .Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.P aa
.P.1P .P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
CO

w ww
w 1. Pressure of gas wP w=w
w ρc2
; ρ = nm w
−→ www density. w ww
w wwww
ww ww 3 ww ww ww
2i.O . Orgrg i . O . Orgrg i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
2. Psa i
=lalaKinetic energy.
a a i a i a i
saaslala saaslala saaslala saasla
R

d a
d a s3 d a
d d a
d d a
d d a
d
a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa .P.Paa a
.P.Pa 3 a
.P.Pa
wwww w ww
w w www w ww
w wwww
A

ww 3. Kinetic energy w w w
of temperature (one molewof an ideal monoatomic w w gas) E = KT ; ww
2
g rgrg rgrg rgrg
K a=lalia.O
R O
i .; rKrg= 1.38 × 10−23 ajoule/K l aila.O i .O ; E ∝ T ; Eal= aila.3Oi O
.RT l
asal a ia. O
i . O
asla
a sa s aN a sa s a a sa s a2 a sa a s a
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w 2ww.P.P
w
www 4. The mean square w
www velocity of a molecules is
w
www directly proportional to the
wwww absolute temperature w
www
V ∝ T

5. Boyle's i .Olaw
. Orgrg P V = 2 N ; Vi.∝ O . Or1grg(or) P V = constant i . O . r.grg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l 3
d a
d saasa P l
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d adsaasla
aa
.P.P .P.Paa .P.P aa V
aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w 6. Charle's law: w Vww
w ∝ T at constant value w www
of P −→ (or) = w ww
w
constant . wwww
ww ww ww T ww ww
7. Gas a equation:
i .O . Orgrg P V = RT . i.O.O rgrg i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
aal l a i aal al a i aal al a i aa l al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
 s aslaalia. i.O s as laalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O saasla
a
4adada A.R aad a
d a
Coaching Centre Padasalai
for d a
d a
Physics,
aa Kallakurichi(Dt)- aad a
d a Cell: 8667737887. aad a
d
ww.P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w ww w w www w ww w w ww w w

i . O . rgrg
Classical Maxwell-Boltzmann
O i . O. Orgrg
Distribution law:-
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
The l a a i
assemblies, in general, consist
l a a i of three types of particles:
l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww 1. Identical but distinguishable ww particles:- ww ww ww
Molecules rofgrg a gas are the particles rofgrg the kind. The particlesrgobey rg Maxwell-Boltzmann rgrg
i . Oi . O i . O
i . O i . O
i . O i . O
i . O
distribution
saaslala law.
a a
saaslala a
saaslala a
saaslala saasla
d a
d d a
d d a
d d a
d d a
d
ww.P.2.PaIdentical but indistingushable
a
ww .P.Pa particle of Zero
a
ww .(or)
P.PaIntegral spin:- ww
a a
.P.Pa ww
a
.P.Pa
ww
ww w w
Photons are thewparticles of this kind. The
w w w w
w particle obey Bose-Einstein w w w
w statistics and hence w w w w
known
as Bose particle rgrg (Bosons). rgrg rgrg rgrg
a i . Oi . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O
3. Identical
s asal but indistinguishable
l a s asaparticle
l l a of 1/2 integralsaspin:-slal a s l
asal a s asla
d a
d a
a aElectron, d a a
a adare the particle of this d a a
ad They obey the pauli's
akind. d a a
a adexclusion principle.and d
a ada a
.P.P proton, neutron
.P.P .P.P .P.P P.P

87
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
www Fermi-Dirac ststistics. www This particle arewknown ww as fermions. www www

78
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d
l
saasa of constatnt dinadsthe
Evaluation
a
l
asaMaxwell-Boltzmann
d a
d
l
saasadistribution law:dadsaasa l
d a
d saasla
aa aa aa aa aa

73
ww.P.P ww .P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w 3Nw w 3 3 w w w w w w
E = ww ; E = RT = nKT ww . ww ww
2β 2 2

67
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
C = d
1 sasa
a
d a
l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla

6
.P.Paa .P.Paa .P.P
(2πmKTa a )3/2 V aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
ww ww w w ww ww

