ME130-2: Fluid Mechanics

Module 1:
Fluid Properties & Fluid Statics
Week 1:
Introduction and Basic Concepts

Faculty: Engr. Emil Luna

School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering
What is a Fluid?
• Substance in the liquid or gas phase
• In a liquid, there is a strong cohesive force between the molecules
• The molecules can move relative to each other, but the volume remains constant forming a free surface
• In a gas, the cohesive force is very weak
• The molecules expand until it encounters a wall, and it fills the entire space
• A fluid under the influence of shear stress will continuously deform
• In fluids, stress is proportional to strain rate

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What is Fluid Mechanics?
• The science that deals with the behavior of fluids and the interaction of fluids with solids or
other fluids at the boundaries
• Fluid Statics deal with the behavior of fluids at rest
• Fluid Dynamics deal with the behavior of fluids in motion
• The study of motion of fluids that can be approximated as incompressible is called hydrodynamics
• Study of flows in pipes and open channels is called hydraulics
• Gas Dynamics deals with the flow of fluids that undergo significant density changes
• Aerodynamics deals with the flow gases over solid bodies

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Classification and Types of Fluids
• Ideal Fluid
• A fluid which is incompressible in nature and that has no viscosity
• Real Fluid
• Fluids which have some viscosity and are compressible in nature
• Newtonian Fluid
• This type of fluid obeys Newton’s law of viscosity. This is a real fluid whose shear stress is directly
proportional to the rate of shear strain
• Non-Newtonian Fluid
• This type of fluid also obey Newton’s law of viscosity, but the shear stress is not directly proportional to the
rate of shear strain
• Ideal Plastic Fluid
• A fluid in which the shear stress is more than the yield value and shear stress is proportional to the rate of
shear strain
• Incompressible Fluid
• A fluid in which the density does not change while there is an application of external force or pressure
• Compressible Fluid
• A fluid in which the density changes while there is an application of external force or pressure

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Classification and Types of Fluids

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Application Areas
• Fluid Mechanics cover a broad spectrum of applications
• Aerospace and Automobile Industry
• Turbomachines
• Process Engineering
• HVAC Systems
• Renewable Energy Systems
• Nonrenewable Energy Systems
• Biomedical Applications
• Smart Fluids

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No-Slip Condition
• A condition wherein a fluid in motion comes to a stop at the surface of a solid body. The
fluid “sticks” to the surface hence the “no slip”
• Viscosity is the fluid property responsible for this condition
• This condition is also responsible for the development of velocity profiles
• The flow region adjacent to the wall in which the viscous effects are significant is called the
boundary layer
• Surface Drag is also the result of the No-Slip Condition
• Flow Separation occurs when a fluid flows over a curved surface

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Viscous versus Inviscid Regions of Flow
• Because of the friction force that is experienced by two fluid layers that are moving relative
to each other, the layer that is slower slows down the faster moving layer
• Flows in which the frictional effects are significant are called viscous flows
• Regions of flow that are not affected by viscous forces are called inviscid flow regions

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Internal vs External Flow
• A flow that is bounded by a solid surface such as pipes or ducts is called an internal flow
• A flow that is unbounded over a surface such as a plate, airfoil, or wire is called an external
flow

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Compressible versus Incompressible Flow
• The flow is approximated as incompressible if the density remains unchanged throughout
• The flow is compressible if there is a significant change in density

𝑉𝑉
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 =
𝑐𝑐

• Mach number is used to determine if the flow of gas will be modeled as incompressible or
compressible
• Usual case for a gas flow is that it can be modeled as incompressible if Ma<0.3 which is
roughly equal to under 5% density change
• V is the speed of flow and c is the speed of sound which is equal to 346 m/s
• A flow is sonic if Ma=1, subsonic when Ma<1, supersonic when Ma>1, and hypersonic when
Ma>>1

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Laminar versus Turbulent Flow
• The highly ordered fluid motion characterized by smooth layers of fluid is called laminar
• The flow of high-viscosity fluids such as oils at low velocities is typically laminar
• The highly disordered fluid motion that typically occurs at high velocities and is
characterized by velocity fluctuations is called a turbulent flow
• The flow of low viscosity fluids at high velocities is typically turbulent
• The flow that alternates between being laminar and turbulent is called transitional

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Natural versus Forced Flow
• If a flow is due to natural means, such as buoyancy effect, it is called a natural flow
• An example of this is the thermosiphoning effect which is used in solar hot-water systems
• In forced flow, the fluid is forced to flow over a surface or in a pipe by external means
• An example is the use of fans in a forced draft cooling tower

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Steady versus Unsteady Flow
• Steady implies no change of properties, velocity, temperature, etc., at a point with time
• Unsteady implies there is a change in properties, velocity, and temperature at a point in time
• Uniform implies no change with location over a specified region
• Transient is typically used for developing flows

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One, Two, and Three-Dimensional Flows
• A flow can be characterized if the flow velocity varies in one, two, or three primary
dimensions
• The coordinates can be rectangular or cylindrical

