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Chapter 1

This document provides an introduction to network analysis and synthesis. It discusses analyzing signals in electric networks using transforms to move between the time and frequency domains. It defines key properties of linear networks including being passive, reciprocal, causal and time invariant. It also introduces ideal models like amplifiers, differentiators, and integrators. For network synthesis, it discusses deriving the network from a given excitation and response relationship. Driving point and two-port synthesis are introduced. Filter design is discussed as an important application of transfer function synthesis, including obtaining a realizable transfer function that meets specifications.

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chala
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76 views

Chapter 1

This document provides an introduction to network analysis and synthesis. It discusses analyzing signals in electric networks using transforms to move between the time and frequency domains. It defines key properties of linear networks including being passive, reciprocal, causal and time invariant. It also introduces ideal models like amplifiers, differentiators, and integrators. For network synthesis, it discusses deriving the network from a given excitation and response relationship. Driving point and two-port synthesis are introduced. Filter design is discussed as an important application of transfer function synthesis, including obtaining a realizable transfer function that meets specifications.

Uploaded by

chala
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Network Analysis and Synthesis

Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Signal analysis
• For electric networks, excitation and response are
given in terms of voltages and currents.
• These signals are a function of time and frequency.
• We use transforms (Fourier and Laplace) to
transform from time domain to frequency domain
and vice versa.
• Example:
s(t )  Ao Sin(wot  o )
1.2 Network Analysis
• Characterization of the excitation and
response is only half of the problem.
• The other half is describing the network.
Basic definations
Linear system
• A network is linear if and only if

• i.e. if it satisfies the principle of super postion and


proportionality
Passive
• A linear network is passive if
a) The energy delivered is non negative for any excitation.
b) No voltages or currents appear between any two
terminals before excitation is applied.
Reciprocal
A network is said to be reciprocal if when the point of
excitation and response are interchanged, the
relation between excitation and response remains
the same.
Causal
• A network is causal if the response is zero before any
excitation.
e(t )  0 for t T then r (t )  0 for t T

Time invariant
• A network is time invariant if
e(t )  r (t ) then e(t  T )  r (t  T )
• i.e. a network that doesn’t contain time variant
components.
Ideal models
• The following ideal models are useful in signal
processing
Amplifier
r (t )  ke(t )
Differentiator d
r (t )  e(t )
dt
Integrator
r (t )   e(t )dt

Time Delay
r (t )  e(t  T )
Ideal elements
• The elements encountered most are resistor,
capacitor and inductor.
• When the currents and voltages are given as a
function of time
v(t )  Ri (t ) Resistor
di (t )
v(t )  L Inductor
dt
t
1
v(t )   i ( x)dx  v(0) Capacitor
C0
• In frequency domain, using Laplace transform
• The end points of elements are called
terminals.
• A port is defined as any pair of two terminals
into which energy is supplied, drawn or
variables measrued.
1.3 Network Synthesis
• In network synthesis, we are given the
excitation and response and we are required
to synthesize the network from the system
function.
R( s)
H ( s) 
E (s)
Driving point synthesis
• Deriving point immittance: the excitation and
response are taken from the same port.

• A driving point impedance is thus given as


V ( s)
Z ( s) 
I ( s)
Two Port Network
• Transfer function: excitation and response are
taken from different ports.

• The transfer function can take different forms.


V2 ( s )
Z 21( s ) 
I1 ( s )
V2 ( s )
H (s) 
V1 ( s )
Filter Design
• One of the most important aspect of transfer
function synthesis.
• A filter is defined as a network that passes a
certain portion of a frequency and blocks the
remainder of the spectrum.

Ideal Low pass filter


• Two aspects of filter design
1. Obtaining a suitable and realizable
transmittance H(s) given the specification.
2. Realizing the transmittance H(S).
• The first step is an approximation step.
• Because there are no ideal filters.
End!

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