- 8i
w
ww w ww w w www w ww w w ww w w
Maxwell - O rgrg
Ela
grg (statistics):- .OO
rlaw rgrg rgrg
a i . i . O
Boltzmann distribution
a i . O
i . O a i i . a i . O
i . O
saaslala saaslala saaslala saaslala saasla
sTRa
a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa1. The total number ww .P a
of.Pparticles in the entire ww P.Pa is always constant.
.system ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww ww ww wwww w w
w w w w
w w
k  n 
rgrg of a given distribution, rgrg P = N ! g
i
i rgrg rgrg
2. Theaiprobability
dEaN

Y
l a. Oi . O l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. O
i . O .
l a ia. O
i . O
a saasal a saasal a s
i=1aasalni a saasal a saasla
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w w.P.P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
PGaC

w
www 3. The condition wfor most
wwwX    www probable distribution
w (or) maximum probability,
wwww wwww
ni
0 (or) rgi = 0 .
Ogrg rgdn rgrg rgrg
d(log p) r= log
l a ia.O i . l giia.O
a i . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O
saasa l saasa l saasa l saasa l saasla
IN

aad a
d aad a
d aad a
d aad a
d aad a
d
ww.P.P 4. The M-B distribution ww .P.P law is, ni = gi e−α .P.P
w−βE
ew w i
(or) ni = α+βE
gi .P.P
ww (or) ni = α+βE 1
ww.P.P
w
ww w ww w w www e ww w w ww w w
H

i gi e i

ni 1
(i.e) .OO grg   .
r= rgrg rgrg rgrg
AC

l a ia gi.i l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O

saasla
ε −µ
saasa l exp i
saasa l saasa l saasa l
aad a
d K T B
aad a
d aad a
d aad a
d aad a
d
.P.P .P.P .P.P .P.P .P.P
CO

w ww
w 5. The dierent w ww
ways
w of their distribution winwfor
w w energy levels n www
.w w ww
w
ww ww ww = i
gwi w ww
6. Entropy . O Ogrga perfect crystal is .zero.
rof O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
a i i . a i i . a i i . a i i .
saaslala saaslala saaslala saaslala saasla
R

a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
.P.Pa7. The probabilitywofw Pa one particle inwthe
.Pnding .PP s a state is ns = e w.P.Pa .
th (µ−ε )/KT
.P.Pa
ww . www.
s

wwww www w ww
w
A

ww ww ww ww w w
8. At equilibrium, the chemical potential will be the same for all substances .
X
n = N
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i
s
.O . rgrg
O
l al a i
asaclassical l a a i
al << 1 .
asµ/KT l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d9.
a sFor
a behaviour, d a sa d a sa d a sa d a s a
.P.Pa ad .P.Pa ad e
.P.Pa ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w w w w ww
www www www www www
Exercise: gi = 4, ni = 3 ∴ Number of ways gin = 43 = 64 . i

i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
.P.Paa .P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w wwww
ww ww ww ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
aal al a i aa l al a i aal al a i aal al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
 s as laalia. i.O s as laalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O saasla
a
5 adada A.RaCoachingd a
d a CentrePadasalai d a
d
for Physics,
aa a Kallakurichi(Dt)- aad a
d aCell: 8667737887. aad a
d
ww.P.P ww .P.Pa ww.P.P ww.P.P .P.P
ww
w
ww w ww w w www w wwww wwww
M-B energy distribution
i . O . rgrg
O
:
i .O . O rgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d ad saasa ni
 l 
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aIa log
.P.P = −α w −.βE P.Pai a (or) ni = gi e .P.P (−α−βE
i a a (or) ni = gi e .eP.P
) −αi aa
−βE aa
.P.P
w ww
w g w w w w ww
w wwww wwww
ww i ww ww ww ww
1
(or)OnO rigr=ggi e e−α −E /KT i
O Orgrg ∴ β = KT O rgrg
O O rgrg
O
a i . i . a i . i . a i . i . a i . i .
d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
.P.Pa where, i = 1, w2,w a
.P.3,Pa........ K a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww w w w ww
w wwww wwww
ww K −→ Boltzmann w w w
constant ; T −→wAbsolute temperature. w w ww
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . Orgrg i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
l a l a i l a a i
asal as the Boltzmannafactor. l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
IaThesaasaquantity eX−E /KT
i
is aknown
sa sa a sa a sa
d
aIadThe quantity d
a a/KT d d
ad of the system and
astates d
aisadcalled the partition .P.P d
a ad
.P.P P−E is the sum over P.P
.all .P.P

