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Microwave Engineering Lab Report - Experiment-2

1. The experiment measured the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of different loads using a VSWR meter and oscilloscope, and calculated the cut-off wavelength of the waveguide. 2. VSWR was closest to theoretical for a shorted load and matched load, and higher for an unknown load. Cut-off wavelength was calculated as 0.0465m using the measured resonant and waveguide wavelengths. 3. The experiment successfully measured VSWR of loads and calculated cut-off wavelength to characterize microwave transmission line performance.

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153 views6 pages

Microwave Engineering Lab Report - Experiment-2

1. The experiment measured the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) of different loads using a VSWR meter and oscilloscope, and calculated the cut-off wavelength of the waveguide. 2. VSWR was closest to theoretical for a shorted load and matched load, and higher for an unknown load. Cut-off wavelength was calculated as 0.0465m using the measured resonant and waveguide wavelengths. 3. The experiment successfully measured VSWR of loads and calculated cut-off wavelength to characterize microwave transmission line performance.

Uploaded by

Ganesh
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Microwave Engineering Lab Report - Experiment-2

Group No. 20 Date:20/01/2022


Members - Admission No.:
Priyanshu - 19JE0650
Punna Pavan Kumar - 19JE0659
Puppala Pranay - 19JE0661
Manideep Racherla - 19JE0665

Report:
Objective:
To measure the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) and find cut-off frequency
(fc).

Equipment Required:
Microwave test bench - Klystron power supply, Klystron oscillator, Isolator,
Variable attenuator, frequency meter, slotted line with tunable probe, CRO,
VSWR meter, Loads - shorted, matched load and unknown load.

Theory:
VSWR:
● Voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) is defined as the ratio between
transmitted and reflected voltage standing waves in a radio frequency (RF)
electrical transmission system. It is a measure of how efficiently RF power
is transmitted from the power source, through a transmission line, and into
the load.
● Reflection takes place in the transmission line due to mismatched loads
and standing waves are formed in the line. VSWR is a parameter used to
quantify this phenomenon. VSWR is also used to calculate the reflection
coefficient (ᴦ). VSWR is a high frequency parameter. It can be measured
by the VSWR directly or using a CRO.
● By using a CRO, we measure the Vmax and Vmin and then calculate the
VSWR using the formula:
VSWR=Vmax/Vmin

● VSWR in terms of reflection coefficient and impedance:


VSWR=(1+|Γ|)/(1-|Γ| )
ᴦ=(Zl - Zo)/(Zl + Zo )

Load |ᴦ| VSWR

Short 1 Infinity

Open 1 Infinity

Matched 0 1

Unknown 1<ᴦ<0 1<VSWR<infinity

Cut-off Wavelength:
● The cutoff frequency is the lowest frequency for which a mode will
propagate in it. It is more common to consider the cutoff wavelength, the
maximum wavelength that will propagate in a waveguide.
● It is calculated using the formula:

Where λc is the cut-off wavelength, λ is the resonant wavelength and λg is


the waveguide wavelength.
Resonant wavelength (λ) is given by λ = free space velocity(c) / f
Here f is obtained using the frequency meter.
Waveguide wavelength is calculated using (λg/2) = d2 - d1
Thus λc can be calculated.(This will be used in next lab experiment)

Procedure:
1. Switch on the power supply to the setup i.e. the klystron power
supply.
2. Set the Klystron power supply in AM mode and set the Beam
voltage above 200 (taken 205 here) and the Repeller Voltage above
100 (taken 102 here).
3. The klystron power supply generates the waveform but the
frequency is in the kilohertz range so it is then supplied to the
klystron oscillator to bring the frequency into the desired range of RF
applications(8 to 12 GHz here).
4. The isolator is used to protect the klystron set up from any reflecting
wave which can cause damage.
5. The frequency meter is used to find out the frequency of the wave
using the cavity method. We need to set it so that the entire wave is
trapped in the device cavity(see CRO so that it is zero). Then note
down the frequency seen in the frequency meter(Where the red line
coincides in the black range).
6. The attenuator is used to control the amplitude of the wave.
7. The slotted line with a tunable probe is used to set the standing
wave in the CRO and also find out the waveguide wavelength as
mentioned above. Note down the values of d1 and d2 (first and
second minima respectively) to calculate the waveguide wavelength.
8. To obtain the VSWR first set the load as shorted load Then change
the position of the probe to get Vmax and Vmin from the CRO. To
get VSWR from the VSWR meter, just observe the dial and where it
gets deflected in the opposite way(starts changing the direction).
That point will be the correct VSWR that we want.
9. Repeat the above step by setting the matched load and an unknown
load and note down the Vmax and Vmin for each case.
10. Note down all the observations in the table and compare the
VSWR obtained from the VSWR meter and using the CRO.
11. Calculate the cutoff wavelength using the resonant
wavelength and the waveguide wavelength.

Observations:
Table:

Load VSWR meter Vmax Vmin Vmax/Vmin

Short infinity 3.4V 0V infinity

Matched 1.2 2 1.6 1.25

Unknown 7 2.4 0.35 6.85

Frequency meter: The observed frequency is : f = 9.55 GHz


For waveguide frequency: d1= 8.16cm and d2 = 10.29cm

Calculations:
Finally we get cut-off frequency as λc = 0.0465m
Conclusion:
VSWR was calculated using a VSWR meter and CRO. The values obtained were
close, but not exactly as expected as in practical cases there are losses and
other corruptions that affect the electric quantities. In case of shorted load, the
VSWR was obtained to be infinity which was matching with the theoretical one.
For matched load, the VSWR was obtained to be 1.2 using VSWR meter and
1.25 using CRO. It should have been unity but due to losses and other
phenomena, it came around 1.2 which is acceptable. For unknown load, the
VSWR obtained was 7 using the VSWR meter and 6.85 using the CRO. We can
see that the VSWR was more accurate if measured using the VSWR meter
rather than the CRO. The frequency obtained using the frequency meter was
9.55GHz, using which resonant wavelength was obtained. The waveguide
wavelength was obtained using the position of two minima (8.16cm and
10.29cm). Using the above values, the cut-off wavelength was found out to be
0.0465m.

Result:
VSWR on a line was measured in both ways - using a VSWR meter and using a
CRO. The cut-off wavelength was also calculated using inputs from the
frequency meter and the slotted line with a tunable probe.

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