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Temperature
• A measure of “hotness” or “coldness”
• In SI System, Celsius Scale is used
• In English System, Fahrenheit Scale is used
• The relationship between the two scales is given by: 𝑇𝑇 °𝐹𝐹 = 1.8𝑇𝑇 °𝐶𝐶 + 32
• Kelvin, K, and Rankine, R, are absolute temperatures
𝑇𝑇 𝐾𝐾 = 𝑇𝑇 °𝐶𝐶 + 273.15
𝑇𝑇 𝑅𝑅 = 𝑇𝑇 °𝐹𝐹 + 459.67
• The magnitudes of each division of 1K and 1°C are identical, similar to 1R and 1°F
∆𝑇𝑇 𝐾𝐾 = ∆𝑇𝑇 °𝐶𝐶
∆𝑇𝑇 𝑅𝑅 = ∆𝑇𝑇 °𝐹𝐹

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Temperature
• Humans are most comfortable when the temperature is between 65°F and 75°F. Express these
temperature limits in °C. Convert the size of this temperature range (10°F) to K, °C, and R. Is
there any difference in the size of this range as measured in relative or absolute units?

𝑇𝑇 °𝐹𝐹 − 32 65 − 32
𝑇𝑇 °𝐶𝐶 = = = 18.3°𝐶𝐶
1.8 1.8
𝑇𝑇 °𝐹𝐹 − 32 75 − 32
𝑇𝑇 °𝐶𝐶 = = = 23.9°𝐶𝐶
1.8 1.8

A temperature change of 10°F in various units are:

∆𝑇𝑇 𝑅𝑅 = ∆𝑇𝑇 °𝐹𝐹 = 10 𝑅𝑅

∆𝑇𝑇 °𝐹𝐹 10
∆𝑇𝑇 °𝐶𝐶 = = = 5.6°𝐶𝐶 = ∆𝑇𝑇 𝐾𝐾
1.8 1.8

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Dimensions and Units
• Dimension
• Characterization of any physical quantity
• Primary Dimensions and Secondary Dimensions
• Unit
• Magnitudes assigned to the dimensions
• SI System
• English System

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Conversion Method
• Typical conversion from SI to Imperial System and vice versa
1. Convert 5m to inches
39.37 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
• 5 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 196.86 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
1 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
3.281 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 12 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
• 5 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 = 196.86 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
1 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 1𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
2. Convert 12 sq.yards to m2
1 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠.𝑚𝑚
• 12 𝑦𝑦 2 = 10.033 𝑚𝑚 2
1.19599 𝑦𝑦 2
2 1 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 2
2 3 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
• 12 𝑦𝑦 = 10.033 𝑚𝑚2
1 𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦𝑦 3.281 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓
3. Convert 12.5 gal to m3
0.003785 𝑚𝑚3
• 12.5 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 = 0.0473𝑚𝑚3
1 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔
0.134𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 3 1 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 3
• 12.5 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔( ) = 0.0474 𝑚𝑚3
1 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 3.281 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓

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Conversion Method for other units
• In SI, the force unit is newton (N)
• Force required to accelerate a mass of 1kg at a rate of 1m/s2
• In English System, the force unit is pound-force (lbf)
• Force required to accelerate a mass of 1slug (32.174lbm) at a rate of 1ft/s2

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Conversion Method for other units
• Newton’s law states that “the acceleration of a particular body is directly proportional to
the resultant force acting on it and inversely proportional to its mass
𝐹𝐹
• 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤; 𝐹𝐹 = 𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹𝐹, 𝑚𝑚 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚, 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎 = 𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎
𝑚𝑚

1 cm/s2 1 m/s2 1 ft/s2

1 gm 1 dyne 1 kgm 1 newton 1 slug 1 lbf

𝑔𝑔𝑚𝑚 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑘𝑘𝑔𝑔𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓

1𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 1𝑁𝑁 = 1𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 =
𝑠𝑠 2 𝑠𝑠 2 𝑠𝑠 2

1 kgf

32.174 ft/s2 980.66 cm/s2 9.81 kgm m/s2

1 lbm 1 lbf 1 gm 1g 1 kgm

𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑔𝑔𝑚𝑚 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚

1𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑓𝑓 = 32.174 2 1𝑔𝑔𝑓𝑓 = 980.66 1𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑓𝑓 = 9.81
𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑠 2 𝑠𝑠 2

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Conversion Method for other units
1. What is the weight of a 66kgm man at standard conditions? Convert answer to N and kgf
• Given: m = 66 kgm, g = 9.8066 m/s2

𝐹𝐹𝑔𝑔 = 𝑊𝑊 = 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑚𝑚
𝑊𝑊 = 66 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑚𝑚 9.8066 2
𝑠𝑠
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚
𝑊𝑊 = 647.24
𝑠𝑠 2

Applying appropriate conversion factor:

𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚 1𝑁𝑁
𝑊𝑊 = 647.24 = 647.24𝑁𝑁
𝑠𝑠 2 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚 **It is important to apply Dimensional Homogenity. Every term in an equation must
𝑠𝑠 2 have the same unit. If, at some stage of an analysis, we find ourselves in a position
to add two quantities that have different units, it is a clear indication that we
have made an error at an earlier stage.
𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚 1𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑓𝑓
𝑊𝑊 = 647.24 = 65.98 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑓𝑓
𝑠𝑠 2 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑚𝑚 𝑚𝑚
9.81
𝑠𝑠 2
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End Slide

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