87
i. e.P
gw i
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
www function of the
w
wwsystem (Z) X . www www www

78
i . O . rgrg
O Z=
i gO
.
i
i O
.
grg/KT
er−E
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa aa aa aa aa

73
.P.P .P.P N .P.P .P.P .P.P
w ww
w w ww
w ni = gi e−E /KT
i
w w
w w www w w w
w w
ww ww Z ww ww ww

67
M-B energyOdistribution
i . i.O rgrg function:
i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a l a l al a i l al a i l a a i
a quantum state asaasla
l
The
d a saasa
general energy distribution d a saasafunction f (Ei ) is the d a saasa number of particles
average d a saasper
d d d d adad

6
aa
.P.P .P aa
P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P .P.P
w w in the ith
energy level
w w E. . It is given by, w w w w w w

- 8i
ww
ww ww ww i
wwww wwww ww
ww
fO rgir)g= ni ;
Ela rig)r=
g e−α e−E/KT rgrg rgrg
a i . i (E
. O a fi.(EO
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O
saaslala gi saaslala saaslala saaslala saasla
sTRa
a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww P.Pa Energy distribution
.M-B ww .P.Pafunction for an ideal ww
a
.P.Pgas:- ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww ww ww wwww wwww ww
ww
I An ideal gas consistingof free  particle with no spin g(E) dE is
r grg r g r g rgrg rgrg
dEaN

i . O . O 2m i . O . O i . O . O i . O . O
l
asal a a i
g(E) dE = 2πV l a a
E i
1/2
dE l a a i l a a i asla
d a sa d ahsa2asal d a saasal
d a saasal
d a sa
a ad
.P.P .P.P a ad a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P
w w w w w w w w w w
PGaC

w
www The M-B energy w
wwdistribution
w law for thewparticles w
ww of ideal gas, www w w
www
.O rgrg 3/2rgrg rgrg rgrg
i i . O 1lalia.O i . O 1/2 −E/KT i .Oi . O i .Oi . O

l a l a
saasa n(E) dE = √πdadsaKT
2N
asa l
saasa al a l
saasa al a saasla
IN

a E e dEa a a
aad d aa aad d aad d aad d
ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w ww w w www w wwww w
ww w
H

 3/2
V rg2πmKT rgrgthe degeneracy parameter. rgrg rgrg
Org h2
AC

I eα =ai.O
l a i . −→ a
l isia.called
O
i . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O
d a
d saasa l N
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
P.P
.Condition .P.P aa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
CO

w ww
w for application w ww
w of M-B statistics: w ww
w wwww w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
I The M-B statistics is applicable to a system of particles for which the mean distance between the
particle i . O . risgrgreater
O g than the thermal
i . O . OrgrDe-Broglie
g wavelength i . O . rofgrgthe particles.
O i . O . rgrg
O
a i a i a i a i
saaslala saaslalaV saaslala saaslala saasla
R

a a a a a
 
a d dThe volume of per particle
a d d a d d a d d a d d
ww.P.Pa
I
ww .P.Pa =
N ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww ww ww ww ww
A

