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18 Single Row Func..

The document describes various SQL functions used for string manipulation and data conversion. It provides the syntax and examples of functions like UPPER(), LOWER(), INITCAP(), LENGTH(), SUBSTR(), INSTR(), REPLACE(), NVL(), CASE(), TO_DATE(), and more. It also discusses date functions and formatting, and presents examples of questions answered using these functions on the EMP table from the Oracle database.

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Gagan Miskin
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247 views

18 Single Row Func..

The document describes various SQL functions used for string manipulation and data conversion. It provides the syntax and examples of functions like UPPER(), LOWER(), INITCAP(), LENGTH(), SUBSTR(), INSTR(), REPLACE(), NVL(), CASE(), TO_DATE(), and more. It also discusses date functions and formatting, and presents examples of questions answered using these functions on the EMP table from the Oracle database.

Uploaded by

Gagan Miskin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as TXT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FUNCTIONS

-----------
IN-BUILD
---------

SINGLE ROW FUNCTIONS


----------------------

DUAL
DUAL IS DUMMY TABLE
TO PRINT THE RESULT OF ANY MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS DONE.

1. UPPER()
THIS FUNCTION IS USED TO COVERT THE GIVEN STRING INTO UPPER CASE.

SYNTAX : UPPER('STRING')

eg:

2. LOWER()
THIS FUNCTION IS USED TO COVERT THE GIVEN STRING INTO LOWER CASE.

SYNTAX : LOWER('STRING')

eg:

3. INITCAP()
THIS FUNCTION IS USED TO CONVERT THE INITIAL CHARACTER OF THE GIVEN STRING
INTO UPPER CASE.

SYNTAX : INITCAP('STRING')
4. LENGTH()
THIS FUNCTION IS USED TO COUNT THE NUMBER OF CHARACTERS THAT ARE
PRESENT IN THE STRING.

SYNTAX : LENGTH('STRING')

>> WAQTD NO. OF CHARACTERS PRESENT IN ENAME'S FOR ALL THE EMP'S

> WAQTD ENAME WHO ARE HAVING ONLY 5 CHARACTERS IN THEIR NAME

> WAQTD ENAME AND SAL OF EMP'S WHO ARE GETTING 3 DIGIT SAL USING SRF

> WAQTD ENAME AND COMM OF EMP'S WHO ARE GETTING 3 DIGIT COMM

5. REVERSE()
THIS FUNCTION IS USED TO REVERSE THE GIVEN STRING.

SYNTAX : REVERSE('STRING')

6. SUBSTR()
THIS FUNCTION IS USED TO EXTRACT THE PART OF THE STRING FROM THE
GIVEN ORIGINAL STRING.

SYNTAX : SUBSTR('ORIGINAL_STRING',POSITION,[LENGTH])

1. WAQTD THE FIRST CHARACTER OF ALL THE EMP'S FROM EMP TABLE.

2. WAQTD DETAILS OF EMP'S IF THEIR NAME STARTS WITH 'A' USING SRF

3. WAQTD THE FIRST THREE CHARACTERS OF ALL THE EMP'S.

4. WAQTD DETAILS OF EMP'S IF THEIR NAME STARTS WITH 'A' or 'S' USING SRF
5. WAQTD ENAME'S WHOSE NAMES STARTS WITH VOWELS (A,E,I,O,U)

6. WAQTD ENAME IN LOWER CASE AND JOB IN REVERSE FORMAT IF THE


EMP'S NAME HAVING 6 CHARACTERS.
7. WAQTD DETAILS OF EMP'S IF THEY ARE EARNING 4 DIGIT SAL
8. WAQTD ENAME AND JOB OF EMP'S IF THE JOB STARTS WITH STRING MAN OR
ENDS WITH STRING MAN

ANSWERS
==========
3. WAQTD THE FIRST THREE CHARACTERS OF ALL THE EMP'S.

SELECT SUBSTR(ENAME,1,3)
FROM EMP;

4. WAQTD DETAILS OF EMP'S IF THEIR NAME STARTS WITH 'A' or 'S' USING SRF

SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE SUBSTR(ENAME,1,1) = 'A' OR SUBSTR(ENAME,1,1) = 'S';

5. WAQTD ENAME'S WHOSE NAMES STARTS WITH VOWELS (A,E,I,O,U)

6. WAQTD ENAME IN LOWER CASE AND JOB IN REVERSE FORMAT IF THE


EMP'S NAME HAVING 6 CHARACTERS.
7. WAQTD DETAILS OF EMP'S IF THEY ARE EARNING 4 DIGIT SAL
8. WAQTD ENAME AND JOB OF EMP'S IF THE JOB STARTS WITH STRING MAN OR
ENDS WITH STRING MAN

7. INSTR()
THIS FUNCTION IS USED TO OBTAIN INDEX VALUE OF THE SUBSTRING
WHICH IS PRESENT IN THE ORIGINAL STRING.

INDEX VALUE - POSITION OF CHARACTER.

SYNTAX
------

INSTR('ORIGINAL_STRING','SUB_STR',POSITION,[Nth OCCURANCE])

Nth OCCURANCE - NO. OF TIMES IT IS PRESENT


1.WAQTD DETAILS OF EMP'S IF THEIR NAME HAVING CHARACTER 'A' USING SRF.

SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE INSTR(ENAME,'A',1,1)

2. WAQTD ENAME'S OF EMP'S IN LOWER CASE IF EMP'S ARE HAVING


CHARACTER 'A' PRESENT ATLEAST TWICE IN THEIR NAME USING SRF

SELECT LOWER(ENAME)
FROM EMP
WHERE INSTR(ENAME,'A',1,2) > 0

3. WAQTD ENAME WHO IS HAVING 'A' PRESENT EXACTLY TWICE

SELECT LOWER(ENAME)
FROM EMP
WHERE INSTR(ENAME,'A',1,2) > 0 AND INSTR(ENAME,'A',1,3) =0
8. MOD()
THIS FUNCTION IS USED TO OBTAIN MODULUS OF THE GIVEN NUMBERS
(REMINDER).

SYNTAX
--------
MOD(m,n)

EG:-

1) MOD(7,2)

> WAQTD DETAILS OF EMP'S WHOSE EMPNO IS AN ODD NO.

> WAQTD DETAILS OF EVEN RECORDS.

SELECT *
FROM EMP
WHERE MOD(EMPNO,2)=0;

9. TO_CHAR()
THIS FUNCTION IS USED TO CONVERT THE GIVEN DATE TO STRING FORMAT.
SYNTAX
------
TO_CHAR(DATE,'FORMAT_MODELS')

FORMAT_MODELS
--------------
1. YEAR -
2. YYYY
3. YY
4. MONTH
5. MON
6. MM
7. DAY
8. DY
9. DD
10. D
11. HH24
12. HH12
13. MI
14. SS

DISPLAY THE TIME


HH12:MI:SS

>WAQTD ENAME'S OF THE EMP'S WHO WERE HIRED IN THE MONTH


FEB USING SRF

1. WAQTD ENAME'S OF THE EMP'S WHO WERE HIRED IN THE MONTH


OCT,NOV,DEC

2. WAQTD DETAILS OF EMP'S HIRED ON WEDNESDAY OR MONDAY


3. WAQTD DETAILS OF EMP'S HIRED IN THE YEAR 81,83,87
4. WAQTD DETAILS OF EMP'S HIRED ON 17 & 19 & ON 22nd

SYSDATE - THIS IS USED TO OBTAIN THE PRESENT DATE


--------

> SYSDATE/CURRENT_DATE

THIS COMMAND IS USED TO OBTAIN THE CURRENT DATE FROM DATABASE

> SYSTIMESTAMP

THIS COMMAND IS USED TO OBTAIN THE DATE AND TIME ALONG WITH TIME
ZONE.
> TO_DATE()

THIS FUNCTION IS USED TO CONVERT THE DATE STRING TO DATE FORMAT.

SYNTAX

TO_DATE('DATE_STR')

10. NVL(): [NULL VALUE LOGIC]


------------------------

SYNTAX: NVL(ARG1 , ARG2)

IT CAN ACCEPT 2 ARGUMENTS


> IN ARG1 WE MUST WRITE A COLUMN NAME or EXPRESSION THAT CAN BE NULL.

> IN ARG2 WE MUST WRITE A VALUE THAT CAN BE SUBSTITUTED IN PLACE OF NULL.

*
> IF ARG1 IS NOT NULL ,NVL RETURNS SAME VALUE PRESENT IN ARG1.

1. WAQTD TOTAL SALARY OF AN EMPLOYEE.

11.REPLACE()
THIS FUNCTION IS USED TO REPLACE THE SUBSTRING WITH NEWSTRING
IN GIVEN ORIGINAL STRING.

SYNTAX:

REPLACE( 'ORIGINAL_STRING', 'SUB_STR',['NEW_STR'])


1. WAQTD NAMES OF EMP'S IF CHAR 'A' IS PRESENT EXACTLY 2 TIMES
IN THE NAME

SELECT ENAME
FROM EMP
WHERE LENGTH(ENAME)-LENGTH(REPLACE(ENAME,'A')=2

> SYSDATE/CURRENT_DATE

THIS COMMAND IS USED TO OBTAIN THE CURRENT DATE FROM DATABASE

> SYSTIMESTAMP

THIS COMMAND IS USED TO OBTAIN THE DATA AND TIME ALONG WITH TIME
ZONE.

> TO_DATE()

THIS FUNCTION IS USED TO CONVERT THE DATE STRING TO DATE FORMAT.

SYNTAX

TO_DATE('DATE_STR')
> CASE()

THIS FUNCTION BEHAVES AS "IF ELSE" STATEMENT

> IF THE CONDITION IS SATISFIED THEN IT PRINTS THE RESULT ,


ELSE IT CHECKS FOR THE NEXT CONDITION .
>IF NONE OF THE CONDITIONS ARE TRUE IT PRINTS THE DEFAULT RESULT.

SYNTAX
============

CASE WHEN CONDITION_1 THEN 'RESULT1'


WHEN CONDITION_2 THEN 'RESULT2'
.
.
.
.
.
[ELSE 'DEFAULT_RESULT']
END

1. SWAP EMP'S WORKING IN DEPT 10 TO 20 AND EMP'S FROM DEPT 20 TO 30


AND EMP'S FROM DEPT 30 TO 40

2. SWAP EMP'S WORKING IN DEPTNO 10 TO 40 AND EMP'S WORKING IN DEPTNO 40 TO 10

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