ww ww ww  1/3 ww ww
V
∴ The mean r gr g distance between thergparticle r g = rgrg rgrg
l a ia. O
i . O l a i
a . O
i . O N
l a ia. O
i . O l a ia.Oi . O
a saasal a sa asal a saasal  2
1/2sasal
a a a s aasla
d
aIadThe de-Broglie wavelength d
a ad associated is given d d , λ=
a a(λ) h d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w w w.P.P w .P.by
w P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
www wwww w
www w
www
2πmKT w
www
Thus, theO condition
rgrg for M-B statistical rgrto g become applicable.O.is, rgrg rgrg
l a ia. i.O l a i
a .Oi . O l a ia i O l a ia.Oi . O
d a
d
l
saasa 1/3  d d
asa
sa1/2
a
l   da d
l
saa2sa 3/2 d a
d saasa l
d adsaasla
aa
.P.P V 2
.hP.Paa V .P.P aa h aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w ≥ ww ww (or) w ww
w ≥ wwww w ww
w
ww N ww2πmKT wNw 2πmKT ww ww
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . Orgrg i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
O
aa l a l a i aa l al a i aal al a i aal al a i ala
dasas dasas dasas dasas dasas
 s as laalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O s aslaalia. i.O saasla
a
6adada A.R aad ad a
Coaching Centre Padasalai
foraad ad a
Physics, Kallakurichi(Dt)-aad a
d a Cell: 8667737887. aad a
d
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w w w
ww    ww w w www w www w
3/2
rgrg V 2πmKT rgrg rgrg rgrg
l a i
a . O
i . O l a .O
2lia i. O ≥ 1 (or) eαla≥lia.O 1i.O
l a ia.Oi . O
d ad saasa l N
d ad saasah
d adsaasa d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa
.P.Three
P .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
w ww
w cases:
w www w ww
w w ww
w w ww
w
ww ww ww ww ww
Case (i):

iWhen
. O . rgrgthe degeneracy parameter
O i . O . rgrgeα statistics this condition
O i . O . rgrg the gas is said to be
O i . O . rgrg
non-degenerate
O
a i a i a i a i
d a
d saaslala(i.e) eα ≥ 1. d ad saaslala d adsaaslala d a
d saaslala d a
d saasla
a
Pa (ii):
.P.Case a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa a
.P.Pa
wwww ww ww ww ww wwww wwww
ww wαw ww ww ww
When e > 1, but not too large, the gas is said to be weakly degenerate.
i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O
Case (iii):
l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
asala a i asla
d a sa When α
, thed a
gassa is said to be strongly d a s
degenerate.
a The M-B a s
statistics
d a is valid for systems d a sa
.P.Pa ad e < 1
.P.Pa ad a ad
P.P a ad
.P.P a ad
.P.P

87
w w ww w .
w w w w w
w
www at highww
w w
temperature, at low densities www w N
has a low value.
w
www w
www
V

78
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
M-B slaw
d a
d a
l
asa of distribution ofasamomentum:
d d
asa l
d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla
aa aa aa aa aa

73
ww.P.P ww.P.P ww .P.P ww.P.P ww.P.P
w
ww w ww w w 
1
3/2 ww
ww2 −p /2mKT
2 www w www w
n(p) dp = 4πN p e dp

67
i .O . rgrg
O 2πmKT rgrg
i .O . O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d
l
saasa of M-B distribution d ad
l
saasa law: d adsaasa l
d a
d saasa l
d a
d saasla

6
Application
.P.Paa .P.Paa aa
.P.P aa
.P.P aa
.P.P
ww 1. Total internal ww
energy and specic heat wconstant
at w volume of an ww
ideal gas. ww

- 8i
w
ww w ww w w ww w w www w www w
rg=rg3 KT ; C = 3i.O
Elargrg rgrg rgrg
a i . O
iU. O a i
R . O a i . Oi . O a i . O
i . O
saaslala saasla2la saaslala saaslala saasla
v
2
sTRa
a d a
d a d ad a d ad a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa ww.P.Pa
ww
ww 2. Maxwell -wBoltzmann ww w speed distribution: w w
w w w w
w w w w
w w
rgrg rgrg rgrg rgrg
dEaN

I M-B l a i
a . O
law
i . O of speed distribution l a ia. O
i . O l a ia. Oi . O l a ia. O
i . O
a saasal a sa asal a saasal a saasal a saasla
d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad d
a ad
w .P.P
w ww.P.P 3/2 www .P.P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
PGaC

w
www n(ν)wdν
w
ww = 4πN
m w w
ν 2we−mv /2KT dν
2 w
www w
www
2πKT
i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
O
l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
l
gsia= Number of cells inas
saa the l
asazone under consideration. saasa l saasa l saasla
IN

Ia a a a a
aad d aad d aad d aad d aad d
ww.P.P ww.P.P w .P.P
w w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
w
ww w Volume of the zone in thewphase
w w w w space
w w www w www w
gi = w
H

rgrgR R R R R Volume of one rgrgcell rgrg rgrg

AC

l a i
a . O
i . O l a ia. O
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dxdydz dp x dp y dp z
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ww ww N (V ) dV = BVw2w dV ww ww
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Threeacases:laa i l
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d a sa s
d If V = 0 ; N (V ) .= d a sa d a sa d a sa d a s a
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P a ad
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.P.P
w w w w ww w w w w w w w w w
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w
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w w
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2 w w www
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i .O . O grga value of V .
rfor i .O . rgrg
O i .O . rgrg
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l a a i l a a i l a a i l a a i
d a
d saasa l
d ad saasa l
d a
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d a
d saasa l
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w ww
w w www w ww
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2
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i . O . O g
i . O. O i . O . rg(V
O i . O . O
increasing
a i of value V . saslaala i i i
d ad saaslala d a
d a d a
d saaslaala d a
d saaslaala d a
d saasla
aa
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.Maxwell's distributionP a a of velocities:
P
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w ww
w w ww
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w w ww
w w ww
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ww ww
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i n(ν
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i . O i . O
i . O rg /2KT dVx
x
i . O
i . O i . O
i . O
a
saaslala
2πKT a
saaslala1/2 a
saaslala a
saaslala saasla
a d a
d da
a d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d
ww.P.Pa p(Vx ) dVw P.Pa
= .N
x w
m 2
e−mV w/2KTw.P.dVPax ww .P.Pa ww.P.Pa
wwww 2πKT wwww
x
ww
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ww
Limitation of
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rM-B . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O . O rgrg
O
l a lia i .
asisaapplicable l a ia i .
asal gas of identicalamolecules l
asala ia i . l
asala ia i . asla
1.
d aIt
sa only to an
d a saisolated d sa in equilibrium.
d a sa d a sa
a ad
.P.P .P.Pa ad a ad
.P.interaction .P a ad a ad
.P.P

87
w w (a) The mean potential
w w energy due to mutual
w w P between the
w w .P
molecule is very small w w
w
www w
www w
www(under this conditionwthe w
wwgas is said to be ideal). w
www
compared to their mean kinetic energy

78
(b) The i .O . rgrgis dilute (i.e) the number
gas
O i .O . rgrgof molecule per unit
O i .O . rgrg is small. So that
volume
O i .O . rgrgaverage
the
O
l a l a i l al a i l al a i l a a i
asabe distinguished . asaasla
l
d a saasseparation
a between dthe a asa
samolecules is large anddhence
a saasaindividual molecules d a scan
a
aa d aa d aa d aa d adad

73
w .P.P
w (Under this w .P.P
condition
w the gas is said to
w .P.P
be
w non-degenerate ). w .P.P
w w .P.P
w
ww
ww www www www ww
ww
2. The expressionwfor M-B could does not w give correct expression forwthe entropy S of an ideal gas

67
and thus r g g
leads to the Gibb's paradox.
r r gr g r gr g r gr g
a laalia.O i.O a laalia.Oi.O a laalia.Oi.O a laalia.O i.O
saasla
3.
d a
d s
Itascannot be applied todas a
d sasystem
s of indistinguishable
d a
d sa s particles. d a
d sa s d a
d

6
aa
.P.P .P.Paa aa
.P.for
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ww

- 8i
w
ww w www w ww w w www w ww w
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rgrg
Ela
rgrg rgrg rgrg
a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O a i . O
i . O
saaslala
Experimental verication of
lala
saasMaxwell's distribution of
lala
saasmolecular saaslala arranged by dadsaasla
speed experimentally
sTRa
aId a
d a d a
d a d a
d a d a
d aa
w .P.Pa I.F.Zartman and w
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w w .P.Pa
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w w .P.P
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ww.P.P PG-TRB, POLYTECHNIC-TRB, ww.P.P ww.PSET
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Kallakurichi Dst, Contact-8667737887.

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AC

l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O l a ia.Oi . O

d a
d saasa l Best
d a
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d a
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w ww
w Professors
w ww
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O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
O i . O . rgrg
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a d a
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ww ww ww ww ww
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l
asal a a i l
asala a i l
asala a i l
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d a
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O i .O . Orgrg i .O . rgrg
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